All his life, Gandhi ji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayan Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Numerous satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions.
According to the passage, who among the following tried to eradicate untouchability ?
(a) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
(b) Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve
(c) Narayan Guru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
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Answer: (C) Only (a), (c) and (d)
Explanation
According to the passage, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, and Sri Narayan Guru actively worked to eradicate untouchability and caste tyranny. Mahatma Gandhi kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities and founded the All India Harijan Sangh in 1932. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny and organized the All India Scheduled Castes Federation. Sri Narayan Guru organized a lifelong struggle against the caste system in Kerala, famously declaring one religion, one caste, and one God for mankind.
2Reading Comprehension
All his life, Gandhi ji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayan Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Numerous satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions.
What would Gandhi ji mean when he said that 'Truth cannot be confined within the covers of a book' ?
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Answer: (D) No truth is limited to the confines of a book.
Explanation
When Gandhiji stated that truth cannot be confined within the covers of a book, he emphasized that truth is dynamic, living, and universal, transcending any written text or scripture. In his struggle against untouchability, he argued that humanism, reason, and human dignity must take precedence over any textual authority. Even if certain ancient scriptures or books were interpreted to sanction untouchability, Gandhiji believed they should be ignored because written dogmas cannot limit or restrict the absolute and universal nature of moral truth, which is fundamentally aligned with human dignity. Therefore, no truth is restricted or limited to what is written in a book.
3Reading Comprehension
All his life, Gandhi ji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayan Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Numerous satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions.
What according to the passage are the prerequisites of a movement against oppression by higher castes ?
(a) Education
(b) Awareness of human rights
(c) Opening of temples
(d) Sanction of the Shastras
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Answer: (A) (a) and (b)
Explanation
According to the passage, the spread of education and awakening or awareness of basic human rights were the essential prerequisites that enabled the lower castes to stir, become conscious of their dignity, and rise in defence of their rights. This awakening and consciousness directly led to the gradual building up of a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes.
4Reading Comprehension
All his life, Gandhi ji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayan Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Numerous satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions.
Who announced ‘one religion, one caste and one God for Mankind’, in opposition to the caste System ?
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Answer: (D) Shri Narayan Guru
Explanation
Shri Narayan Guru was a prominent social reformer and spiritual leader from Kerala who led a transformative movement against the oppressive caste system and social inequalities. He advocated for the spiritual, educational, and social upliftment of the marginalized communities. To foster universal brotherhood and challenge the deeply entrenched caste hierarchies and religious divisions of his time, he coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind" (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Daivam Manushyanu). This philosophy emphasized the fundamental unity of all human beings, asserting that spiritual and social emancipation could be achieved by rising above artificial divisions of caste and creed.
5Reading Comprehension
All his life, Gandhi ji kept the abolition of untouchability at the forefront of his public activities. In 1932, he founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh for this purpose. His campaign for the "root and branch removal of untouchability" was based on the grounds of humanism and reason. He argued that there was no sanction for untouchability in the Hindu shastras. But, if any shastra approved of untouchability, it should be ignored for it would then be going against human dignity. Truth, he said, could not be confined within the covers of a book.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, numerous individuals and organisations worked to spread education among the untouchables (or depressed classes and Scheduled Castes, as they came to be called later), to open the doors of schools and temples to them, to enable them to use public wells and tanks, and to remove other social disabilities and distinctions from which they suffered.
As education and awakening spread, the lower castes themselves began to stir. They became conscious of their basic human rights and began to rise in defence of these rights. They gradually built up a powerful movement against the traditional oppression by the higher castes. In Maharashtra, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Jyotiba Phule, born in a lower-caste family, led a lifelong movement against Brahmanical religious authority as part of his struggle against upper-caste domination. He regarded modern education as the most important weapon for the liberation of the lower castes. He was the first to open several schools for girls of the lower castes. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who belonged to one of the Scheduled Castes, devoted his entire life to fighting against caste tyranny. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation for the purpose. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and his colleagues founded the All India Depressed Classes Mission Society. In Kerala, Sri Narayan Guru organised a lifelong struggle against the caste system. He coined the famous slogan: "One religion, one caste and one God for mankind." In South India, the non-brahmins organised during the 1920s the Self-Respect Movement to fight the disabilities which Brahmins had imposed upon them. Numerous satyagraha movements were organised all over India jointly by the upper and depressed castes against the ban on the latter's entry into temples and other such restrictions.
Which of the following was given the least importance by Gandhiji in his thoughts about removal of untouchability ?
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Answer: (A) Sanction of shastras
Explanation
Gandhiji's struggle against untouchability was deeply rooted in humanism, reason, and human dignity. He asserted that truth and morality supersede any written text, stating that if any Hindu shastra approved of untouchability, it must be ignored as it would contradict human dignity. Therefore, he gave the least importance to the sanction of shastras, placing human values and rationality far above scriptural authority.
6Reading Comprehension
Innovation will play a very important role in India not only for overall growth and competitive advantage but also for the future development of India to be sustainable and inclusive. In our country, there is a lack of demand in the most important sectors such as health, education, agriculture, energy and skills. There are many challenges in this country in terms of population as well. For example, 55 crores population is of age group of less than 25 years, it is necessary to provide opportunities to them. For that, there is a challenge of growth and development of disparity in various aspects such as class, caste, gender, region and at the same time, there is an urgent need to bring millions of citizens trapped in extreme poverty above to poverty line.
Innovations is the answer of the pressing challenges and is at the heart of all initiatives. When the knowledge based economy is created, the opportunity structure for the distribution of the benefits generated from it is also created through such innovation. Affordable solutions in common sense innovative business models or processes make it easier for common citizens to access services and more people participate in the development process by going beyond the traditional way of working.
However, our only need is to explore new paradigms of innovation with an emphasis on affordable and inclusive growth for the masses and lifting the low-income people at the bottom of the triangle out of poverty and deprivation.
The unfortunate thing is that in the past several decades, innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed, and more emphasis has been placed on fulfilling the wishes of the rich, and the entire system of intellectuals and capital is being used to satisfy them. India will not be able to accept this path rather than the research in our country and innovations need to focus on the poor and the urgent needs of poor people. The traditional old consumption approach will no longer work.
Given our huge population and immensity, our innovation should use scarce resources sparingly and our research and innovations should be affordable and environmentally sustainable, the work of India's National Innovation Corporation reflects this philosophy. He strives to develop an image of innovation created by the people - for the people - of the people for a development India. Only through such an inclusive approach where people are the beneficiaries of knowledge creation can we create images of sustainable development.
Which of the following statement is/are correct ?
(a) So far we have covered only to the needs of advanced Nations.
(b) Our current development model has degraded our environment.
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Answer: (C) None
Explanation
Statement (a) is incorrect because the passage states that innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed and placed more emphasis on fulfilling the wishes of the rich. This does not mean that we have only covered the needs of advanced nations.
Statement (b) is incorrect because the passage mentions that future research and innovations should be environmentally sustainable. It does not make any claim or provide data stating that the current development model has degraded the environment.
7Reading Comprehension
Innovation will play a very important role in India not only for overall growth and competitive advantage but also for the future development of India to be sustainable and inclusive. In our country, there is a lack of demand in the most important sectors such as health, education, agriculture, energy and skills. There are many challenges in this country in terms of population as well. For example, 55 crores population is of age group of less than 25 years, it is necessary to provide opportunities to them. For that, there is a challenge of growth and development of disparity in various aspects such as class, caste, gender, region and at the same time, there is an urgent need to bring millions of citizens trapped in extreme poverty above to poverty line.
Innovations is the answer of the pressing challenges and is at the heart of all initiatives. When the knowledge based economy is created, the opportunity structure for the distribution of the benefits generated from it is also created through such innovation. Affordable solutions in common sense innovative business models or processes make it easier for common citizens to access services and more people participate in the development process by going beyond the traditional way of working.
However, our only need is to explore new paradigms of innovation with an emphasis on affordable and inclusive growth for the masses and lifting the low-income people at the bottom of the triangle out of poverty and deprivation.
The unfortunate thing is that in the past several decades, innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed, and more emphasis has been placed on fulfilling the wishes of the rich, and the entire system of intellectuals and capital is being used to satisfy them. India will not be able to accept this path rather than the research in our country and innovations need to focus on the poor and the urgent needs of poor people. The traditional old consumption approach will no longer work.
Given our huge population and immensity, our innovation should use scarce resources sparingly and our research and innovations should be affordable and environmentally sustainable, the work of India's National Innovation Corporation reflects this philosophy. He strives to develop an image of innovation created by the people - for the people - of the people for a development India. Only through such an inclusive approach where people are the beneficiaries of knowledge creation can we create images of sustainable development.
Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(a) So far we have not paid enough attention to innovation.
(b) Only with People's participation can we achieve sustainable development.
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Answer: (A) Only (a)
Explanation
Statement (a) is incorrect because the passage does not state that innovation has been neglected or that we have not paid enough attention to it. Instead, the passage points out that the focus and direction of innovation have been misplaced, as priority and resources over the past several decades were directed toward the demands of the developed nations and the wishes of the rich, rather than addressing the needs of the poor and inclusive development.
8Reading Comprehension
Innovation will play a very important role in India not only for overall growth and competitive advantage but also for the future development of India to be sustainable and inclusive. In our country, there is a lack of demand in the most important sectors such as health, education, agriculture, energy and skills. There are many challenges in this country in terms of population as well. For example, 55 crores population is of age group of less than 25 years, it is necessary to provide opportunities to them. For that, there is a challenge of growth and development of disparity in various aspects such as class, caste, gender, region and at the same time, there is an urgent need to bring millions of citizens trapped in extreme poverty above to poverty line.
Innovations is the answer of the pressing challenges and is at the heart of all initiatives. When the knowledge based economy is created, the opportunity structure for the distribution of the benefits generated from it is also created through such innovation. Affordable solutions in common sense innovative business models or processes make it easier for common citizens to access services and more people participate in the development process by going beyond the traditional way of working.
However, our only need is to explore new paradigms of innovation with an emphasis on affordable and inclusive growth for the masses and lifting the low-income people at the bottom of the triangle out of poverty and deprivation.
The unfortunate thing is that in the past several decades, innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed, and more emphasis has been placed on fulfilling the wishes of the rich, and the entire system of intellectuals and capital is being used to satisfy them. India will not be able to accept this path rather than the research in our country and innovations need to focus on the poor and the urgent needs of poor people. The traditional old consumption approach will no longer work.
Given our huge population and immensity, our innovation should use scarce resources sparingly and our research and innovations should be affordable and environmentally sustainable, the work of India's National Innovation Corporation reflects this philosophy. He strives to develop an image of innovation created by the people - for the people - of the people for a development India. Only through such an inclusive approach where people are the beneficiaries of knowledge creation can we create images of sustainable development.
Which of the following statement is correct ?
(a) Without innovation we cannot achieve development.
(b) Till now India's development was not comprehensive.
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Answer: (B) Only (b)
Explanation
The passage highlights that India faces significant challenges in growth and development, marked by disparities across class, caste, gender, and region, along with millions of citizens still trapped in extreme poverty. These persistent gaps and the unequal distribution of growth benefits demonstrate that India's development process prior to adopting inclusive innovation has not been comprehensive.
9Reading Comprehension
Innovation will play a very important role in India not only for overall growth and competitive advantage but also for the future development of India to be sustainable and inclusive. In our country, there is a lack of demand in the most important sectors such as health, education, agriculture, energy and skills. There are many challenges in this country in terms of population as well. For example, 55 crores population is of age group of less than 25 years, it is necessary to provide opportunities to them. For that, there is a challenge of growth and development of disparity in various aspects such as class, caste, gender, region and at the same time, there is an urgent need to bring millions of citizens trapped in extreme poverty above to poverty line.
Innovations is the answer of the pressing challenges and is at the heart of all initiatives. When the knowledge based economy is created, the opportunity structure for the distribution of the benefits generated from it is also created through such innovation. Affordable solutions in common sense innovative business models or processes make it easier for common citizens to access services and more people participate in the development process by going beyond the traditional way of working.
However, our only need is to explore new paradigms of innovation with an emphasis on affordable and inclusive growth for the masses and lifting the low-income people at the bottom of the triangle out of poverty and deprivation.
The unfortunate thing is that in the past several decades, innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed, and more emphasis has been placed on fulfilling the wishes of the rich, and the entire system of intellectuals and capital is being used to satisfy them. India will not be able to accept this path rather than the research in our country and innovations need to focus on the poor and the urgent needs of poor people. The traditional old consumption approach will no longer work.
Given our huge population and immensity, our innovation should use scarce resources sparingly and our research and innovations should be affordable and environmentally sustainable, the work of India's National Innovation Corporation reflects this philosophy. He strives to develop an image of innovation created by the people - for the people - of the people for a development India. Only through such an inclusive approach where people are the beneficiaries of knowledge creation can we create images of sustainable development.
Skill development program is important in India because :
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Answer: (D) There is a need to create opportunities among the young population.
Explanation
The passage explicitly highlights that India has a very large young demographic, with 55 crore people below the age of 25. It points out that there is an urgent challenge to provide opportunities to this massive age group to address disparities in growth and development across class, caste, gender, and region. In this context, implementing skill development programs is vital to prepare and empower this large youth population, enabling them to access productive economic opportunities and participate in the development process.
10Reading Comprehension
Innovation will play a very important role in India not only for overall growth and competitive advantage but also for the future development of India to be sustainable and inclusive. In our country, there is a lack of demand in the most important sectors such as health, education, agriculture, energy and skills. There are many challenges in this country in terms of population as well. For example, 55 crores population is of age group of less than 25 years, it is necessary to provide opportunities to them. For that, there is a challenge of growth and development of disparity in various aspects such as class, caste, gender, region and at the same time, there is an urgent need to bring millions of citizens trapped in extreme poverty above to poverty line.
