MPSC2017CSAT (Paper II)✓ Every question solved

MPSC Prelims 2017 CSAT (Paper II) with Answers & Explanations

All 75 questions from this paper, each with the correct answer and a step-by-step explanation. Tap an option to check yourself, or open the answer.

75
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Where the questions came from

  • Reading Comprehension4560%
  • Quantitative Aptitude1520%
  • Logical Reasoning912%
  • Decision Making68%
1Reading Comprehension
Immanuel Kant wrote a treatise called "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. He explained that 'Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self- incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in the lack of reason but in the lack of courage to use it without direction from another. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have transformed their domestic cattle into dumb followers, and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials. "Have courage to use your own reason!" — that is the motto of enlightenment.' Enlightenment thought culminated historically in the political upheaval of the French Revolution. The traditional hierarchical political and social order — the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church — were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, upon principles of human reason. It gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. This also taught the society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. Why is man's tutelage self-incurred ?
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Answer: (B) Lack of courage to use the understanding without being directed by others

Explanation

According to Immanuel Kant in the passage, tutelage is considered self-incurred when its cause does not lie in a lack of reason, but rather in a lack of courage to use one's own understanding without direction or guidance from another person. This highlights that individuals possess the intellectual capacity to think independently but remain in tutelage due to a lack of resolve or bravery to exercise it on their own.

2Reading Comprehension
Immanuel Kant wrote a treatise called "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. He explained that 'Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self- incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in the lack of reason but in the lack of courage to use it without direction from another. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have transformed their domestic cattle into dumb followers, and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials. "Have courage to use your own reason!" — that is the motto of enlightenment.' Enlightenment thought culminated historically in the political upheaval of the French Revolution. The traditional hierarchical political and social order — the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church — were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, upon principles of human reason. It gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. This also taught the society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. Why does the majority of mankind remain under lifelong tutelage ?
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Answer: (C) Laziness and cowardice

Explanation

In his treatise, Immanuel Kant explicitly states that laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage. These internal traits prevent individuals from having the courage to use their own intellect and reason without direction from another, which consequently allows others to easily assume the role of their guardians.

3Reading Comprehension
Immanuel Kant wrote a treatise called "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. He explained that 'Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self- incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in the lack of reason but in the lack of courage to use it without direction from another. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have transformed their domestic cattle into dumb followers, and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials. "Have courage to use your own reason!" — that is the motto of enlightenment.' Enlightenment thought culminated historically in the political upheaval of the French Revolution. The traditional hierarchical political and social order — the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church — were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, upon principles of human reason. It gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. This also taught the society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. Which of the following did not form the ideological basis of the new French Order ?
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Answer: (A) Catholic Church

Explanation

According to the passage, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church were part of the traditional hierarchical political and social order that was violently destroyed during the French Revolution. Since this old regime was dismantled to make way for a society built on Enlightenment ideals, the Catholic Church did not form the ideological basis of the new French Order.

4Reading Comprehension
Immanuel Kant wrote a treatise called "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. He explained that 'Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self- incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in the lack of reason but in the lack of courage to use it without direction from another. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have transformed their domestic cattle into dumb followers, and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials. "Have courage to use your own reason!" — that is the motto of enlightenment.' Enlightenment thought culminated historically in the political upheaval of the French Revolution. The traditional hierarchical political and social order — the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church — were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, upon principles of human reason. It gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. This also taught the society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. Enlightenment resulted in the model of government that was founded on
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Answer: (A) Acceptance of the people who were to be governed

Explanation

The passage states that the political and social order informed by Enlightenment ideals gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. The consent of the governed represents the philosophical concept that the authority and legitimacy of a government depend on the consent and acceptance of the citizens who are subject to its rule. Therefore, this model of government is founded on the acceptance of the people who were to be governed.

5Reading Comprehension
Immanuel Kant wrote a treatise called "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. He explained that 'Enlightenment is man's release from his self- incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self- incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in the lack of reason but in the lack of courage to use it without direction from another. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have transformed their domestic cattle into dumb followers, and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials. "Have courage to use your own reason!" — that is the motto of enlightenment.' Enlightenment thought culminated historically in the political upheaval of the French Revolution. The traditional hierarchical political and social order — the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church — were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, upon principles of human reason. It gave rise to a basic model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. This also taught the society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. What did the society learn to expect as a result of the Enlightenment ?
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Answer: (A) Any legitimate political system should respect basic human rights and religious diversity.

Explanation

According to the passage, the political upheaval of the French Revolution, which historically culminated from Enlightenment thought, established a model of government founded upon the consent of the governed. The text explicitly states that this shift also taught society to expect that certain basic individual human rights and religious diversity need to be respected and realized by any legitimate political system. This directly corresponds to the expectation that any legitimate political system must respect basic human rights and religious diversity.

6Reading Comprehension
Let us further consider the formation of concepts. Every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin; but rather, a word becomes a concept insofar as it simultaneously has to fit countless more or less similar cases — which means, purely and simply, cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. Just as it is certain that one leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept 'leaf' is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the 'leaf': the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven, sketched, measured, coloured, curled, and painted — but by incompetent hands, so that no specimen has turned out to be a correct, trustworthy, and faithful likeness of the original model. We call a person 'honest', and then we ask 'why has he behaved so honestly today?' Our usual answer is, 'on account of his honesty'. Honesty! This in turn means that the leaf is the cause of the leaves. We know nothing whatsoever about an essential quality called 'honesty'; but we do know of countless individualized and consequently unequal actions which we equate by omitting the aspects in which they are unequal and which we now designate as 'honest' actions. Finally, we formulate from them a qualitas occulta which has the name 'honesty'. We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual; whereas nature is acquainted with no forms and no concepts, and likewise with no species, but only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. For even our contrast between individual and species is something anthropomorphic and does not originate in the essence of things; although we should not presume to claim that this contrast does not correspond to the essence of things: that would, of course, be a dogmatic assertion and, as such, would be just as indemonstrable as its opposite. When does a word become a concept ? a. When it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique b. On account of its 'honesty' c. When it fits the cases which are never equal d. By overlooking the universals
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Answer: (A) Only a

Explanation

According to the passage, every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin. This directly validates statement a.

7Reading Comprehension
Let us further consider the formation of concepts. Every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin; but rather, a word becomes a concept insofar as it simultaneously has to fit countless more or less similar cases — which means, purely and simply, cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. Just as it is certain that one leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept 'leaf' is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the 'leaf': the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven, sketched, measured, coloured, curled, and painted — but by incompetent hands, so that no specimen has turned out to be a correct, trustworthy, and faithful likeness of the original model. We call a person 'honest', and then we ask 'why has he behaved so honestly today?' Our usual answer is, 'on account of his honesty'. Honesty! This in turn means that the leaf is the cause of the leaves. We know nothing whatsoever about an essential quality called 'honesty'; but we do know of countless individualized and consequently unequal actions which we equate by omitting the aspects in which they are unequal and which we now designate as 'honest' actions. Finally, we formulate from them a qualitas occulta which has the name 'honesty'. We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual; whereas nature is acquainted with no forms and no concepts, and likewise with no species, but only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. For even our contrast between individual and species is something anthropomorphic and does not originate in the essence of things; although we should not presume to claim that this contrast does not correspond to the essence of things: that would, of course, be a dogmatic assertion and, as such, would be just as indemonstrable as its opposite. How is the concept of leaf formed ? a. Arbitrarily discarding the individual differences b. Forgetting the distinguishing aspects c. By nature d. By imitating the original model
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Answer: (B) Only a and b

Explanation

According to the passage, the concept of a leaf is formed by arbitrarily discarding individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects of each leaf. The text explicitly states that just as one leaf is never totally the same as another, the concept leaf is formed by discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This directly corresponds to statements a and b, which makes option 2 correct.

8Reading Comprehension
Let us further consider the formation of concepts. Every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin; but rather, a word becomes a concept insofar as it simultaneously has to fit countless more or less similar cases — which means, purely and simply, cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. Just as it is certain that one leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept 'leaf' is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the 'leaf': the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven, sketched, measured, coloured, curled, and painted — but by incompetent hands, so that no specimen has turned out to be a correct, trustworthy, and faithful likeness of the original model. We call a person 'honest', and then we ask 'why has he behaved so honestly today?' Our usual answer is, 'on account of his honesty'. Honesty! This in turn means that the leaf is the cause of the leaves. We know nothing whatsoever about an essential quality called 'honesty'; but we do know of countless individualized and consequently unequal actions which we equate by omitting the aspects in which they are unequal and which we now designate as 'honest' actions. Finally, we formulate from them a qualitas occulta which has the name 'honesty'. We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual; whereas nature is acquainted with no forms and no concepts, and likewise with no species, but only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. For even our contrast between individual and species is something anthropomorphic and does not originate in the essence of things; although we should not presume to claim that this contrast does not correspond to the essence of things: that would, of course, be a dogmatic assertion and, as such, would be just as indemonstrable as its opposite. What does the nature know, if not the concepts ? a. The individual and actual b. Essence of things c. Equation of unequal things d. It is inaccessible and undefinable
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Answer: (C) Only d

Explanation

The passage states that nature is acquainted with no forms, concepts, or species. Instead, nature is acquainted only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. This corresponds directly to statement d, meaning nature only knows that which is inaccessible and undefinable. Therefore, Option 3 is correct.