Innovations is the answer of the pressing challenges and is at the heart of all initiatives. When the knowledge based economy is created, the opportunity structure for the distribution of the benefits generated from it is also created through such innovation. Affordable solutions in common sense innovative business models or processes make it easier for common citizens to access services and more people participate in the development process by going beyond the traditional way of working.
However, our only need is to explore new paradigms of innovation with an emphasis on affordable and inclusive growth for the masses and lifting the low-income people at the bottom of the triangle out of poverty and deprivation.
The unfortunate thing is that in the past several decades, innovation and research have given priority to the demands of the developed, and more emphasis has been placed on fulfilling the wishes of the rich, and the entire system of intellectuals and capital is being used to satisfy them. India will not be able to accept this path rather than the research in our country and innovations need to focus on the poor and the urgent needs of poor people. The traditional old consumption approach will no longer work.
Given our huge population and immensity, our innovation should use scarce resources sparingly and our research and innovations should be affordable and environmentally sustainable, the work of India's National Innovation Corporation reflects this philosophy. He strives to develop an image of innovation created by the people - for the people - of the people for a development India. Only through such an inclusive approach where people are the beneficiaries of knowledge creation can we create images of sustainable development.
Which of the following statement is correct ?
(a) For holistic development we should focus on poverty and population.
(b) We should try to produce more from less.
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Answer: (D) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation
The passage highlights that India's future development must be sustainable and inclusive, requiring us to address pressing challenges related to our large population, particularly the 55 crore youth, and the urgent need to lift millions of citizens out of extreme poverty. This supports the statement that holistic development requires a focus on poverty and population.
Furthermore, the passage states that because of our immense population, our innovations must use scarce resources sparingly. This directly translates to the principle of resource efficiency, which means producing more value, services, and opportunities while utilizing fewer resources. This supports the statement that we should try to produce more from less.
11Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the question no. 11 to 15.
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores.
Which of the following factor(s) is/are affected by the mode of Production ?
(a) Ideology
(b) Psychology
(c) Social Structure
(d) None of the above
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Answer: (A) (a), (b) and (c)
Explanation
According to the first sentence of the passage, the mode of production plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology, and the ideology of a human aggregate. Therefore, all three factors, namely ideology, psychology, and social structure, are directly affected by the mode of production.
12Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the question no. 11 to 15.
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores.
How does the primitive nature of agriculture in India affect rural society ?
(a) It eliminates poverty.
(b) It increases agricultural production.
(c) It leads to cultural diversity.
(d) It result in a pyramidal socio-economic system.
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Answer: (C) Only (d) is true
Explanation
According to the passage, the primitive nature of agriculture in India, combined with the low level of agricultural production and specific land relations, leads to the hierarchic gradation of rural people into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups. This directly confirms that it results in a pyramidal socio-economic system.
13Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the question no. 11 to 15.
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores.
Considering the rural society which of the following statement/s is/are false ?
(a) Rural Society is based predominantly on agriculture.
(b) Land is the basic means of production in the countryside.
(c) Means of production in rural areas are not different from urban areas.
Answer options :
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Answer: (C) Only (c)
Explanation
Statement (c) is false because the passage highlights a sharp distinction between village agriculture and urban industry. While land is the basic means of production in rural areas, based on direct extraction from nature, urban industry is centered around factories and mills that transform agricultural products into industrial goods. Therefore, the means of production in rural and urban areas are fundamentally different.
14Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the question no. 11 to 15.
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores.
What do rural people produce by means of their labour power and technique ?
(a) Industrial goods (b) Agrarian products (c) Metal products
Answer options :
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Answer: (D) Only (b)
Explanation
The passage explicitly states that rural people, by means of technique and their labour power, produce a variety of agrarian products from the land, such as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, and tobacco. This corresponds to statement (b).
15Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the question:
Since Economic production is the basic activity of a human aggregate, the mode of production (productive forces and social relations of production) plays a determining role in shaping the social structure, the psychology and the ideology of that human aggregate.
Rural society is based predominantly on agriculture. Village agriculture is sharply distinguished from urban industry by the fact that it is based on direct extraction from Nature by man.
Land is the basic means of production in the countryside. Land is a part of Nature, though made arable by human labour. From land, the rural people produce, by means of technique and their labour power, such a variety of agrarian products as food, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, tobacco, and others.
Urban industry only transforms the products of agriculture into industrial products. In city factories and mills, such agricultural products as cotton, jute and sugarcane are transformed into cotton and jute cloth and sugar respectively.
This basic difference between agriculture and industry plays a significant role in shaping the social institutions, the psychology and the ideology of the rural and urban populations.
Further, the level of production and the way in which the products are distributed among the different strata of a society, determine the level of the material prosperity of the society as a whole and of the various socio-economic groups comprising it. They also, to a very large extent, mould the institutional set up of that society as well as the cultural life of its people.
For instance, in India, the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production and the specific types of land relations which determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society, explain the general poverty of the rural people, their hierarchic gradation into a pyramidal system of socio-economic groups and, further, their distinct social institutions and cultural backwardness. They also largely fix their customs, conceptions, and social mores.
What factors contribute to the general poverty of rural people in India?
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Answer: (A) Low level of Agricultural Production
Explanation
According to the passage, the general poverty of the rural people in India is directly explained by the primitive nature of agriculture, the resultant low level of agricultural production, and the specific types of land relations that determine the differing shares of agricultural products among the social groups composing the rural society. Thus, the low level of agricultural production is identified as a key factor contributing to this poverty.
16Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 16 - 20 :
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others. Moral philosophy has three branches - one branch is metaethics investigates big picture questions such as "What is morality"? "What is Justice?" "Is there truth?" and "How can I justify my beliefs as better than conflicting beliefs held by others?" Another branch of moral philosophy is normative ethics. It answers the question of what we ought to do. Normative ethics focuses on providing a framework for deciding what is right and wrong. Three common frameworks are deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The last branch is applied ethics. It addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance such as war and capital punishment. Applied ethics also talks specific moral challenges that people face daily, such as whether they should lie to help a friend or coworker. So, whether our moral focus is big picture questions a practical framework or applied to specific dilemmas, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need to examine and live an ethical life. Among the normative ethics deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to discern the moral course of action. This theory uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. Immanuel Kant, the philosopher, believed that ethical actions follow universal moral laws, such as "Don't lie", "Don't Steal", "Don't Cheat." Deontology is simple to apply. It just requires that people follow the rules and do their duty. This approach tends to fit well with our natural intuition about what is or is not ethical. Unlike consequentialism, which judges actions by their results, deontology does not require weighing the costs and benefits of a situation. This avoids subjectivity and uncertainty because you only have to follow set rules. So following the rules makes deontology easy to apply. But it also means disregarding the possible consequences of our actions when determining what is right and what is wrong.
What is the main focus of applied ethics?
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Answer: (B) Practical issues of moral importance
Explanation
According to the passage, applied ethics is the branch of moral philosophy that addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance, such as war and capital punishment, as well as everyday moral challenges.
17Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 16 - 20 :
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others. Moral philosophy has three branches - one branch is metaethics investigates big picture questions such as "What is morality"? "What is Justice?" "Is there truth?" and "How can I justify my beliefs as better than conflicting beliefs held by others?" Another branch of moral philosophy is normative ethics. It answers the question of what we ought to do. Normative ethics focuses on providing a framework for deciding what is right and wrong. Three common frameworks are deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The last branch is applied ethics. It addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance such as war and capital punishment. Applied ethics also talks specific moral challenges that people face daily, such as whether they should lie to help a friend or coworker. So, whether our moral focus is big picture questions a practical framework or applied to specific dilemmas, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need to examine and live an ethical life. Among the normative ethics deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to discern the moral course of action. This theory uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. Immanuel Kant, the philosopher, believed that ethical actions follow universal moral laws, such as "Don't lie", "Don't Steal", "Don't Cheat." Deontology is simple to apply. It just requires that people follow the rules and do their duty. This approach tends to fit well with our natural intuition about what is or is not ethical. Unlike consequentialism, which judges actions by their results, deontology does not require weighing the costs and benefits of a situation. This avoids subjectivity and uncertainty because you only have to follow set rules. So following the rules makes deontology easy to apply. But it also means disregarding the possible consequences of our actions when determining what is right and what is wrong.
According to Deontology, how do we distinguish right from wrong?
● Correct
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Answer: (C) By using rules
Explanation
According to the passage, deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to discern the moral course of action and distinguish right from wrong. It requires individuals to follow universal moral laws and perform their duty regardless of the consequences.
18Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 16 - 20 :
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others. Moral philosophy has three branches - one branch is metaethics investigates big picture questions such as "What is morality"? "What is Justice?" "Is there truth?" and "How can I justify my beliefs as better than conflicting beliefs held by others?" Another branch of moral philosophy is normative ethics. It answers the question of what we ought to do. Normative ethics focuses on providing a framework for deciding what is right and wrong. Three common frameworks are deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The last branch is applied ethics. It addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance such as war and capital punishment. Applied ethics also talks specific moral challenges that people face daily, such as whether they should lie to help a friend or coworker. So, whether our moral focus is big picture questions a practical framework or applied to specific dilemmas, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need to examine and live an ethical life. Among the normative ethics deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to discern the moral course of action. This theory uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. Immanuel Kant, the philosopher, believed that ethical actions follow universal moral laws, such as "Don't lie", "Don't Steal", "Don't Cheat." Deontology is simple to apply. It just requires that people follow the rules and do their duty. This approach tends to fit well with our natural intuition about what is or is not ethical. Unlike consequentialism, which judges actions by their results, deontology does not require weighing the costs and benefits of a situation. This avoids subjectivity and uncertainty because you only have to follow set rules. So following the rules makes deontology easy to apply. But it also means disregarding the possible consequences of our actions when determining what is right and what is wrong.
What is the limitation of Deontology?
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Answer: (C) It disregards the possible consequences of our actions
Explanation
According to the provided passage, while deontology is easy to apply because it relies on following set rules, it has the inherent limitation of disregarding the possible consequences of our actions when determining what is right and what is wrong.
19Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are in fact generators of light. They are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. In 1917 Einstein predicted the possibility of such stimulated radiation. In 1952, Ch. Townes, J.Gorden, and H.Zeiger in U.S.A and N.Basov and A.Prokhorov in USSR, independently suggested the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations based on the concept of stimulated radiation. It lead to the invention of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) in 1954. In 1958 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov received Noble Prizes for their work in this field.
In 1960, Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories produced the first laser using a ruby crystal as the amplifier and a flashlamp as the energy source. The first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
Laser has become a valuable tool in a variety of fields starting with medicine to communications. Laser is a light source but it is very much different from many traditional light sources. Laser is not used for illumination purposes as we use other light sources. Lasers produce a highly directional and, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range than that available from the common source types of light sources. They are more widely used as a light power electromagnetic beam rather than a light beam. Laser beams are used in the mechanical industry such as a special type of drill bit to drill in hard materials, and cutting materials like wood, glass, ceramics, etc. The laser is also used in the electronics industry such as scribing, soldering, trimming photolithography, etc. Application of lasers in the military involves mainly ranging, guiding weapons to the intended target and laser beam itself acting as a weapon, and so on. Thus, the laser is a high-technology device affecting our lives in many ways.
Laser is different than the common light sources because ________.
● Correct
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Answer: (D) All of the above are correct.
Explanation
According to the provided passage, lasers differ from common light sources because they produce a highly directional, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range. Since all three individual characteristics are correct, the option stating that all of them are correct is the right choice.
20Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are in fact generators of light. They are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. In 1917 Einstein predicted the possibility of such stimulated radiation. In 1952, Ch. Townes, J.Gorden, and H.Zeiger in U.S.A and N.Basov and A.Prokhorov in USSR, independently suggested the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations based on the concept of stimulated radiation. It lead to the invention of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) in 1954. In 1958 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov received Noble Prizes for their work in this field.
In 1960, Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories produced the first laser using a ruby crystal as the amplifier and a flashlamp as the energy source. The first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
Laser has become a valuable tool in a variety of fields starting with medicine to communications. Laser is a light source but it is very much different from many traditional light sources. Laser is not used for illumination purposes as we use other light sources. Lasers produce a highly directional and, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range than that available from the common source types of light sources. They are more widely used as a light power electromagnetic beam rather than a light beam. Laser beams are used in the mechanical industry such as a special type of drill bit to drill in hard materials, and cutting materials like wood, glass, ceramics, etc. The laser is also used in the electronics industry such as scribing, soldering, trimming photolithography, etc. Application of lasers in the military involves mainly ranging, guiding weapons to the intended target and laser beam itself acting as a weapon, and so on. Thus, the laser is a high-technology device affecting our lives in many ways.
What is the relation between laser and atoms or molecules ?
● Correct
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Answer: (B) Laser is based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules.
Explanation
According to the provided passage, lasers are generators of light that are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. This physical process of stimulated emission from atomic or molecular systems forms the fundamental operating principle of a laser.
21Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are in fact generators of light. They are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. In 1917 Einstein predicted the possibility of such stimulated radiation. In 1952, Ch. Townes, J.Gorden, and H.Zeiger in U.S.A and N.Basov and A.Prokhorov in USSR, independently suggested the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations based on the concept of stimulated radiation. It lead to the invention of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) in 1954. In 1958 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov received Noble Prizes for their work in this field.
In 1960, Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories produced the first laser using a ruby crystal as the amplifier and a flashlamp as the energy source. The first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
Laser has become a valuable tool in a variety of fields starting with medicine to communications. Laser is a light source but it is very much different from many traditional light sources. Laser is not used for illumination purposes as we use other light sources. Lasers produce a highly directional and, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range than that available from the common source types of light sources. They are more widely used as a light power electromagnetic beam rather than a light beam. Laser beams are used in the mechanical industry such as a special type of drill bit to drill in hard materials, and cutting materials like wood, glass, ceramics, etc. The laser is also used in the electronics industry such as scribing, soldering, trimming photolithography, etc. Application of lasers in the military involves mainly ranging, guiding weapons to the intended target and laser beam itself acting as a weapon, and so on. Thus, the laser is a high-technology device affecting our lives in many ways.