9Reading Comprehension
Let us further consider the formation of concepts. Every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin; but rather, a word becomes a concept insofar as it simultaneously has to fit countless more or less similar cases — which means, purely and simply, cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. Just as it is certain that one leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept 'leaf' is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the 'leaf': the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven, sketched, measured, coloured, curled, and painted — but by incompetent hands, so that no specimen has turned out to be a correct, trustworthy, and faithful likeness of the original model. We call a person 'honest', and then we ask 'why has he behaved so honestly today?' Our usual answer is, 'on account of his honesty'. Honesty! This in turn means that the leaf is the cause of the leaves. We know nothing whatsoever about an essential quality called 'honesty'; but we do know of countless individualized and consequently unequal actions which we equate by omitting the aspects in which they are unequal and which we now designate as 'honest' actions. Finally, we formulate from them a qualitas occulta which has the name 'honesty'. We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual; whereas nature is acquainted with no forms and no concepts, and likewise with no species, but only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. For even our contrast between individual and species is something anthropomorphic and does not originate in the essence of things; although we should not presume to claim that this contrast does not correspond to the essence of things: that would, of course, be a dogmatic assertion and, as such, would be just as indemonstrable as its opposite. What actions does a leaf perform if it wants to get equated with the concept of leaf ? a. To become one with individual differences b. To discard the distinguishing aspects c. To forget the distinguishing aspects d. The equation of unequal things
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Answer: (D) Only b, c and d

Explanation

According to the passage, the concept of a leaf is formed through specific cognitive abstractions. The text states that the concept leaf is formed by arbitrarily discarding individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. Additionally, it mentions that every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. These details directly support the actions of discarding distinguishing aspects (b), forgetting distinguishing aspects (c), and the equation of unequal things (d) as the processes through which a leaf is equated with the abstract concept of a leaf.

10Reading Comprehension
Let us further consider the formation of concepts. Every word instantly becomes a concept precisely insofar as it is not supposed to serve as a reminder of the unique and entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin; but rather, a word becomes a concept insofar as it simultaneously has to fit countless more or less similar cases — which means, purely and simply, cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things. Just as it is certain that one leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept 'leaf' is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects. This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the 'leaf': the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven, sketched, measured, coloured, curled, and painted — but by incompetent hands, so that no specimen has turned out to be a correct, trustworthy, and faithful likeness of the original model. We call a person 'honest', and then we ask 'why has he behaved so honestly today?' Our usual answer is, 'on account of his honesty'. Honesty! This in turn means that the leaf is the cause of the leaves. We know nothing whatsoever about an essential quality called 'honesty'; but we do know of countless individualized and consequently unequal actions which we equate by omitting the aspects in which they are unequal and which we now designate as 'honest' actions. Finally, we formulate from them a qualitas occulta which has the name 'honesty'. We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual; whereas nature is acquainted with no forms and no concepts, and likewise with no species, but only with an X which remains inaccessible and undefinable for us. For even our contrast between individual and species is something anthropomorphic and does not originate in the essence of things; although we should not presume to claim that this contrast does not correspond to the essence of things: that would, of course, be a dogmatic assertion and, as such, would be just as indemonstrable as its opposite. Which experience should count as a parameter of formulating a concept ? a. The original experience b. The instant experience c. The equating principle d. None of the above
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Answer: (B) Only d

Explanation

According to the passage, the formulation of a concept does not rely on any of the specified experiences or principles.

The original experience is explicitly excluded because a word becomes a concept precisely insofar as it does not serve as a reminder of the unique, entirely individual original experience to which it owes its origin.

The instant experience does not serve as a parameter; although the passage states that a word instantly becomes a concept, this describes the immediacy of the transition rather than a specific experience that acts as a conceptual parameter.

The equating principle is not an experience but rather a cognitive process of abstraction whereby unequal things are equated by omitting their differences.

Because none of these are experiences that act as parameters for formulating a concept, they are all excluded. This makes Only d the correct choice.

11Reading Comprehension
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out π 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water. The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at π 3- 50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose. Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5- 1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the π 1,800- crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country. If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste! Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport the bottles. The accumulation of plastic bottles in the landfills also adds to global warming besides contaminating the groundwater. But are people beginning to see the damage being done by the bottled water industry ? Yes, a number of restaurants in the U.S. have begun to serve only filtered water to customers instead of bottled water. City authorities are also waking up. Recently, San Francisco Mayor, Gavin Newsom has issued an order to ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles and in larger dispensers when tap water is available. His argument is that for the price of one litre of bottled water local residents can purchase 1000 litres of safe drinking water from the taps. What is the environmental cost of bottled water ? a. 20 million barrels of oil b. Global warming c. Contamination of groundwater d. Deforestation
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Answer: (C) Only a, b and c

Explanation

The passage directly identifies three environmental costs associated with bottled water. First, it mentions that the manufacturing and transport of plastic bottles requires an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil every year. Second, it states that the accumulation of these plastic bottles in landfills adds to global warming. Third, the text notes that this accumulation in landfills also contaminates the groundwater. Deforestation is not mentioned as an environmental cost of bottled water in the text, making a, b, and c the correct aspects.

12Reading Comprehension
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out π 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water. The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at π 3- 50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose. Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5- 1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the π 1,800- crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country. If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste! Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport the bottles. The accumulation of plastic bottles in the landfills also adds to global warming besides contaminating the groundwater. But are people beginning to see the damage being done by the bottled water industry ? Yes, a number of restaurants in the U.S. have begun to serve only filtered water to customers instead of bottled water. City authorities are also waking up. Recently, San Francisco Mayor, Gavin Newsom has issued an order to ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles and in larger dispensers when tap water is available. His argument is that for the price of one litre of bottled water local residents can purchase 1000 litres of safe drinking water from the taps. Which of the following steps are taken in the U.S. to reduce the damage caused by bottled water ? a. Serve only filter water in restaurants b. Ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles c. To ban water from bottles in large scale where tap water is available
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Answer: (D) All of the above

Explanation

According to the passage, multiple measures are being implemented in the United States to combat the environmental impacts of bottled water. First, several restaurants have transitioned to serving only filtered tap water to their customers instead of commercial bottled water. Second, city authorities are intervening, as exemplified by the Mayor of San Francisco issuing an order that bans city departments, agencies, and contractors from using public funds to provide water in plastic bottles. Finally, this ban also extends to larger-scale water delivery, prohibiting the use of water in larger dispensers when tap water is readily available. Because all three described measures are actively being carried out, all of the statements are correct.

13Reading Comprehension
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out π 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water. The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at π 3- 50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose. Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5- 1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the π 1,800- crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country. If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste! Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport the bottles. The accumulation of plastic bottles in the landfills also adds to global warming besides contaminating the groundwater. But are people beginning to see the damage being done by the bottled water industry ? Yes, a number of restaurants in the U.S. have begun to serve only filtered water to customers instead of bottled water. City authorities are also waking up. Recently, San Francisco Mayor, Gavin Newsom has issued an order to ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles and in larger dispensers when tap water is available. His argument is that for the price of one litre of bottled water local residents can purchase 1000 litres of safe drinking water from the taps. Which of the following statements is not correct about bottled water industry ? a. Global water industry is galloping. b. There are 1200 bottled water factories in India. c. In USA 50% of the bottled water is repacked by pipe water. d. Accumulation of plastic water bottles in landfills adds to contamination of groundwater.
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Answer: (C) Only c

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The passage states that in the U.S., it is safely assumed that nearly 40% of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Statement c incorrectly claims that this figure is 50%.

14Reading Comprehension
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out π 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water. The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at π 3- 50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose. Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5- 1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the π 1,800- crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country. If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste! Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport the bottles. The accumulation of plastic bottles in the landfills also adds to global warming besides contaminating the groundwater. But are people beginning to see the damage being done by the bottled water industry ? Yes, a number of restaurants in the U.S. have begun to serve only filtered water to customers instead of bottled water. City authorities are also waking up. Recently, San Francisco Mayor, Gavin Newsom has issued an order to ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles and in larger dispensers when tap water is available. His argument is that for the price of one litre of bottled water local residents can purchase 1000 litres of safe drinking water from the taps. How much water is required to produce every 1 litre of bottled water ?
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Answer: (C) 5 litres

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According to the passage, more than five litres of water is required to produce and pack every single litre of bottled water. This resource-intensive process is illustrated by the statistic that 770 billion litres of water were consumed to produce the 154 billion litres of bottled water that the world consumed in 2004.