Who developed first gas Laser ?
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Answer: (C) A. Javan, W. Bennet and H. Harriott
Explanation
According to the provided passage, the first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
22Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are in fact generators of light. They are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. In 1917 Einstein predicted the possibility of such stimulated radiation. In 1952, Ch. Townes, J.Gorden, and H.Zeiger in U.S.A and N.Basov and A.Prokhorov in USSR, independently suggested the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations based on the concept of stimulated radiation. It lead to the invention of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) in 1954. In 1958 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov received Noble Prizes for their work in this field.
In 1960, Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories produced the first laser using a ruby crystal as the amplifier and a flashlamp as the energy source. The first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
Laser has become a valuable tool in a variety of fields starting with medicine to communications. Laser is a light source but it is very much different from many traditional light sources. Laser is not used for illumination purposes as we use other light sources. Lasers produce a highly directional and, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range than that available from the common source types of light sources. They are more widely used as a light power electromagnetic beam rather than a light beam. Laser beams are used in the mechanical industry such as a special type of drill bit to drill in hard materials, and cutting materials like wood, glass, ceramics, etc. The laser is also used in the electronics industry such as scribing, soldering, trimming photolithography, etc. Application of lasers in the military involves mainly ranging, guiding weapons to the intended target and laser beam itself acting as a weapon, and so on. Thus, the laser is a high-technology device affecting our lives in many ways.
Laser beam is not used for which of the followings ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Illumination
Explanation
According to the provided passage, the laser is a light source that differs significantly from traditional light sources, and it is explicitly stated that the laser is not used for illumination purposes as other light sources are. Instead of illumination, lasers are utilized as high-intensity, highly directional light power electromagnetic beams across various high-technology fields.
23Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers are in fact generators of light. They are based on the amplification of light by means of stimulated radiation of atoms or molecules. In 1917 Einstein predicted the possibility of such stimulated radiation. In 1952, Ch. Townes, J.Gorden, and H.Zeiger in U.S.A and N.Basov and A.Prokhorov in USSR, independently suggested the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations based on the concept of stimulated radiation. It lead to the invention of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) in 1954. In 1958 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov received Noble Prizes for their work in this field.
In 1960, Theodore Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories produced the first laser using a ruby crystal as the amplifier and a flashlamp as the energy source. The first gas laser was developed in 1961 by A. Javan, W. Bennet, and H. Harriott of Bell Laboratories, using a mixture of helium and neon gases.
Laser has become a valuable tool in a variety of fields starting with medicine to communications. Laser is a light source but it is very much different from many traditional light sources. Laser is not used for illumination purposes as we use other light sources. Lasers produce a highly directional and, high-intensity beam with a narrow frequency range than that available from the common source types of light sources. They are more widely used as a light power electromagnetic beam rather than a light beam. Laser beams are used in the mechanical industry such as a special type of drill bit to drill in hard materials, and cutting materials like wood, glass, ceramics, etc. The laser is also used in the electronics industry such as scribing, soldering, trimming photolithography, etc. Application of lasers in the military involves mainly ranging, guiding weapons to the intended target and laser beam itself acting as a weapon, and so on. Thus, the laser is a high-technology device affecting our lives in many ways.
Who got noble prize for Laser ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Basov and Prokhorov
Explanation
According to the passage, Charles Townes, Nikolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work in the field of quantum electronics and stimulated emission, which led to the development of masers and lasers. Basov and Prokhorov are the Nobel laureates correctly identified in the options.
24Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 26 to 30 :
For the past few centuries Earth has been witnessing several environmental problems even- though the ongoing climate change events such as increasing temperature, cloud bursts, frequent cyclones, long and irregular winters and drought have received more attention in the public platforms.
These extreme climatic events have challenged the physical, mental and economic health of humans and made them to think and speak out. This realisation has been following by several agencies making efforts to mitigate the climate change impacts.
It is known that global warming is the result of the incessant release of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide CO₂ from several sectors especially from automobile and associated industries triggering the extreme climatic events.
Earlier the natural forests cover and oceans absorbed the enormous quantities of CO₂ released in the environment. However, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the ocean and forest have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems.
Natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species alongwith unique environmental conditions and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse gases to a large extent, also acting as oxygen factories. However, in comparison, tropical and savannah forests produce a more oxygen than other forests.
Studies have established that the natural regeneration potential of the forest has been decreasing due to continuous deforestation.
Ecologists opine that the restoration of natural forests is the ideal way to overcome the global warming impacts. However, restoration of natural forest is a herculean task and almost impossible. The diminishing forest cover affects the life- forms and also carbon storage and oxygen production which might speed- up the global warming process, and so researchers and policymakers encourage afforestation programmes in order to mitigate the global warming.
Regarding "Natural Forests" four statements are made of which two are correct. Choose the correct option.
(a) "Natural Forests" are formed due to interaction of species and environmental conditions.
(b) "Natural Forests" are responsible for floods and cyclones.
(c) "Natural Forests" play important role in minimizing emission of greenhouse gases in Atmosphere.
(d) "Natural Forests" are important for promotion of tree cutting.
Answer options :
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Answer: (C) Only (a) and (c)
Explanation
According to the passage, natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species along with unique environmental conditions, which supports statement (a). Furthermore, the passage explicitly states that these forests play an important role in mitigating greenhouse gases to a large extent, which supports statement (c).
25Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 26 to 30 :
For the past few centuries Earth has been witnessing several environmental problems even- though the ongoing climate change events such as increasing temperature, cloud bursts, frequent cyclones, long and irregular winters and drought have received more attention in the public platforms.
These extreme climatic events have challenged the physical, mental and economic health of humans and made them to think and speak out. This realisation has been following by several agencies making efforts to mitigate the climate change impacts.
It is known that global warming is the result of the incessant release of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide CO₂ from several sectors especially from automobile and associated industries triggering the extreme climatic events.
Earlier the natural forests cover and oceans absorbed the enormous quantities of CO₂ released in the environment. However, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the ocean and forest have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems.
Natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species alongwith unique environmental conditions and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse gases to a large extent, also acting as oxygen factories. However, in comparison, tropical and savannah forests produce a more oxygen than other forests.
Studies have established that the natural regeneration potential of the forest has been decreasing due to continuous deforestation.
Ecologists opine that the restoration of natural forests is the ideal way to overcome the global warming impacts. However, restoration of natural forest is a herculean task and almost impossible. The diminishing forest cover affects the life- forms and also carbon storage and oxygen production which might speed- up the global warming process, and so researchers and policymakers encourage afforestation programmes in order to mitigate the global warming.
Among the following which type of forest contribute comparatively more production of oxygen ?
(a) Tropical Forests (b) Savannah Grassland
(c) Mountain Forests (d) Temperate Forests
Answer options :
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Only (a) and (b)
Explanation
According to the provided passage, tropical and savannah forests produce more oxygen in comparison to other forests. Therefore, tropical forests (a) and savannah grasslands (b) are the correct forest types that contribute comparatively more to oxygen production.
26Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 26 to 30 :
For the past few centuries Earth has been witnessing several environmental problems even- though the ongoing climate change events such as increasing temperature, cloud bursts, frequent cyclones, long and irregular winters and drought have received more attention in the public platforms.
These extreme climatic events have challenged the physical, mental and economic health of humans and made them to think and speak out. This realisation has been following by several agencies making efforts to mitigate the climate change impacts.
It is known that global warming is the result of the incessant release of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide CO₂ from several sectors especially from automobile and associated industries triggering the extreme climatic events.
Earlier the natural forests cover and oceans absorbed the enormous quantities of CO₂ released in the environment. However, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the ocean and forest have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems.
Natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species alongwith unique environmental conditions and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse gases to a large extent, also acting as oxygen factories. However, in comparison, tropical and savannah forests produce a more oxygen than other forests.
Studies have established that the natural regeneration potential of the forest has been decreasing due to continuous deforestation.
Ecologists opine that the restoration of natural forests is the ideal way to overcome the global warming impacts. However, restoration of natural forest is a herculean task and almost impossible. The diminishing forest cover affects the life- forms and also carbon storage and oxygen production which might speed- up the global warming process, and so researchers and policymakers encourage afforestation programmes in order to mitigate the global warming.
How the carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystem can be in increased. Choose correct options among the following.
(a) Planting of trees and Afforestation activities.
(b) Release of industrial wastes in river streams.
(c) Increase in greenhouse gases.
(d) Protecting illegal cutting of trees in forests.
Answer options :
● Correct
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Answer: (D) Only (a) and (d)
Explanation
To increase the carbon sequestration potential of the terrestrial ecosystem, it is essential to expand forest cover and protect existing forests. Planting of trees and undertaking afforestation activities directly increases the vegetative biomass that can absorb and store atmospheric carbon dioxide. Similarly, protecting forests from the illegal cutting of trees prevents deforestation and degradation, thereby preserving the existing carbon sinks and maintaining their long-term carbon sequestration capacity. Both of these actions directly enhance the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to capture and store carbon.
27Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 26 to 30 :
For the past few centuries Earth has been witnessing several environmental problems even- though the ongoing climate change events such as increasing temperature, cloud bursts, frequent cyclones, long and irregular winters and drought have received more attention in the public platforms.
These extreme climatic events have challenged the physical, mental and economic health of humans and made them to think and speak out. This realisation has been following by several agencies making efforts to mitigate the climate change impacts.
It is known that global warming is the result of the incessant release of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide CO₂ from several sectors especially from automobile and associated industries triggering the extreme climatic events.
Earlier the natural forests cover and oceans absorbed the enormous quantities of CO₂ released in the environment. However, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the ocean and forest have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems.
Natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species alongwith unique environmental conditions and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse gases to a large extent, also acting as oxygen factories. However, in comparison, tropical and savannah forests produce a more oxygen than other forests.
Studies have established that the natural regeneration potential of the forest has been decreasing due to continuous deforestation.
Ecologists opine that the restoration of natural forests is the ideal way to overcome the global warming impacts. However, restoration of natural forest is a herculean task and almost impossible. The diminishing forest cover affects the life- forms and also carbon storage and oxygen production which might speed- up the global warming process, and so researchers and policymakers encourage afforestation programmes in order to mitigate the global warming.
Carbon sequestration potential of forests and oceans has been decreased due to :
(a) Increase in forest cover
(b) Deforestation
(c) Plantation Programme
(d) Anthropogenic activities
● Correct
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Answer: (B) Only (b) and (d)
Explanation
According to the fourth paragraph of the passage, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the oceans and forests have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems. This directly corresponds to deforestation and anthropogenic activities.
28Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 26 to 30 :
For the past few centuries Earth has been witnessing several environmental problems even- though the ongoing climate change events such as increasing temperature, cloud bursts, frequent cyclones, long and irregular winters and drought have received more attention in the public platforms.
These extreme climatic events have challenged the physical, mental and economic health of humans and made them to think and speak out. This realisation has been following by several agencies making efforts to mitigate the climate change impacts.
It is known that global warming is the result of the incessant release of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide CO₂ from several sectors especially from automobile and associated industries triggering the extreme climatic events.
Earlier the natural forests cover and oceans absorbed the enormous quantities of CO₂ released in the environment. However, continuous deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures prevailing in and around the ocean and forest have slowed down the carbon sequestration potential of these systems.
Natural forests evolve due to the constant interplay of inter and intra species alongwith unique environmental conditions and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse gases to a large extent, also acting as oxygen factories. However, in comparison, tropical and savannah forests produce a more oxygen than other forests.
Studies have established that the natural regeneration potential of the forest has been decreasing due to continuous deforestation.
Ecologists opine that the restoration of natural forests is the ideal way to overcome the global warming impacts. However, restoration of natural forest is a herculean task and almost impossible. The diminishing forest cover affects the life- forms and also carbon storage and oxygen production which might speed- up the global warming process, and so researchers and policymakers encourage afforestation programmes in order to mitigate the global warming.
Which of the following two conditions are specially responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases ?
(a) Automobile industries
(b) Rangeland Management
(c) Chemical Industries
(d) Rainwater harvesting
● Correct
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Answer: (B) Only (a) and (c)
Explanation
According to the passage, global warming is driven by the continuous release of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide CO₂, from several sectors. It explicitly highlights automobile and its associated industries, which includes chemical and manufacturing sectors, as the primary sources responsible for these emissions. Therefore, automobile industries and chemical industries are the key contributors to greenhouse gas emissions among the choices provided.
29Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer Questions No. 31 to Question No. 35 :
The nature of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution is well settled. The Fundamental Rights are to be understood in a negative context, as in "no person could be denied such right until the Constitution itself prescribes such limitations". The only exception to the aforesaid formulation is Article 21A of the Constitution, which is a positive right that requires an active effort by the concerned Government to ensure that the Right to Education is provided to all children up to the age of 14 years as given by the 86th Constitutional Amendment. The positive prescription of freedom of expression will result in different consequences which our own Constitution has not entered into. Having different social and economic backgrounds and existing on a different scale of development, the application of Human Rights enshrined therein have taken a different role and purpose. The framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of the situation of India, including the socio-economic costs of such proactive duty and hence took an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner. This crucial formulation is required to be respected by the Courts, which have to uphold the Constitutional morality behind utilization of such negative prescriptions.
Law and Technology seldom mix like oil and water. There is a consistent criticism that the development of technology is not met by equivalent movement in the Law. In this context, we need to note that the Law should imbibe the technological development and accordingly mould its rules so as to cater to the needs of society. Non recognition of technology within the sphere of Law is only a disservice to the inevitable. In this light, the importance of internet cannot be underestimated, as from morning to night we are encapsulated within the cyberspace and our most basic activities are enabled by the use of internet. Further, the internet has gained contemporary relevance and is one of the major means of information convergence. Therefore, the freedom of speech and expression through the medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
Right of Freedom of Expression is given under Article ___________ of the Constitution.