15Reading Comprehension
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out π 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water. The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at π 3- 50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose. Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5- 1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the π 1,800- crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country. If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water. Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste! Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport the bottles. The accumulation of plastic bottles in the landfills also adds to global warming besides contaminating the groundwater. But are people beginning to see the damage being done by the bottled water industry ? Yes, a number of restaurants in the U.S. have begun to serve only filtered water to customers instead of bottled water. City authorities are also waking up. Recently, San Francisco Mayor, Gavin Newsom has issued an order to ban city departments, agencies and contractors from using city funds to serve water in plastic bottles and in larger dispensers when tap water is available. His argument is that for the price of one litre of bottled water local residents can purchase 1000 litres of safe drinking water from the taps. In U.S., how many barrels of oil is required every year to manufacture and transport the bottled water ?
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Answer: (B) 20 million

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Based on the details provided in the text, the manufacturing and transportation of plastic bottles for bottled water in the United States requires an immense amount of energy. Specifically, for the nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water consumed in America in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was required every year to manufacture and transport those bottles.

16Reading Comprehension
Poverty springs from a number of sources, the more important of which are controllable. So does special privilege. I think it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege and there can be no questions but that their abolition is desirable. Both are unnatural, but it is work, not law, to which we must look for results. By poverty I mean the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. There will have to be differences in the grades of sustenance. Men are not equal in mentality or in physique. Any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. There can be no feasible or desirable process of leveling down. Such a course only promotes poverty by making it universal instead of exceptional. Forcing the efficient producer to become inefficient does not make the inefficient producer more efficient. Poverty can be done away with only by plenty, and we have now gone far enough along in the science of production to be able to see, as a natural development, the day when production and distribution will be so scientific that all may have according to ability and industry. The extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. Modern industry is gradually lifting the worker and the world. We only need to know more about planning and methods. The best results can and will be brought about by individual initiative and ingenuity — by intelligent individual leadership. The government, because it is essentially negative, cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. It can give negative aid — by removing obstructions to progress and by ceasing to be a burden upon the community. The underlying causes of poverty, as I can see them, are essentially due to the bad adjustment between production and distribution, in both industry and agriculture — between the source of power and its application. Poverty and privilege both are
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Answer: (B) Unnatural

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The passage explicitly states that both poverty and special privilege are unnatural. This is highlighted in the first paragraph, where the author asserts that it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege, declaring that both are unnatural and that their abolition must be achieved through work rather than legislation.

17Reading Comprehension
Poverty springs from a number of sources, the more important of which are controllable. So does special privilege. I think it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege and there can be no questions but that their abolition is desirable. Both are unnatural, but it is work, not law, to which we must look for results. By poverty I mean the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. There will have to be differences in the grades of sustenance. Men are not equal in mentality or in physique. Any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. There can be no feasible or desirable process of leveling down. Such a course only promotes poverty by making it universal instead of exceptional. Forcing the efficient producer to become inefficient does not make the inefficient producer more efficient. Poverty can be done away with only by plenty, and we have now gone far enough along in the science of production to be able to see, as a natural development, the day when production and distribution will be so scientific that all may have according to ability and industry. The extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. Modern industry is gradually lifting the worker and the world. We only need to know more about planning and methods. The best results can and will be brought about by individual initiative and ingenuity — by intelligent individual leadership. The government, because it is essentially negative, cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. It can give negative aid — by removing obstructions to progress and by ceasing to be a burden upon the community. The underlying causes of poverty, as I can see them, are essentially due to the bad adjustment between production and distribution, in both industry and agriculture — between the source of power and its application. Poverty is defined as
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Answer: (D) Lack of food, housing and clothing

Explanation

The author explicitly defines poverty in the second paragraph of the passage as the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. This directly matches the description of the lack of these three essential basic needs.