● Correct
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Answer: (D) Art. 19(1)(a)
Explanation
Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India guarantees to all its citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression. This fundamental right enables individuals to express their thoughts, convictions, and opinions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picture, or any other mode, which has also been judicially interpreted to include expression through the medium of the internet as highlighted in the passage.
30Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer Questions No. 31 to Question No. 35 :
The nature of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution is well settled. The Fundamental Rights are to be understood in a negative context, as in "no person could be denied such right until the Constitution itself prescribes such limitations". The only exception to the aforesaid formulation is Article 21A of the Constitution, which is a positive right that requires an active effort by the concerned Government to ensure that the Right to Education is provided to all children up to the age of 14 years as given by the 86th Constitutional Amendment. The positive prescription of freedom of expression will result in different consequences which our own Constitution has not entered into. Having different social and economic backgrounds and existing on a different scale of development, the application of Human Rights enshrined therein have taken a different role and purpose. The framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of the situation of India, including the socio-economic costs of such proactive duty and hence took an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner. This crucial formulation is required to be respected by the Courts, which have to uphold the Constitutional morality behind utilization of such negative prescriptions.
Law and Technology seldom mix like oil and water. There is a consistent criticism that the development of technology is not met by equivalent movement in the Law. In this context, we need to note that the Law should imbibe the technological development and accordingly mould its rules so as to cater to the needs of society. Non recognition of technology within the sphere of Law is only a disservice to the inevitable. In this light, the importance of internet cannot be underestimated, as from morning to night we are encapsulated within the cyberspace and our most basic activities are enabled by the use of internet. Further, the internet has gained contemporary relevance and is one of the major means of information convergence. Therefore, the freedom of speech and expression through the medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
Why are the Fundamental Rights mostly negative in nature ?
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Answer: (C) The Fundamental Rights are negative in nature, as the framers of the Constitution were aware of the high costs involved.
Explanation
According to the passage, the framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of India's unique socio-economic situation, including the high socio-economic costs associated with the proactive duties of positive rights. Consequently, they made an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner, ensuring that the state is primarily barred from interfering with these rights rather than being mandated to actively provide them, which would incur unsustainable financial and administrative costs.
31Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer Questions No. 31 to Question No. 35 :
The nature of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution is well settled. The Fundamental Rights are to be understood in a negative context, as in "no person could be denied such right until the Constitution itself prescribes such limitations". The only exception to the aforesaid formulation is Article 21A of the Constitution, which is a positive right that requires an active effort by the concerned Government to ensure that the Right to Education is provided to all children up to the age of 14 years as given by the 86th Constitutional Amendment. The positive prescription of freedom of expression will result in different consequences which our own Constitution has not entered into. Having different social and economic backgrounds and existing on a different scale of development, the application of Human Rights enshrined therein have taken a different role and purpose. The framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of the situation of India, including the socio-economic costs of such proactive duty and hence took an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner. This crucial formulation is required to be respected by the Courts, which have to uphold the Constitutional morality behind utilization of such negative prescriptions.
Law and Technology seldom mix like oil and water. There is a consistent criticism that the development of technology is not met by equivalent movement in the Law. In this context, we need to note that the Law should imbibe the technological development and accordingly mould its rules so as to cater to the needs of society. Non recognition of technology within the sphere of Law is only a disservice to the inevitable. In this light, the importance of internet cannot be underestimated, as from morning to night we are encapsulated within the cyberspace and our most basic activities are enabled by the use of internet. Further, the internet has gained contemporary relevance and is one of the major means of information convergence. Therefore, the freedom of speech and expression through the medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
Human Rights as enshrined in the Part III of the Constitution of India got different meaning due to :
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Answer: (C) Diverse Socio-economic conditions prevailing in India.
Explanation
According to the passage, the application of Human Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution of India took on a different role and purpose because of the diverse socio-economic backgrounds and the different scale of development existing in the country. The framers of the Constitution were well aware of these diverse socio-economic conditions and the associated costs of proactive state duties, which guided them to structure the Fundamental Rights primarily as negative restrictions.
32Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer Questions No. 31 to Question No. 35 :
The nature of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution is well settled. The Fundamental Rights are to be understood in a negative context, as in "no person could be denied such right until the Constitution itself prescribes such limitations". The only exception to the aforesaid formulation is Article 21A of the Constitution, which is a positive right that requires an active effort by the concerned Government to ensure that the Right to Education is provided to all children up to the age of 14 years as given by the 86th Constitutional Amendment. The positive prescription of freedom of expression will result in different consequences which our own Constitution has not entered into. Having different social and economic backgrounds and existing on a different scale of development, the application of Human Rights enshrined therein have taken a different role and purpose. The framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of the situation of India, including the socio-economic costs of such proactive duty and hence took an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner. This crucial formulation is required to be respected by the Courts, which have to uphold the Constitutional morality behind utilization of such negative prescriptions.
Law and Technology seldom mix like oil and water. There is a consistent criticism that the development of technology is not met by equivalent movement in the Law. In this context, we need to note that the Law should imbibe the technological development and accordingly mould its rules so as to cater to the needs of society. Non recognition of technology within the sphere of Law is only a disservice to the inevitable. In this light, the importance of internet cannot be underestimated, as from morning to night we are encapsulated within the cyberspace and our most basic activities are enabled by the use of internet. Further, the internet has gained contemporary relevance and is one of the major means of information convergence. Therefore, the freedom of speech and expression through the medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
As per the Author, non-recognition of technology in the sphere of Law means :
● Correct
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Answer: (A) This amounts to non-recognizing the existing reality.
Explanation
The author states that non-recognition of technology within the sphere of law is a disservice to the inevitable. Since technology and cyberspace encapsulate daily human existence and enable most basic activities from morning to night, they represent an unavoidable, everyday reality. Consequently, failing to recognize and integrate technological developments into the legal framework amounts to ignoring this inevitable and existing reality of modern society.
33Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer Questions No. 31 to Question No. 35 :
The nature of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution is well settled. The Fundamental Rights are to be understood in a negative context, as in "no person could be denied such right until the Constitution itself prescribes such limitations". The only exception to the aforesaid formulation is Article 21A of the Constitution, which is a positive right that requires an active effort by the concerned Government to ensure that the Right to Education is provided to all children up to the age of 14 years as given by the 86th Constitutional Amendment. The positive prescription of freedom of expression will result in different consequences which our own Constitution has not entered into. Having different social and economic backgrounds and existing on a different scale of development, the application of Human Rights enshrined therein have taken a different role and purpose. The framers of the Indian Constitution were aware of the situation of India, including the socio-economic costs of such proactive duty and hence took an informed decision to restrict the application of Fundamental Rights in a negative manner. This crucial formulation is required to be respected by the Courts, which have to uphold the Constitutional morality behind utilization of such negative prescriptions.
Law and Technology seldom mix like oil and water. There is a consistent criticism that the development of technology is not met by equivalent movement in the Law. In this context, we need to note that the Law should imbibe the technological development and accordingly mould its rules so as to cater to the needs of society. Non recognition of technology within the sphere of Law is only a disservice to the inevitable. In this light, the importance of internet cannot be underestimated, as from morning to night we are encapsulated within the cyberspace and our most basic activities are enabled by the use of internet. Further, the internet has gained contemporary relevance and is one of the major means of information convergence. Therefore, the freedom of speech and expression through the medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
The Right to Education was added to the Indian Constitution by which of the following ?
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Answer: (D) The 86th Amendment
Explanation
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 inserted Article 21A into the Constitution of India, which makes the right to education a Fundamental Right for all children between the ages of six and fourteen years.
34Reading Comprehension
Answer question No. 36 to 40 after reading the following passage.
Sixty years of constitutional democracy and the rule of law in India would seem, on the face of it, like an occasion for taking stock and for celebrating the great Indian political experiment. The founding fathers and mothers put a structure in place, enshrined a nation's dreams in an impressively liberal text, and six decades later, it appears we still abide by that vision. All around us, there are politics in various kinds of malfunction - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar - and to our north, a prosperous but authoritarian China. India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states.
It could be argued that the Constitution, as the textual blueprint of the republic, is not responsible for its own marginalization, violation, or suspension. That it was conceived in a certain era, written in a certain spirit, and promulgated in good faith by the best political and legal minds active in India around the time of independence. That a document first articulated and steered by the likes of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, K.M. Munshi and Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rao, continuously guarded and carefully interpreted by three generations of lawmakers since, is as good as it gets for an overly large, unremittingly poor, vexingly diverse, and precariously free post-colony like India. That we may criticize the Constitution; we may lament its disrespect or point out its inefficacy in many parts of India, but without it, we would still be colonized, if not by the British then by undemocratic, militarist, communal or other sorts of nonprogressive strains within the Indian political spectrum.
Better to have an excellent constitution in the letter if not in practice, than no constitution at all, the objector says. Today the Indian constitution is considered as best amongst all other constitutions. We should be grateful for the moral commitment and practical foresight of our founders.
Which of the following concepts can be considered as responsible for success of Indian Democratic experiment ?
(a) Authority
(b) Representation
(c) Cultural Plurality
(d) Justice
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Answer: (C) Only (a), (b) and (d)
Explanation
The success of the Indian democratic experiment, as described in the passage, is founded on constitutional democracy and the rule of law, which establish the authority of the constitutional framework. The passage also explicitly highlights that India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation, and justice. On the other hand, the text refers to India's diversity as a challenging condition—describing the nation as vexingly diverse—rather than a driving concept behind the success of the democratic experiment. Thus, authority, representation, and justice are the concepts responsible for its success.
35Reading Comprehension
Answer question No. 36 to 40 after reading the following passage.
Sixty years of constitutional democracy and the rule of law in India would seem, on the face of it, like an occasion for taking stock and for celebrating the great Indian political experiment. The founding fathers and mothers put a structure in place, enshrined a nation's dreams in an impressively liberal text, and six decades later, it appears we still abide by that vision. All around us, there are politics in various kinds of malfunction - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar - and to our north, a prosperous but authoritarian China. India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states.
It could be argued that the Constitution, as the textual blueprint of the republic, is not responsible for its own marginalization, violation, or suspension. That it was conceived in a certain era, written in a certain spirit, and promulgated in good faith by the best political and legal minds active in India around the time of independence. That a document first articulated and steered by the likes of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, K.M. Munshi and Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rao, continuously guarded and carefully interpreted by three generations of lawmakers since, is as good as it gets for an overly large, unremittingly poor, vexingly diverse, and precariously free post-colony like India. That we may criticize the Constitution; we may lament its disrespect or point out its inefficacy in many parts of India, but without it, we would still be colonized, if not by the British then by undemocratic, militarist, communal or other sorts of nonprogressive strains within the Indian political spectrum.
Better to have an excellent constitution in the letter if not in practice, than no constitution at all, the objector says. Today the Indian constitution is considered as best amongst all other constitutions. We should be grateful for the moral commitment and practical foresight of our founders.
Which word has been used to describe the land of nations where democracy is failed ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Desert
Explanation
According to the first paragraph of the passage, India's Constitution makes the country "an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states." In this context, the author uses the metaphor of a "desert" to describe the surrounding region consisting of failing or flawed nations where democratic systems have failed or malfunctioned.
36Reading Comprehension
Answer question No. 36 to 40 after reading the following passage.
Sixty years of constitutional democracy and the rule of law in India would seem, on the face of it, like an occasion for taking stock and for celebrating the great Indian political experiment. The founding fathers and mothers put a structure in place, enshrined a nation's dreams in an impressively liberal text, and six decades later, it appears we still abide by that vision. All around us, there are politics in various kinds of malfunction - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar - and to our north, a prosperous but authoritarian China. India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states.
It could be argued that the Constitution, as the textual blueprint of the republic, is not responsible for its own marginalization, violation, or suspension. That it was conceived in a certain era, written in a certain spirit, and promulgated in good faith by the best political and legal minds active in India around the time of independence. That a document first articulated and steered by the likes of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, K.M. Munshi and Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rao, continuously guarded and carefully interpreted by three generations of lawmakers since, is as good as it gets for an overly large, unremittingly poor, vexingly diverse, and precariously free post-colony like India. That we may criticize the Constitution; we may lament its disrespect or point out its inefficacy in many parts of India, but without it, we would still be colonized, if not by the British then by undemocratic, militarist, communal or other sorts of nonprogressive strains within the Indian political spectrum.
Better to have an excellent constitution in the letter if not in practice, than no constitution at all, the objector says. Today the Indian constitution is considered as best amongst all other constitutions. We should be grateful for the moral commitment and practical foresight of our founders.
What is the main intention of this presented paragraph ?
● Correct
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Answer: (D) To highlight the importance of Constitution
Explanation
The passage emphasizes the critical role of the Indian Constitution as the bedrock of India's democracy and rule of law over six decades. It portrays the Constitution as a visionary, liberal text that has successfully safeguarded rights, representation, and justice, making India a stable democratic nation amidst a region of failing or authoritarian states. Even while acknowledging the challenges in its practical implementation, the text underscores that the Constitution is indispensable, as without it, the country would risk falling into undemocratic, militarist, or communal hands. Thus, the primary focus of the passage is to underscore the profound significance and necessity of this foundational document.
37Reading Comprehension
Answer question No. 36 to 40 after reading the following passage.
Sixty years of constitutional democracy and the rule of law in India would seem, on the face of it, like an occasion for taking stock and for celebrating the great Indian political experiment. The founding fathers and mothers put a structure in place, enshrined a nation's dreams in an impressively liberal text, and six decades later, it appears we still abide by that vision. All around us, there are politics in various kinds of malfunction - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar - and to our north, a prosperous but authoritarian China. India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states.