18Reading Comprehension
Poverty springs from a number of sources, the more important of which are controllable. So does special privilege. I think it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege and there can be no questions but that their abolition is desirable. Both are unnatural, but it is work, not law, to which we must look for results. By poverty I mean the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. There will have to be differences in the grades of sustenance. Men are not equal in mentality or in physique. Any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. There can be no feasible or desirable process of leveling down. Such a course only promotes poverty by making it universal instead of exceptional. Forcing the efficient producer to become inefficient does not make the inefficient producer more efficient. Poverty can be done away with only by plenty, and we have now gone far enough along in the science of production to be able to see, as a natural development, the day when production and distribution will be so scientific that all may have according to ability and industry. The extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. Modern industry is gradually lifting the worker and the world. We only need to know more about planning and methods. The best results can and will be brought about by individual initiative and ingenuity — by intelligent individual leadership. The government, because it is essentially negative, cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. It can give negative aid — by removing obstructions to progress and by ceasing to be a burden upon the community. The underlying causes of poverty, as I can see them, are essentially due to the bad adjustment between production and distribution, in both industry and agriculture — between the source of power and its application. What is assumed in an unnatural and unworkable plan ?
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Answer: (B) Men are or ought to be equal

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The passage explicitly states that any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. The author highlights that because individuals differ in mentality and physique, any attempt to force equality or level everyone down is unrealistic and counterproductive.

19Reading Comprehension
Poverty springs from a number of sources, the more important of which are controllable. So does special privilege. I think it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege and there can be no questions but that their abolition is desirable. Both are unnatural, but it is work, not law, to which we must look for results. By poverty I mean the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. There will have to be differences in the grades of sustenance. Men are not equal in mentality or in physique. Any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. There can be no feasible or desirable process of leveling down. Such a course only promotes poverty by making it universal instead of exceptional. Forcing the efficient producer to become inefficient does not make the inefficient producer more efficient. Poverty can be done away with only by plenty, and we have now gone far enough along in the science of production to be able to see, as a natural development, the day when production and distribution will be so scientific that all may have according to ability and industry. The extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. Modern industry is gradually lifting the worker and the world. We only need to know more about planning and methods. The best results can and will be brought about by individual initiative and ingenuity — by intelligent individual leadership. The government, because it is essentially negative, cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. It can give negative aid — by removing obstructions to progress and by ceasing to be a burden upon the community. The underlying causes of poverty, as I can see them, are essentially due to the bad adjustment between production and distribution, in both industry and agriculture — between the source of power and its application. Socialists are of the opinion that
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Answer: (C) Industry would crush the workers

Explanation

The passage explicitly states that extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. This directly indicates that, in the opinion of the Socialists, industry would crush the workers.

20Reading Comprehension
Poverty springs from a number of sources, the more important of which are controllable. So does special privilege. I think it is entirely feasible to abolish both poverty and special privilege and there can be no questions but that their abolition is desirable. Both are unnatural, but it is work, not law, to which we must look for results. By poverty I mean the lack of reasonably sufficient food, housing, and clothing for an individual or a family. There will have to be differences in the grades of sustenance. Men are not equal in mentality or in physique. Any plan which starts with the assumption that men are or ought to be equal is unnatural and therefore unworkable. There can be no feasible or desirable process of leveling down. Such a course only promotes poverty by making it universal instead of exceptional. Forcing the efficient producer to become inefficient does not make the inefficient producer more efficient. Poverty can be done away with only by plenty, and we have now gone far enough along in the science of production to be able to see, as a natural development, the day when production and distribution will be so scientific that all may have according to ability and industry. The extreme Socialists went wide of the mark in their reasoning that industry would inevitably crush the worker. Modern industry is gradually lifting the worker and the world. We only need to know more about planning and methods. The best results can and will be brought about by individual initiative and ingenuity — by intelligent individual leadership. The government, because it is essentially negative, cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. It can give negative aid — by removing obstructions to progress and by ceasing to be a burden upon the community. The underlying causes of poverty, as I can see them, are essentially due to the bad adjustment between production and distribution, in both industry and agriculture — between the source of power and its application. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is not correct ? a. Government is essentially negative. b. Government can give the positive aid. c. Government can give the negative aid.
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Answer: (A) Only b

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The passage explicitly states that the government is essentially negative and cannot give positive aid to any really constructive programme. Therefore, the statement asserting that the government can give positive aid is incorrect.