It could be argued that the Constitution, as the textual blueprint of the republic, is not responsible for its own marginalization, violation, or suspension. That it was conceived in a certain era, written in a certain spirit, and promulgated in good faith by the best political and legal minds active in India around the time of independence. That a document first articulated and steered by the likes of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, K.M. Munshi and Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rao, continuously guarded and carefully interpreted by three generations of lawmakers since, is as good as it gets for an overly large, unremittingly poor, vexingly diverse, and precariously free post-colony like India. That we may criticize the Constitution; we may lament its disrespect or point out its inefficacy in many parts of India, but without it, we would still be colonized, if not by the British then by undemocratic, militarist, communal or other sorts of nonprogressive strains within the Indian political spectrum.
Better to have an excellent constitution in the letter if not in practice, than no constitution at all, the objector says. Today the Indian constitution is considered as best amongst all other constitutions. We should be grateful for the moral commitment and practical foresight of our founders.
The term 'Rule of Law' used in this paragraph means which of the following element/elements?
(a) Equality of opportunity
(b) Equal Treatment
(c) Establishment of Courts
(d) Equal laws for all
Answer options :
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Answer: (B) Only (b) and (d)
Explanation
The term Rule of Law signifies that the law is supreme and no individual is above it. It fundamentally embodies the principles of equality before the law and the equal protection of the laws. This means that all citizens are subject to the same ordinary laws of the land, which represents equal laws for all, and that these laws must be applied without any discrimination, ensuring equal treatment for everyone. Therefore, equal treatment and equal laws for all are the essential elements that define the Rule of Law in a constitutional democracy.
38Reading Comprehension
Answer question No. 36 to 40 after reading the following passage.
Sixty years of constitutional democracy and the rule of law in India would seem, on the face of it, like an occasion for taking stock and for celebrating the great Indian political experiment. The founding fathers and mothers put a structure in place, enshrined a nation's dreams in an impressively liberal text, and six decades later, it appears we still abide by that vision. All around us, there are politics in various kinds of malfunction - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar - and to our north, a prosperous but authoritarian China. India's Constitution makes the country an oasis of rights, representation and justice in a desert of failing or otherwise flawed states.
It could be argued that the Constitution, as the textual blueprint of the republic, is not responsible for its own marginalization, violation, or suspension. That it was conceived in a certain era, written in a certain spirit, and promulgated in good faith by the best political and legal minds active in India around the time of independence. That a document first articulated and steered by the likes of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, K.M. Munshi and Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rao, continuously guarded and carefully interpreted by three generations of lawmakers since, is as good as it gets for an overly large, unremittingly poor, vexingly diverse, and precariously free post-colony like India. That we may criticize the Constitution; we may lament its disrespect or point out its inefficacy in many parts of India, but without it, we would still be colonized, if not by the British then by undemocratic, militarist, communal or other sorts of nonprogressive strains within the Indian political spectrum.
Better to have an excellent constitution in the letter if not in practice, than no constitution at all, the objector says. Today the Indian constitution is considered as best amongst all other constitutions. We should be grateful for the moral commitment and practical foresight of our founders.
Which of the following can be considered as challenges to democracy?
(a) Communalism
(b) Feudalism
(c) Authoritarianism
(d) Supression by Military
Answer options :
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Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation
The passage highlights several nonprogressive and undemocratic threats to constitutional democracy, such as militarist, communal, and authoritarian strains. Communalism directly threatens social harmony and democratic secularism, while military suppression and authoritarianism destroy basic rights, political representation, and the rule of law. Feudalism, as a traditional nonprogressive socio-economic structure, inherently opposes democratic equality and representation by reinforcing rigid hierarchies. Together, communalism, feudalism, authoritarianism, and military suppression all represent significant challenges to the survival and functioning of a robust democracy.
39Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारा वाचून त्याखालील प्रश्न क्र. 41 ते 45 ची उत्तरे लिहा.
कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात जे निरनिराळे बरे-वाईट अनुभव येतात, त्यांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो, असे म्हणतात. एकदा बर्नार्ड शॉ याला कुणीतरी विचारले, ''तुम्ही आपले आत्मचरित्र का लिहीत नाही?'' त्यावर शॉ हसून म्हणाले, ''इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?'' ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादा. बहुतेक प्रतिभासंपन्न कलावंतांच्या कलेचा त्यांच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनानुभवांशी काही ना काही संबंध असतो, असे दिसून येते.
आपल्या चित्रपटांतील रहस्यमयता आणि भयंकरता यांच्या योगाने प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर विलक्षण ताण आणणारा विख्यात चित्रपट दिग्दर्शक आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांमागील विशिष्ट प्रेरणांचा उगम बालवयात आपल्याला आलेल्या एका भीतिदायक अनुभवात असल्याचे नमूद केले आहे. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक पाच वर्षांचा होता त्यावेळी त्याच्या हातून काही झुल्लक अपराध घडला. त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला जवळच्या पोलीस स्टेशनात धाडले. त्याच्याबरोबर वडिलांनी एक चिठ्ठी दिलेली होती. पोलीस अधिकाऱ्यांनी ती चिठ्ठी वाचली आणि आल्फ्रेडची एका कोठडीत रवानगी केली. पाच मिनिटांनंतर जेलरने आल्फ्रेडला कोठडीबाहेर काढले आणि त्याला घरी पाठवले. पोलीस अधिकारी म्हणाले, ''खोडकर मुलांना आम्ही कशी शिक्षा देतो, कळलं ना तुला?''
अबोध आणि निरागस अशा बालवयात आलेला हा भयाण अनुभव हिचकॉक पुढे कधीही विसरला नाही. हिचकॉक म्हणे, ''मला आत लोटून जेलरने कोठडीचा दरवाजा जेव्हा बंद केला तेव्हाचा तो करकर आवाज, दाराला कडी लावून घेताना वाजलेला खटका आणि कोठडीतल्या पाच मिनिटांचा तो भीषण एकांत याने माझ्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा जो ताण आला, त्याचा मला नंतर कधीही विसर पडला नाही! माझ्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांचे मूळ बालवयातल्या त्या अनुभवात दडलेले आहे!''
हिचकॉकने सांगितलेली आणखी एक गोष्ट या संदर्भात फार सूचक आहे. त्याच्या चित्रपटांमधून अनेक भीतिदायक रहस्यमय प्रसंग रंगवलेले असले, तरी प्रत्यक्ष रक्ताची, रक्तपाताची दृश्ये त्यात क्वचित आढळतात. याचेही मूळ हिचकॉकच्या एका स्वभावविशेषात दडलेले आहे. एक ठिकाणी तो म्हणतो, ''मी हॉटेलला गेलो असता शेजारच्या टेबलापाशी बसलेला माणूस उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर जेव्हा लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस हळूवार ओततो तेव्हा रक्तासारखे ते सॉस सावकाश पसरत जाताना बघून माझ्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहतो. त्या गरीब बिचाऱ्या खाद्यपदार्थाविषयी मला विलक्षण सहानुभूती वाटू लागते. लाल रंगाइतके भय मला दुसऱ्या कशाचेही वाटत नाही!'' आपल्या नाटकांमधून स्मशान, आत्महत्या, बालकांची प्रेते यांची भीषण दृश्ये रंगवणारे थोर प्रतिभावंत राम गणेश गडकरी प्रत्यक्षात फार भित्रे होते, असे म्हणतात; त्याची इथे आठवण झाल्याखेरीज राहत नाही!
41. बर्नार्ड शॉ आत्मचरित्र लिहीत नाही. कारण -
(अ) आपण निर्माण केलेल्या साहित्यकृतीच्या आविष्काराशी आपल्या जीवनाचा काहीच संबंध नसतो.
(ब) आपण निर्माण केलेल्या साहित्यकृतीच्या आविष्काराशी आपल्या जीवनाचा संबंध असतोच.
(क) आत्मचरित्रात लिहिण्यासारखे काहीच नसते.
(ड) खासगी जीवनाचा मागमूसही लोकांसमोर आणावयाचा नसतो.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) (ब) बरोबर
Explanation
उताऱ्यात नमूद केल्याप्रमाणे, बर्नार्ड शॉ यांना त्यांच्या आत्मचरित्राबद्दल विचारले असता त्यांनी 'इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?' असे उत्तर दिले. यावरून स्पष्ट होते की त्यांच्या मते, लेखकाने निर्माण केलेल्या साहित्यकृतीचा त्याच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनाशी आणि अनुभवांशी अत्यंत जवळचा संबंध असतो आणि साहित्याच्या माध्यमातूनच लेखकाचे जीवन प्रवाहित होत असते. म्हणूनच केवळ विधान (ब) बरोबर आहे.
40Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारा वाचून त्याखालील प्रश्न क्र. 41 ते 45 ची उत्तरे लिहा.
कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात जे निरनिराळे बरे-वाईट अनुभव येतात, त्यांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो, असे म्हणतात. एकदा बर्नार्ड शॉ याला कुणीतरी विचारले, ''तुम्ही आपले आत्मचरित्र का लिहीत नाही?'' त्यावर शॉ हसून म्हणाले, ''इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?'' ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादा. बहुतेक प्रतिभासंपन्न कलावंतांच्या कलेचा त्यांच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनानुभवांशी काही ना काही संबंध असतो, असे दिसून येते.
आपल्या चित्रपटांतील रहस्यमयता आणि भयंकरता यांच्या योगाने प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर विलक्षण ताण आणणारा विख्यात चित्रपट दिग्दर्शक आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांमागील विशिष्ट प्रेरणांचा उगम बालवयात आपल्याला आलेल्या एका भीतिदायक अनुभवात असल्याचे नमूद केले आहे. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक पाच वर्षांचा होता त्यावेळी त्याच्या हातून काही झुल्लक अपराध घडला. त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला जवळच्या पोलीस स्टेशनात धाडले. त्याच्याबरोबर वडिलांनी एक चिठ्ठी दिलेली होती. पोलीस अधिकाऱ्यांनी ती चिठ्ठी वाचली आणि आल्फ्रेडची एका कोठडीत रवानगी केली. पाच मिनिटांनंतर जेलरने आल्फ्रेडला कोठडीबाहेर काढले आणि त्याला घरी पाठवले. पोलीस अधिकारी म्हणाले, ''खोडकर मुलांना आम्ही कशी शिक्षा देतो, कळलं ना तुला?''
अबोध आणि निरागस अशा बालवयात आलेला हा भयाण अनुभव हिचकॉक पुढे कधीही विसरला नाही. हिचकॉक म्हणे, ''मला आत लोटून जेलरने कोठडीचा दरवाजा जेव्हा बंद केला तेव्हाचा तो करकर आवाज, दाराला कडी लावून घेताना वाजलेला खटका आणि कोठडीतल्या पाच मिनिटांचा तो भीषण एकांत याने माझ्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा जो ताण आला, त्याचा मला नंतर कधीही विसर पडला नाही! माझ्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांचे मूळ बालवयातल्या त्या अनुभवात दडलेले आहे!''
हिचकॉकने सांगितलेली आणखी एक गोष्ट या संदर्भात फार सूचक आहे. त्याच्या चित्रपटांमधून अनेक भीतिदायक रहस्यमय प्रसंग रंगवलेले असले, तरी प्रत्यक्ष रक्ताची, रक्तपाताची दृश्ये त्यात क्वचित आढळतात. याचेही मूळ हिचकॉकच्या एका स्वभावविशेषात दडलेले आहे. एक ठिकाणी तो म्हणतो, ''मी हॉटेलला गेलो असता शेजारच्या टेबलापाशी बसलेला माणूस उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर जेव्हा लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस हळूवार ओततो तेव्हा रक्तासारखे ते सॉस सावकाश पसरत जाताना बघून माझ्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहतो. त्या गरीब बिचाऱ्या खाद्यपदार्थाविषयी मला विलक्षण सहानुभूती वाटू लागते. लाल रंगाइतके भय मला दुसऱ्या कशाचेही वाटत नाही!'' आपल्या नाटकांमधून स्मशान, आत्महत्या, बालकांची प्रेते यांची भीषण दृश्ये रंगवणारे थोर प्रतिभावंत राम गणेश गडकरी प्रत्यक्षात फार भित्रे होते, असे म्हणतात; त्याची इथे आठवण झाल्याखेरीज राहत नाही!
42. कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात निरनिराळे अनुभव येतात. कारण -
(अ) त्याचा सभोवतालच्या समाजजीवनाशी संबंध असतो.
(ब) तो संवेदनशील नसतो.
(क) त्याला समाजजीवनापासून वेगळे राहता येत नाही.
(ड) त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी संबंध असतो.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) (अ), (क), (ड) बरोबर
Explanation
उताऱ्याच्या पहिल्याच ओळीत स्पष्ट केले आहे की, कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात येणाऱ्या वेगवेगळ्या बऱ्या-वाईट अनुभवांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो. त्यामुळे विधान (ड) बरोबर आहे. तसेच कलावंत हा समाजाचाच एक भाग असल्याने त्याचा सभोवतालच्या समाजजीवनाशी थेट संबंध येतो आणि त्याला समाजजीवनापासून अलिप्त किंवा वेगळे राहता येत नाही. यामुळेच त्याला अनेकविध प्रकारचे सामाजिक व वैयक्तिक अनुभव येतात, ज्यामुळे विधान (अ) आणि (क) देखील अचूक ठरतात. कलावंत हा नेहमीच संवेदनशील असतो, त्यामुळे तो संवेदनशील नसतो हे विधान (ब) चुकीचे आहे. म्हणूनच (अ), (क) आणि (ड) ही विधाने योग्य ठरतात.
41Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारा वाचून त्याखालील प्रश्न क्र. 41 ते 45 ची उत्तरे लिहा.
कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात जे निरनिराळे बरे-वाईट अनुभव येतात, त्यांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो, असे म्हणतात. एकदा बर्नार्ड शॉ याला कुणीतरी विचारले, ''तुम्ही आपले आत्मचरित्र का लिहीत नाही?'' त्यावर शॉ हसून म्हणाले, ''इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?'' ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादा. बहुतेक प्रतिभासंपन्न कलावंतांच्या कलेचा त्यांच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनानुभवांशी काही ना काही संबंध असतो, असे दिसून येते.
आपल्या चित्रपटांतील रहस्यमयता आणि भयंकरता यांच्या योगाने प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर विलक्षण ताण आणणारा विख्यात चित्रपट दिग्दर्शक आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांमागील विशिष्ट प्रेरणांचा उगम बालवयात आपल्याला आलेल्या एका भीतिदायक अनुभवात असल्याचे नमूद केले आहे. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक पाच वर्षांचा होता त्यावेळी त्याच्या हातून काही झुल्लक अपराध घडला. त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला जवळच्या पोलीस स्टेशनात धाडले. त्याच्याबरोबर वडिलांनी एक चिठ्ठी दिलेली होती. पोलीस अधिकाऱ्यांनी ती चिठ्ठी वाचली आणि आल्फ्रेडची एका कोठडीत रवानगी केली. पाच मिनिटांनंतर जेलरने आल्फ्रेडला कोठडीबाहेर काढले आणि त्याला घरी पाठवले. पोलीस अधिकारी म्हणाले, ''खोडकर मुलांना आम्ही कशी शिक्षा देतो, कळलं ना तुला?''
अबोध आणि निरागस अशा बालवयात आलेला हा भयाण अनुभव हिचकॉक पुढे कधीही विसरला नाही. हिचकॉक म्हणे, ''मला आत लोटून जेलरने कोठडीचा दरवाजा जेव्हा बंद केला तेव्हाचा तो करकर आवाज, दाराला कडी लावून घेताना वाजलेला खटका आणि कोठडीतल्या पाच मिनिटांचा तो भीषण एकांत याने माझ्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा जो ताण आला, त्याचा मला नंतर कधीही विसर पडला नाही! माझ्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांचे मूळ बालवयातल्या त्या अनुभवात दडलेले आहे!''
हिचकॉकने सांगितलेली आणखी एक गोष्ट या संदर्भात फार सूचक आहे. त्याच्या चित्रपटांमधून अनेक भीतिदायक रहस्यमय प्रसंग रंगवलेले असले, तरी प्रत्यक्ष रक्ताची, रक्तपाताची दृश्ये त्यात क्वचित आढळतात. याचेही मूळ हिचकॉकच्या एका स्वभावविशेषात दडलेले आहे. एक ठिकाणी तो म्हणतो, ''मी हॉटेलला गेलो असता शेजारच्या टेबलापाशी बसलेला माणूस उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर जेव्हा लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस हळूवार ओततो तेव्हा रक्तासारखे ते सॉस सावकाश पसरत जाताना बघून माझ्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहतो. त्या गरीब बिचाऱ्या खाद्यपदार्थाविषयी मला विलक्षण सहानुभूती वाटू लागते. लाल रंगाइतके भय मला दुसऱ्या कशाचेही वाटत नाही!'' आपल्या नाटकांमधून स्मशान, आत्महत्या, बालकांची प्रेते यांची भीषण दृश्ये रंगवणारे थोर प्रतिभावंत राम गणेश गडकरी प्रत्यक्षात फार भित्रे होते, असे म्हणतात; त्याची इथे आठवण झाल्याखेरीज राहत नाही!
43. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉकच्या चित्रपटात रहस्यमयता व भयकारकता आढळते. कारण -
(अ) प्रतिभासंपन्नतेचा अभाव
(ब) बालवयातील पोलीस कोठडीतील भयाण अनुभव
(क) पोलीस स्टेशनमधील अधिकाऱ्याचे क्रूर वागणे
(ड) पोलीस कोठडीचा दरवाजा बंद केल्यानंतरचा भीषण एकांत
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) (ब) व (ड) बरोबर
Explanation
उताऱ्यानुसार आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटातील रहस्यमयतेचे आणि भीतीचे मूळ त्यांच्या बालपणीच्या अनुभवात आहे. वयाच्या पाचव्या वर्षी त्यांना त्यांच्या एका लहानशा चुकीसाठी काही काळासाठी पोलीस कोठडीत ठेवण्यात आले होते, जो त्यांच्यासाठी बालवयातील अत्यंत भयाण अनुभव ठरला. तसेच, कोठडीचा दरवाजा बंद झाल्यावर झालेला आवाज आणि कोठडीतील पाच मिनिटांचा भीषण एकांत यामुळे त्यांच्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा मोठा ताण आला होता. स्वतः हिचकॉक यांनी नमूद केले आहे की त्यांच्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांची खरी प्रेरणा या बालपणीच्या भीतीदायक अनुभवात आणि कोठडीतील भीषण एकांतात दडलेली आहे. यामुळे विधान (ब) आणि (ड) ही दोन्ही विधाने योग्य ठरतात.
42Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारा वाचून त्याखालील प्रश्न क्र. 41 ते 45 ची उत्तरे लिहा.
कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात जे निरनिराळे बरे-वाईट अनुभव येतात, त्यांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो, असे म्हणतात. एकदा बर्नार्ड शॉ याला कुणीतरी विचारले, ''तुम्ही आपले आत्मचरित्र का लिहीत नाही?'' त्यावर शॉ हसून म्हणाले, ''इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?'' ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादा. बहुतेक प्रतिभासंपन्न कलावंतांच्या कलेचा त्यांच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनानुभवांशी काही ना काही संबंध असतो, असे दिसून येते.
आपल्या चित्रपटांतील रहस्यमयता आणि भयंकरता यांच्या योगाने प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर विलक्षण ताण आणणारा विख्यात चित्रपट दिग्दर्शक आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांमागील विशिष्ट प्रेरणांचा उगम बालवयात आपल्याला आलेल्या एका भीतिदायक अनुभवात असल्याचे नमूद केले आहे. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक पाच वर्षांचा होता त्यावेळी त्याच्या हातून काही झुल्लक अपराध घडला. त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला जवळच्या पोलीस स्टेशनात धाडले. त्याच्याबरोबर वडिलांनी एक चिठ्ठी दिलेली होती. पोलीस अधिकाऱ्यांनी ती चिठ्ठी वाचली आणि आल्फ्रेडची एका कोठडीत रवानगी केली. पाच मिनिटांनंतर जेलरने आल्फ्रेडला कोठडीबाहेर काढले आणि त्याला घरी पाठवले. पोलीस अधिकारी म्हणाले, ''खोडकर मुलांना आम्ही कशी शिक्षा देतो, कळलं ना तुला?''
अबोध आणि निरागस अशा बालवयात आलेला हा भयाण अनुभव हिचकॉक पुढे कधीही विसरला नाही. हिचकॉक म्हणे, ''मला आत लोटून जेलरने कोठडीचा दरवाजा जेव्हा बंद केला तेव्हाचा तो करकर आवाज, दाराला कडी लावून घेताना वाजलेला खटका आणि कोठडीतल्या पाच मिनिटांचा तो भीषण एकांत याने माझ्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा जो ताण आला, त्याचा मला नंतर कधीही विसर पडला नाही! माझ्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांचे मूळ बालवयातल्या त्या अनुभवात दडलेले आहे!''
हिचकॉकने सांगितलेली आणखी एक गोष्ट या संदर्भात फार सूचक आहे. त्याच्या चित्रपटांमधून अनेक भीतिदायक रहस्यमय प्रसंग रंगवलेले असले, तरी प्रत्यक्ष रक्ताची, रक्तपाताची दृश्ये त्यात क्वचित आढळतात. याचेही मूळ हिचकॉकच्या एका स्वभावविशेषात दडलेले आहे. एक ठिकाणी तो म्हणतो, ''मी हॉटेलला गेलो असता शेजारच्या टेबलापाशी बसलेला माणूस उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर जेव्हा लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस हळूवार ओततो तेव्हा रक्तासारखे ते सॉस सावकाश पसरत जाताना बघून माझ्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहतो. त्या गरीब बिचाऱ्या खाद्यपदार्थाविषयी मला विलक्षण सहानुभूती वाटू लागते. लाल रंगाइतके भय मला दुसऱ्या कशाचेही वाटत नाही!'' आपल्या नाटकांमधून स्मशान, आत्महत्या, बालकांची प्रेते यांची भीषण दृश्ये रंगवणारे थोर प्रतिभावंत राम गणेश गडकरी प्रत्यक्षात फार भित्रे होते, असे म्हणतात; त्याची इथे आठवण झाल्याखेरीज राहत नाही!
44. कोणाच्या साहित्यामधून त्याच्या खासगी जीवनाचा मागमूसही लागत नाही ?
(अ) शेक्सपियर (ब) बर्नार्ड शॉ (क) आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक (ड) राम गणेश गडकरी
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) (अ) बरोबर
Explanation
उताऱ्यातील पहिल्या परिच्छेदानुसार, ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादाच असतो. त्यामुळे केवळ (अ) शेक्सपियर हे उत्तर योग्य आहे, जे पर्याय 4 मध्ये दिले आहे.
43Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारा वाचून त्याखालील प्रश्न क्र. 41 ते 45 ची उत्तरे लिहा.
कलावंताला आपल्या आयुष्यात जे निरनिराळे बरे-वाईट अनुभव येतात, त्यांचा त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलेच्या आविष्काराशी जवळचा संबंध असतो, असे म्हणतात. एकदा बर्नार्ड शॉ याला कुणीतरी विचारले, ''तुम्ही आपले आत्मचरित्र का लिहीत नाही?'' त्यावर शॉ हसून म्हणाले, ''इतकी वर्षे माझ्या लेखनातून मी दुसरे काय करतो आहे मग?'' ज्यांच्या साहित्यामधून त्यांच्या खासगी जीवनाचा काही मागमूस लागत नाही असा शेक्सपियरसारखा प्रतिभावंत एखादा. बहुतेक प्रतिभासंपन्न कलावंतांच्या कलेचा त्यांच्या प्रत्यक्ष जीवनानुभवांशी काही ना काही संबंध असतो, असे दिसून येते.
आपल्या चित्रपटांतील रहस्यमयता आणि भयंकरता यांच्या योगाने प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर विलक्षण ताण आणणारा विख्यात चित्रपट दिग्दर्शक आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांमागील विशिष्ट प्रेरणांचा उगम बालवयात आपल्याला आलेल्या एका भीतिदायक अनुभवात असल्याचे नमूद केले आहे. आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक पाच वर्षांचा होता त्यावेळी त्याच्या हातून काही झुल्लक अपराध घडला. त्याच्या वडिलांनी त्याला जवळच्या पोलीस स्टेशनात धाडले. त्याच्याबरोबर वडिलांनी एक चिठ्ठी दिलेली होती. पोलीस अधिकाऱ्यांनी ती चिठ्ठी वाचली आणि आल्फ्रेडची एका कोठडीत रवानगी केली. पाच मिनिटांनंतर जेलरने आल्फ्रेडला कोठडीबाहेर काढले आणि त्याला घरी पाठवले. पोलीस अधिकारी म्हणाले, ''खोडकर मुलांना आम्ही कशी शिक्षा देतो, कळलं ना तुला?''
अबोध आणि निरागस अशा बालवयात आलेला हा भयाण अनुभव हिचकॉक पुढे कधीही विसरला नाही. हिचकॉक म्हणे, ''मला आत लोटून जेलरने कोठडीचा दरवाजा जेव्हा बंद केला तेव्हाचा तो करकर आवाज, दाराला कडी लावून घेताना वाजलेला खटका आणि कोठडीतल्या पाच मिनिटांचा तो भीषण एकांत याने माझ्या मनावर भीती आणि अनिश्चिततेचा जो ताण आला, त्याचा मला नंतर कधीही विसर पडला नाही! माझ्या रहस्यमयी चित्रपटांचे मूळ बालवयातल्या त्या अनुभवात दडलेले आहे!''
हिचकॉकने सांगितलेली आणखी एक गोष्ट या संदर्भात फार सूचक आहे. त्याच्या चित्रपटांमधून अनेक भीतिदायक रहस्यमय प्रसंग रंगवलेले असले, तरी प्रत्यक्ष रक्ताची, रक्तपाताची दृश्ये त्यात क्वचित आढळतात. याचेही मूळ हिचकॉकच्या एका स्वभावविशेषात दडलेले आहे. एक ठिकाणी तो म्हणतो, ''मी हॉटेलला गेलो असता शेजारच्या टेबलापाशी बसलेला माणूस उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर जेव्हा लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस हळूवार ओततो तेव्हा रक्तासारखे ते सॉस सावकाश पसरत जाताना बघून माझ्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहतो. त्या गरीब बिचाऱ्या खाद्यपदार्थाविषयी मला विलक्षण सहानुभूती वाटू लागते. लाल रंगाइतके भय मला दुसऱ्या कशाचेही वाटत नाही!'' आपल्या नाटकांमधून स्मशान, आत्महत्या, बालकांची प्रेते यांची भीषण दृश्ये रंगवणारे थोर प्रतिभावंत राम गणेश गडकरी प्रत्यक्षात फार भित्रे होते, असे म्हणतात; त्याची इथे आठवण झाल्याखेरीज राहत नाही!
45. हिचकॉकच्या चित्रपटात रक्तपाताची दृश्ये क्वचित आढळतात. कारण -
(अ) त्यांना लाल रंगाचे भय वाटते.
(ब) भीतिदायक स्वभाव.
(क) लाल रंग क्रांतीचे प्रतीक म्हणून.