21Reading Comprehension
Sound waves are formed due to vibrations of particles and propagate in a material medium in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. The human ear can hear the sound waves between frequency range 20Hz to 20000kHz . This is the audible range. The sound waves of frequency greater than the audible range are audible to certain animals such as cats, dogs, bats, etc. These are the ultrasonic waves. While flying, a bat produces ultrasonic waves. These waves strike obstacles in their path and are reflected. The bat can use echoes to detect the obstacles and hence avoid collisions with them. Thus a bat can find its way even is the dark. Ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillator method and detected by Kundt's tube, Quartz crystal and Thermal detector methods. The waves having more frequency, possess more energy. Hence ultrasonic waves possess high energy. Like sound waves, ultrasonic waves also get reflected, refracted and absorbed. Their velocity increases with frequency. Ultrasonic waves are used in many industrial, scientific and medical sciences. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is the instrument which can produce, transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. This technique is used to determine the distance and location of underwater objects such as submarines, icebergs, etc. using ultrasonic waves. It can be used to determine the depth of the sea. For this a transmitter and a detector are installed in a ship. Ultrasonic waves are also used for ship to ship communication, welding plastic surfaces, to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them, in echocardiography, for imaging internal organs of the human body, in industry to clean parts of machines, to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks. Ultrasonic waves are in nature.
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Answer: (B) Longitudinal

Explanation

Ultrasonic waves are mechanical sound waves with frequencies above the upper limit of human hearing, which is 20000 Hz. Like all sound waves propagating through a material medium, they travel by causing the particles of the medium to vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation, producing periodic compressions and rarefactions. This parallel vibration of particles defines a longitudinal wave.

22Reading Comprehension
Sound waves are formed due to vibrations of particles and propagate in a material medium in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. The human ear can hear the sound waves between frequency range 20Hz to 20000kHz . This is the audible range. The sound waves of frequency greater than the audible range are audible to certain animals such as cats, dogs, bats, etc. These are the ultrasonic waves. While flying, a bat produces ultrasonic waves. These waves strike obstacles in their path and are reflected. The bat can use echoes to detect the obstacles and hence avoid collisions with them. Thus a bat can find its way even is the dark. Ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillator method and detected by Kundt's tube, Quartz crystal and Thermal detector methods. The waves having more frequency, possess more energy. Hence ultrasonic waves possess high energy. Like sound waves, ultrasonic waves also get reflected, refracted and absorbed. Their velocity increases with frequency. Ultrasonic waves are used in many industrial, scientific and medical sciences. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is the instrument which can produce, transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. This technique is used to determine the distance and location of underwater objects such as submarines, icebergs, etc. using ultrasonic waves. It can be used to determine the depth of the sea. For this a transmitter and a detector are installed in a ship. Ultrasonic waves are also used for ship to ship communication, welding plastic surfaces, to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them, in echocardiography, for imaging internal organs of the human body, in industry to clean parts of machines, to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks. Ultrasonic waves are those waves which
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Answer: (A) human beings cannot hear

Explanation

Ultrasonic waves are sound waves with frequencies greater than 20000 Hz, which is the upper limit of the human audible range. Because these frequencies exceed the physiological limit of the human auditory system, human beings cannot hear ultrasonic waves, although they can be detected by various animals such as bats, dogs, and cats.

23Reading Comprehension
Sound waves are formed due to vibrations of particles and propagate in a material medium in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. The human ear can hear the sound waves between frequency range 20Hz to 20000kHz . This is the audible range. The sound waves of frequency greater than the audible range are audible to certain animals such as cats, dogs, bats, etc. These are the ultrasonic waves. While flying, a bat produces ultrasonic waves. These waves strike obstacles in their path and are reflected. The bat can use echoes to detect the obstacles and hence avoid collisions with them. Thus a bat can find its way even is the dark. Ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillator method and detected by Kundt's tube, Quartz crystal and Thermal detector methods. The waves having more frequency, possess more energy. Hence ultrasonic waves possess high energy. Like sound waves, ultrasonic waves also get reflected, refracted and absorbed. Their velocity increases with frequency. Ultrasonic waves are used in many industrial, scientific and medical sciences. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is the instrument which can produce, transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. This technique is used to determine the distance and location of underwater objects such as submarines, icebergs, etc. using ultrasonic waves. It can be used to determine the depth of the sea. For this a transmitter and a detector are installed in a ship. Ultrasonic waves are also used for ship to ship communication, welding plastic surfaces, to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them, in echocardiography, for imaging internal organs of the human body, in industry to clean parts of machines, to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks. The echocardiography technique is based on
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Answer: (C) Ultrasonic waves

Explanation

Echocardiography is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. As described in the passage, ultrasonic waves are utilized in echocardiography for imaging the internal organs of the human body, allowing for the visualization of cardiac structures and monitoring of the heart's function.