(ड) हॉटेलमध्ये बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर पसरलेल्या टोमॅटो सॉसने वाटणारी भीती.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (B) (अ), (ब), (ड) बरोबर
Explanation
उताऱ्यातील चौथ्या परिच्छेदानुसार, आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक यांच्या चित्रपटांत रक्तपाताची दृश्ये क्वचितच आढळण्यामागे काही विशिष्ट कारणे आहेत. हिचकॉक यांना लाल रंगाचे विलक्षण भय वाटत असे, जे त्यांच्या भीतिदायक स्वभावाशी जोडलेले होते. हॉटेलमध्ये शेजारच्या टेबलावर उकडलेल्या बटाट्याच्या फोडींवर लालभडक टोमॅटो सॉस रक्तासारखा सावकाश पसरत जाताना पाहून त्यांच्या अंगावर भीतीचा काटा उभा राहत असे. उताऱ्यात लाल रंग क्रांतीचे प्रतीक असल्याचा कोणताही उल्लेख नाही. त्यामुळे विधान अ, ब आणि ड बरोबर असून पर्याय २ हे योग्य उत्तर आहे.
44Reading Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions No. 46 to 50 :
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution.
Which of the statements are true in the context of the given passage ?
(a) Hedgehogs do not eat black beetles.
(b) Women have fewer teeth than men.
(c) Dogmatism is a good thing.
(d) The writer lived outside his own country.
(e) One should keep oneself away from prejudices.
Answer options :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (B) (d) and (e)
Explanation
Statement (d) is correct because the author explicitly mentions in the fourth paragraph of the passage that they lived much outside their own country, specifically in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, which helped diminish their insular prejudice. Statement (e) is correct because the entire passage is a guide on how to avoid foolish opinions, dogmatism, and prejudices by using observation, testing opinions with experience, and understanding diverse viewpoints to generate caution and open-mindedness.
45Reading Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions No. 46 to 50 :
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution.
The writer mentions arithmetic and geography because ______.
(a) we should know both subjects to avoid foolish opinions.
(b) these subjects contain many foolish opinions and unnecessary argument.
(c) the two opinions he mentioned earlier have to do with these subjects.
(d) he is expert in these two subjects.
Answer options :
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (B) (c) only
Explanation
In the passage, the author introduces two absurd assertions: that "two and two are five" and that "Iceland is on the equator". The first assertion directly relates to the field of arithmetic, while the second relates to the field of geography. The author then immediately references these two subjects by explaining that one feels pity rather than anger unless one knows so little of arithmetic or geography that such opinions shake one's own conviction. Thus, the writer mentions arithmetic and geography because the two specific erroneous opinions he highlighted just before have to do with these respective subjects.
46Reading Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions No. 46 to 50 :
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution.
We can avoid foolish opinions by ______.
(a) way of observation.
(b) avoiding fatal mistakes.
(c) checking whether an opposite opinion makes us angry.
(d) by acquainting ourselves of opinions held in different social circles.
Answer options :
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Answer: (C) (a), (c) and (d)
Explanation
The passage outlines three practical methods to avoid foolish opinions. First, for matters that can be settled by observation, we should make the observation ourselves, as suggested in the example of counting teeth. Second, we can monitor our emotional reactions to opposing views, since feeling angry about a difference of opinion indicates that our belief lacks evidence. Third, we can rid ourselves of dogmatism by becoming aware of opinions held in social circles different from our own, which can be achieved through travel, talking to people with different views, or reading opposing newspapers. Therefore, (a), (c), and (d) are all explicitly mentioned as ways to prevent holding foolish opinions.
47Reading Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions No. 46 to 50 :
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution.
Match the following:
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| (a) inherently | (i) unreasonable dislike or preference |
| (b) dogmatism | (ii) cruelty |
| (c) persecution | (iii) narrow minded |
| (d) prejudice | (iv) by its very nature |
| (e) insular | (v) authoritarianism |
Answer options:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (A) (iv) (v) (ii) (i) (iii)
Explanation
Inherently means by its very nature, which matches (a) with (iv).
Dogmatism represents the tendency to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true, which aligns with authoritarianism, matching (b) with (v).
Persecution involves hostility and ill-treatment, which relates directly to cruelty, matching (c) with (ii).
Prejudice is an unfair or unreasonable dislike or preference, matching (d) with (i).
Insular refers to being isolated or detached, meaning narrow-minded, matching (e) with (iii).
48Reading Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions No. 46 to 50 :
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution.
According to the writer ______.
(a) Intellectuals do not commit mistakes.
(b) Mankind is inclined to commit mistakes.
(c) Mankind is prone to avoid foolish opinions.
(d) Theology contains only opinion.
(e) Knowledge is different from opinion.
Answer options :
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● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (D) (b), (d) and (e)
Explanation
According to the text, mankind is prone to various foolish opinions and errors, which supports statement (b) that mankind is inclined to commit mistakes.
Additionally, the author states that persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. This directly supports statement (d) that theology contains only opinion, and statement (e) which establishes that knowledge is different from opinion.
49Quantitative Aptitude
A contract related to cleaning debris around the construction work, specifies penalty in completion of work beyond certain days as follows: ₹ 250 for 1st day; ₹ 310 for 2nd day; ₹ 370 for the 3rd day and so on. If the contractor pays the fine amount ₹ 6960 then select the number days he delayed the work.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (C) 12
Explanation
The daily penalty amounts form an arithmetic progression where the first term a = 250 and the common difference d = 310 - 250 = 60.
The formula for the sum S_n of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is:
S_n = (n/2) × [2a + (n - 1)d]
Given that the total penalty paid S_n = 6960, substitute the values of S_n, a, and d into the formula:
6960 = (n/2) × [2(250) + (n - 1)60]
6960 = (n/2) × [500 + 60n - 60]
6960 = (n/2) × [440 + 60n]
6960 = n × [220 + 30n]
6960 = 220n + 30n²
Divide the entire equation by 10:
3n² + 22n - 696 = 0
Since n = 12 satisfies the quadratic equation, the contractor delayed the work by 12 days.
50Logical Reasoning
Given below is an action and related facts (a) and (b) are following it. Select the appropriate option with respect to completion of this action.
Anu, Chunu, Kanu and Ninu ran a race. All children start from the same line simultaneously. Using following facts select the person who won the race.
(a) Twice the speed of Chunu, thrice the speed of Anu and four times speed of Ninu are equal.
(b) When winner finished the race the average of the distances ran by Anu, Kanu and Ninu equalled the average distance ran by Anu and Kanu.
Answer options :
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Answer: (B) The activity can be done by using both the facts together but cannot be done by using either of the facts alone.
Explanation
Let the speeds of Anu, Chunu, Kanu, and Ninu be v_A, v_C, v_K, and v_N respectively.
Using Fact (a) alone:
We are given that twice the speed of Chunu, thrice the speed of Anu, and four times the speed of Ninu are equal.
2 v_C = 3 v_A = 4 v_N = x
This gives v_C = x/2, v_A = x/3, and v_N = x/4. This information does not include Kanu's speed v_K. Thus, we cannot determine who won the race using Fact (a) alone.
Using Fact (b) alone:
Since all children run for the same time t starting from the same line, the distance run by each is directly proportional to their speed (d = v × t).
The average of the distances run by Anu, Kanu, and Ninu equals the average of the distances run by Anu and Kanu:
(d_A + d_K + d_N)/3 = (d_A + d_K)/2
Since distance is proportional to speed, we can write:
(v_A + v_K + v_N)/3 = (v_A + v_K)/2
2(v_A + v_K + v_N) = 3(v_A + v_K)
2 v_A + 2 v_K + 2 v_N = 3 v_A + 3 v_K
v_K = 2 v_N - v_A
This fact alone only relates the speeds of Anu, Kanu, and Ninu, leaving Chunu's speed completely unknown. Thus, Fact (b) alone is not sufficient.
Using both facts together:
We substitute the speed values from Fact (a) into the relation from Fact (b):
v_K = 2(x/4) - x/3 = x/2 - x/3 = x/6
Now we can compare all four speeds:
v_C = x/2 = 0.50x
v_A = x/3 ≈ 0.33x
v_N = x/4 = 0.25x
v_K = x/6 ≈ 0.17x
Comparing these values, v_C > v_A > v_N > v_K. Chunu has the highest speed and is the winner. This demonstrates that both facts together are necessary and sufficient to determine the winner.
51Reading Comprehension
What is the main idea in the sentence ?
"After hours of practice, she finally mastered the piano piece"
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Answer: (D) Dedication leads to mastery
Explanation
The sentence highlights a direct cause-and-effect relationship between consistent effort and successful achievement. The phrase hours of practice signifies a high level of dedication and persistence, while finally mastered indicates the successful acquisition of the skill. Therefore, the core theme of the sentence is that sustained dedication and practice ultimately lead to mastery.
52Quantitative Aptitude
Simplify :
⁴⁄₇ √(147) + ⅜ √(192) - ⅕ √(75)
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Answer: (D) 6√3
Explanation
Simplify each radical by factoring out the largest perfect square:
Substitute these simplified radicals back into the given expression:
(4/7) × 7√3 + (3/8) × 8√3 - (1/5) × 5√3
Cancel the common terms in the numerators and denominators:
4√3 + 3√3 - √3
Combine the coefficients of the common √3 terms:
(4 + 3 - 1)√3 = 6√3
53Reading Comprehension
Which organizational pattern is often used in persuasive essays to present arguments and counter arguments ?
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Answer: (B) Point-by-point
Explanation
In persuasive writing, the point-by-point organizational pattern is commonly used to present arguments alongside their counterarguments. Under this structure, the writer introduces a claim or point, then immediately addresses the corresponding counterargument or rebuttal, before moving to the next point, and repeats this alternating pattern throughout the essay. This method allows the writer to directly confront opposing views point by point, strengthening the persuasive force of the argument by systematically countering objections as they arise, rather than grouping all arguments and counterarguments separately.
54Reading Comprehension
Domestication of sorghum, pearl and finger millets started in Africa some 5000-6000 years ago while kodo, little and barnyard millets originated here and are called the heritage crops of India. When compared to C3 crops like wheat and rice, over these millennia millet physiology evolved to become climate resilient, covering biotic and abiotic stress. Millets belong to the group of plants termed 'C4' crops that are evolved on their own 500 times. Their mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells make them photosynthetic efficiently. They don't have any photo-respiratory loss. Millets don't require much fertiliser or rainfall. One or two irrigations are enough for them. Evolution also added to their pollen fertility and reproductive structure, the ability to withstand high temperatures and they have a mechanism called rapid drought escape. As soon as they sense the possibility of drought, they quicken their life cycle giving better yield compared to C3 crops. Travelling successfully through time, millets have innate nutritional qualities.
Select one of the following statements that can serve as the most reliable conclusion drawn from the above information.
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Answer: (C) Considering the given characteristics of millet crops, increasing their production will cause less pollution, farmers can grow them with less investment and their nutritional value will take care of food security.
Explanation
The passage highlights that millets require minimal fertilizers and water, needing only one or two irrigations, which directly translates to lower input costs and less environmental pollution compared to intensive C3 crops like wheat and rice. Additionally, the text notes that millets are highly climate-resilient, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and possess innate nutritional qualities. These combined characteristics logically lead to the conclusion that increasing millet production offers an environmentally sustainable, low-investment agricultural option for farmers while simultaneously addressing nutritional and food security needs.
55Logical Reasoning
Monday falls on 20th March, 1995. What was the day of 3rd November, 1994 ?
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Answer: (C) Thursday
Explanation
To find the day of the week on 3rd November 1994, we calculate the total number of days between 3rd November 1994 and 20th March 1995 and determine the odd days.
The number of days in each month during this period is:
Remaining days in November 1994: 30 - 3 = 27 days
December 1994: 31 days
January 1995: 31 days
February 1995: 28 days (since 1995 is a non-leap year)
Days in March 1995: 20 days
Total number of days = 27 + 31 + 31 + 28 + 20 = 137 days
To find the number of odd days, we divide the total days by 7:
137 ÷ 7 = 19 weeks and 4 odd days
Since we are moving backward in time from 20th March 1995 to 3rd November 1994, we subtract 4 days from Monday:
Monday - 4 days = Thursday
56Quantitative Aptitude
What is the principal amount, if the amount of compound interest on it at 10% p.c.p.a. for 2 years is ₹ 945 ?
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Answer: (C) ₹ 4500
Explanation
The formula for compound interest is CI = P × ((1 + R/100)ⁿ - 1), where CI is the compound interest, P is the principal amount, R is the rate of interest, and n is the time period in years.
Given:
CI = ₹ 945
R = 10%
n = 2 years
Substituting these values into the formula:
945 = P × ((1 + 10/100)² - 1)
945 = P × ((1.1)² - 1)
945 = P × (1.21 - 1)
945 = P × 0.21
P = 945 / 0.21
P = 4500
57Logical Reasoning
Identify two facts that prove conclusion : 'the area of village Aate is larger than that of village Sate', to be always true.
Facts :
(a) The area of village Pate is larger than that of village Wate.
(b) Sate is not the village smallest with respect to area.
(c) Pate would have been largest with respect to area had it not been for Nate.
(d) Area wise, village Aate, is the third largest.
Answer options :
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Answer: (D) (c), (d)
Explanation
Fact (c) establishes that Nate is the largest village (rank 1) and Pate is the second largest village (rank 2). Fact (d) establishes that Aate is the third largest village (rank 3) in terms of area. By combining these two facts, the three largest villages in descending order are Nate, Pate, and Aate. Since Aate is the third largest, any other village, including Sate, must have an area smaller than Aate. Thus, these two facts together guarantee that the area of village Aate is always larger than that of village Sate.
58Reading Comprehension
In the phrase "The end of the story". What does "of" indicate ?
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Answer: (D) Relationship or connection
Explanation
In the phrase "The end of the story", the preposition "of" functions to show a relationship or connection between the noun "end" and the noun "story". It specifies that the "end" is an intrinsic part, segment, or concluding phase connected to the structure of the "story".
59Quantitative Aptitude
The population of a town increases by 5% every year. If the present population is 9261 then the population 3 years ago was ______.
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Answer: (D) 8000
Explanation
Using the compound interest formula for population growth:
Present Population = P × (1 + R/100)ⁿ
Here, the Present Population is 9261, the annual rate of increase R is 5%, the time period n is 3 years, and P represents the population 3 years ago.
Substituting the values into the formula:
9261 = P × (1 + 5/100)³
9261 = P × (1 + 1/20)³
9261 = P × (21/20)³
Since 21³ = 9261 and 20³ = 8000, we can write:
9261 = P × (9261 / 8000)
P = (9261 × 8000) / 9261
P = 8000
60Logical Reasoning
Whenever Meena and Madhu buy ice creams from the local stall, they both always choose one scoop of each of two different flavours. The flavours available on stall are chocolate, coffee, lichi, mango, almond, strawberry, and vanilla. Meena does not eat almond and Madhu does not eat chocolate or coffee ice cream.
Select number of more combinations that Meena can choose than those of Madhu.
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Answer: (B) 5
Explanation
The number of ways to choose r items from a total of n items is given by the combination formula nCr = n! / (r! × (n - r)!).
The total number of available ice cream flavors is 7.
Meena does not eat almond ice cream, which leaves her with 6 flavor options. Since she chooses 2 different flavors, her total number of combinations is:
6C2 = (6 × 5) / (2 × 1) = 15
Madhu does not eat chocolate or coffee ice cream, which leaves her with 5 flavor options. Since she also chooses 2 different flavors, her total number of combinations is:
5C2 = (5 × 4) / (2 × 1) = 10
The number of more combinations that Meena can choose than Madhu is:
15 - 10 = 5
61Reading Comprehension
A Harvard University study of 2021 found that positive empathy propelled kind acts towards others, including being helpful and cooperative. It fostered resilience and a high degree of satisfaction in their daily lives. While the benefits of empathy derived joy are enormous, it is hard to practice. Jealousy and greed are enemies of happiness and we are surrounded by people who enjoy the suffering of others. On many occasions, negative feelings about the other may lead to social and professional bonding amongst peer group, such as amongst cricket fans or soldiers waging war. This poisons our social life. Lack of empathy drive individuals to lower the self-esteem of others through social media.
Select the most appropriate central idea of above paragraph from given options.
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Answer: (A) Persons perform kind acts due to positive empathy and consequently experience high levels of happiness while living flexibly on the contrary jealousy and greed drive individuals to enjoy life by poisoning lives and eroding self-esteem of others through social media.
Explanation
Option 1 captures the entire essence of the paragraph by balancing the dual aspects of human behavior presented. It accurately represents the positive effects of empathy, which leads to kind actions, resilience, and personal satisfaction. Simultaneously, it summarizes the counter-effects of jealousy and greed, which manifest as finding joy in the misery of others and actively degrading the self-esteem of others through modern platforms like social media. This comprehensive synthesis of both the constructive role of empathy and the destructive role of negative traits makes it the most appropriate central idea.
62Reading Comprehension
Which transition word suggests a continuation of the previous idea ?
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Answer: (C) Additionally
Explanation
The transition word "additionally" is used to add new information or points that build upon and continue the previous idea, indicating to the reader that the forthcoming statement is a continuation and expansion of the same line of thought.
63Logical Reasoning
If ' + ' means ' - ', ' - ' means ' × ', ' ÷ ' means ' + ' and ' × ' means ' ÷ ', then
25 × 5 ÷ 7 - 4 + 9 = ?
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Answer: (B) 24
Explanation
To solve the given expression, substitute the operators according to the specified rules:
× becomes ÷
÷ becomes +
becomes ×
Choose the correct meaning of the given idiom.
"To pick a bone with one"
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Answer: (C) To criticise
Explanation
The idiom "to pick a bone with someone" means to have a grievance, dispute, or cause of complaint with someone that needs to be discussed or resolved. It is derived from the image of dogs fighting or chewing on a bone, representing a point of contention or dispute. Thus, it is used when one wants to find fault with or criticise someone's actions.
65Quantitative Aptitude
₹ 5000 has been distributed to A, B and C in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. How many ₹ comes to 'C' ?
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Answer: (C) ₹ 2500
Explanation
The total ratio sum is calculated by adding the individual ratio shares of A, B, and C:
Total ratio sum = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10
The share of C is determined by the ratio formula:
Share of C = (Ratio share of C / Total ratio sum) × Total amount
Substituting the values:
Share of C = (5 / 10) × 5000 = ½ × 5000 = 2500
66Logical Reasoning
Five suspects, one of whom is the guilty party, are being interrogated by the police.
Select the culprit if just three of the following always speak truth.
- Ali : Dev Committed the offence.
- Cynthia : Ela is innocent.
- Ela : Banu is telling the truth.
- Banu : It wasn't me.
- Dev : Ali is lying when he accuses me.
Answer options :
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Answer: (A) Ela
Explanation
Ali and Dev make contradictory statements. Ali accuses Dev, while Dev states that Ali is lying. Therefore, exactly one of them is telling the truth and the other is lying. This accounts for one truth teller between Ali and Dev.
Since exactly three suspects tell the truth, exactly two of the remaining three suspects (Cynthia, Ela, Banu) must be truth tellers.
Ela states that Banu is telling the truth, meaning Ela and Banu must share the same truth value: either both tell the truth, or both lie.
If Ela and Banu were both lying, then at most only one person (Cynthia) in this group would be telling the truth, which is not possible since we need exactly two truth tellers from this group. Thus, Ela and Banu must both be telling the truth, which means Cynthia is lying.
Since Cynthia is lying, her statement that Ela is innocent is false. This makes Ela the guilty party.
67Quantitative Aptitude
How many 2 digit numbers can be formed with the digits 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 if none of the digits is being repeated in any of the numbers so formed?
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Answer: (D) 20
Explanation
The number of r-digit permutations that can be formed from a set of n distinct digits without repetition is given by the permutation formula:
ⁿPᵣ = n! / (n - r)!
In this problem, the given set of digits is {3, 4, 7, 8, 9}, which gives us n = 5 distinct digits. We need to form 2-digit numbers, so r = 2.
Substituting these values into the formula:
⁵P₂ = 5! / (5 - 2)! = 5! / 3! = 5 × 4 = 20
Alternatively, the tens place of the 2-digit number can be filled by any of the 5 available digits in 5 ways. Since repetition of digits is not allowed, the units place can then be filled by any of the remaining 4 digits in 4 ways. Using the fundamental counting principle, the total number of ways to form these 2-digit numbers is 5 × 4 = 20.
68Logical Reasoning
Schools | SEE | Degree
--- | --- | ---
Dnyandeep | 65 | 40
Anjuman | 40 | 12
The examination results of groups of pupils from the same year from two schools in their end-of-school exams and their university degree are given in accompanying table. Results are expressed as percentages of each group achieving the top grades. Dnyandeep College has significantly smaller class sizes than Anjuman Higher.
Two newspapers made different comments on this report :
(a) Dnyadeep College is better than Anjuman Higher at teaching to achieve good results in the end-of-schools exams.
(b) Anjuman Higher prepares pupils better than Dnyandeep College for university education.
Select the comment/s that serve/s as plausible explanation of the data in the table.
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Answer: (C) Only (a)
Explanation
In the end-of-school exams (SEE), Dnyandeep College has 65% of its pupils achieving top grades, which is significantly higher than the 40% achieved by Anjuman Higher. This directly supports comment (a) that Dnyandeep is more effective at teaching pupils to achieve top results in these exams.
In contrast, comment (b) is unsupported by the data because Dnyandeep pupils also perform much better at the university level, with 40% obtaining top degree grades compared to only 12% from Anjuman Higher. Even as a ratio of university success to school success, Dnyandeep has a higher conversion rate of 40/65 (approximately 61.5%) compared to Anjuman's 12/40 (30%). This makes statement (a) the only plausible comment.
69Quantitative Aptitude
Out of 5 Brothers and 3 sisters, a committee of 3 members consisting of 1 sister and 2 brothers is to be formed. In how many different ways can it be done ?
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Answer: (A) 30
Explanation
The number of ways to choose r items from a pool of n items is given by the combination formula ⁿCᵣ = n! / (r!(n-r)!).
To form the committee, we must make two independent selections:
First, select 1 sister from the 3 available sisters. The number of ways to do this is ³C₁ = 3.
Second, select 2 brothers from the 5 available brothers. The number of ways to do this is ⁵C₂ = (5 × 4) / (2 × 1) = 10.
Using the fundamental multiplication principle, the total number of different ways to form the committee is ³C₁ × ⁵C₂ = 3 × 10 = 30.
70Logical Reasoning
Choose the similar word :
Chandrapur; Dhule; Gondia; Jalgaon;
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Answer: (B) Nandurbar
Explanation
Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia, and Jalgaon are all administrative districts in the state of Maharashtra. Among the given options, Nandurbar is also a district in Maharashtra, whereas Bhusaval is a municipal council and taluka (sub-district) located within the Jalgaon district rather than a district itself.
Additionally, Dhule, Jalgaon, and Nandurbar all belong to the Nashik administrative division and the historical Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Nandurbar was created directly by bifurcating the Dhule district in 1998, establishing a direct geographical, historical, and administrative connection to the districts in the list.
71Reading Comprehension
"Reading fiction improves empathy and social understanding." Which of the following statements, if true, would most strongly support the claim above.
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Answer: (A) Studies have shown that individuals who read fiction regularly have high scores on tests measuring empathy.
Explanation
Studies showing that individuals who read fiction regularly achieve high scores on tests measuring empathy provide direct empirical evidence connecting the practice of reading fiction with higher levels of empathy. This correlation directly reinforces the claim by demonstrating a measurable, positive relationship between the two variables.
72Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions No. 76 to 80 :
You are in a bus. The bus reaches your stop but still you have not purchased the ticket because of heavy rush. What will you do ?
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Answer: (C) Call the conductor give him the money and get the ticket.
Explanation
Calling the conductor directly to pay the fare and obtain the ticket is the most responsible, honest, and ethically sound course of action. It ensures compliance with public transport regulations and fulfills your civic duty to pay for the service you used. Initiating a direct transaction with the authorized personnel guarantees that the fare is properly received and recorded, avoiding any loss of public revenue or potential misunderstandings.
73Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions No. 76 to 80 :
Education is a key factor for achieving sustainable development in order to achieve 2030 Agenda. A signification initiative towards integrating sustainable education should come from local level. In accordance a school district is considering implementing a new curriculum focussed on environmental sustainability.
As a District Educational Authority you will :
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Answer: (A) Consult with educators, parents and students to gather feedback for new curriculum.
Explanation
As the District Educational Authority, the initial and most crucial step in implementing a new curriculum is to engage in stakeholder consultation. Involving educators, parents, and students ensures democratic decision-making, promotes community buy-in, and gathers diverse perspectives to tailor the curriculum to the specific local context and needs. This collaborative approach minimizes resistance and fosters a cooperative environment essential for the successful adoption and long-term sustainability of the educational initiative.
74Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions No. 76 to 80 :
While studying footprints in the context of water resources, unfortunately you suffered kidney stone pain. A friend of yours came to wish you a speedy recovery while you were resting for regaining your strength. He not only informed you about your kidney problem in detail but also made you aware of the fact that many villages face this problem due to lack of potable drinking water supply. You are surprised that after studying water for so long you do not know the root cause of your own illness. You will ...
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Answer: (C) build up teams of global and local researchers and activists for conducting research related to quality and conservation of all natural and manmade water bodies in the area, and seek participation of local people in conservation programmes.
Explanation
Building teams of global and local researchers and activists to conduct research on water quality and conservation, while actively seeking public participation, represents a proactive, scientifically grounded, and community-oriented approach to solving a widespread public health and environmental crisis. It leverages professional expertise in water resources to address the root cause of the issue systematically, ensuring sustainable, long-term solutions through collaborative action and community ownership.
75Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions No. 76 to 80 :
Being a director of educational institute you think that something is deeply wrong with today's public psyche that sees glory rather than horror in war. Through most of history war was indeed glorified and the accompanying killing of innocent people and loot was ignored as collateral damage. This world view was challenged by the European Enlightenment that promoted centrality of human rights. This did not end wars or robbed them of patriotic sheen. Gandhian non-violence was adopted as a moral and practical resistance to colonial tyranny during the freedom movement but it is your regret that nothing special is being done to oppose war and establish peace. You will...
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Answer: (D) assist learners to understand the truth that, 'War is not valor, but the failure of a man who calls himself wise. For a soldier who experiences stupidity and cruelty, war ends in destruction. Peace is not established by it' by organizing various activities continuously with the participation of parents and teachers.
Explanation
As the director of an educational institution, the primary responsibility is to foster values of peace, empathy, and critical thinking among students. Organizing continuous activities that involve both parents and teachers to help learners internalize the reality of war—that it represents a failure of human wisdom rather than true valor, and leads only to destruction—directly addresses the core concern of correcting a public psyche that glorifies violence. By actively engaging the entire educational community of teachers, parents, and students, this approach ensures a deep, structural impact on the minds of children, successfully cultivating a sustainable culture of peace and fulfilling the institutional role of promoting non-violence.
76Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions No. 76 to 80 :
Your friends like drinking alcohol and influence you to do the same. If you don't want to go with them and to keep yourself away from the habit of drinking alcohol, what would you do ?
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Answer: (B) Will Refuse to drink alcohol.
Explanation
Directly refusing to drink alcohol is the most assertive, honest, and responsible decision. It establishes clear personal boundaries, demonstrates strong self-control, and helps resist peer pressure without resorting to deception or making excuses. This approach fosters mutual respect among friends and reinforces a firm personal commitment to maintaining healthy habits.