24Quantitative Aptitude
Sound waves are formed due to vibrations of particles and propagate in a material medium in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. The human ear can hear the sound waves between frequency range 20Hz to 20000kHz . This is the audible range. The sound waves of frequency greater than the audible range are audible to certain animals such as cats, dogs, bats, etc. These are the ultrasonic waves. While flying, a bat produces ultrasonic waves. These waves strike obstacles in their path and are reflected. The bat can use echoes to detect the obstacles and hence avoid collisions with them. Thus a bat can find its way even is the dark. Ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillator method and detected by Kundt's tube, Quartz crystal and Thermal detector methods. The waves having more frequency, possess more energy. Hence ultrasonic waves possess high energy. Like sound waves, ultrasonic waves also get reflected, refracted and absorbed. Their velocity increases with frequency. Ultrasonic waves are used in many industrial, scientific and medical sciences. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is the instrument which can produce, transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. This technique is used to determine the distance and location of underwater objects such as submarines, icebergs, etc. using ultrasonic waves. It can be used to determine the depth of the sea. For this a transmitter and a detector are installed in a ship. Ultrasonic waves are also used for ship to ship communication, welding plastic surfaces, to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them, in echocardiography, for imaging internal organs of the human body, in industry to clean parts of machines, to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks. To determine the depth of sea this technique is used :
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Answer: (D) SONAR

Explanation

SONAR, which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a technique that uses ultrasonic waves to measure distances, locate underwater objects, and determine the depth of the sea. A transmitter installed on a ship transmits ultrasonic waves down into the water. These waves travel to the seabed, get reflected back, and are received by a detector. By measuring the total transit time t of the sound wave and knowing the speed of sound v in water, the depth d of the sea can be calculated directly using the formula d = v × t / 2.

25Reading Comprehension
Sound waves are formed due to vibrations of particles and propagate in a material medium in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. The human ear can hear the sound waves between frequency range 20Hz to 20000kHz . This is the audible range. The sound waves of frequency greater than the audible range are audible to certain animals such as cats, dogs, bats, etc. These are the ultrasonic waves. While flying, a bat produces ultrasonic waves. These waves strike obstacles in their path and are reflected. The bat can use echoes to detect the obstacles and hence avoid collisions with them. Thus a bat can find its way even is the dark. Ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric oscillators and magnetostriction oscillator method and detected by Kundt's tube, Quartz crystal and Thermal detector methods. The waves having more frequency, possess more energy. Hence ultrasonic waves possess high energy. Like sound waves, ultrasonic waves also get reflected, refracted and absorbed. Their velocity increases with frequency. Ultrasonic waves are used in many industrial, scientific and medical sciences. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) is the instrument which can produce, transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. This technique is used to determine the distance and location of underwater objects such as submarines, icebergs, etc. using ultrasonic waves. It can be used to determine the depth of the sea. For this a transmitter and a detector are installed in a ship. Ultrasonic waves are also used for ship to ship communication, welding plastic surfaces, to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them, in echocardiography, for imaging internal organs of the human body, in industry to clean parts of machines, to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks. The waves of frequency _______ are used to kill the bacteria in liquids like milk.
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Answer: (C) greater than 20 kHz

Explanation

According to the provided passage, ultrasonic waves are used to kill bacteria in liquids like milk to preserve them. Ultrasonic waves are defined as sound waves with a frequency greater than the audible range of human hearing, which extends up to 20 kHz. Therefore, waves with a frequency greater than 20 kHz are used for this purpose.

26Reading Comprehension
The subject Plant Breeding, although developed in recent times on modern scientific lines after Mendel's discoveries, was known in early times to Egyptians and Assyrians. Later during 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ centuries several artificial crossings were made by many workers and interesting results obtained in the form of new varieties. But it was Mendel who first laid down the foundations of plant breeding on scientific basis and formulated the laws of inheritance of characters. Hybridisation between two varieties of a species brings about a combination of desirable characteristics. A plant breeder specializes in crossing plants with the desirable character. Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first person to obtain a successful hybrid by crossing Sweet William and Carnation. The knowledge of Mendel's laws has made the job of a plant breeder scientific, reliable and predictable. In bisexual plants the anthers of stamens of the female parents have to be removed (emasculation) in order to prevent self- pollination. Emasculation is not required in unisexual flowers and in the self- sterile bisexual female parents. Male sterility has been reported in Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Onion and Sunflowers. Sterile males are of great help in raising hybrids of desirable characters. Stigmas of the carpels are enclosed within polyethylene bags since the early stage to prevent pollination by the pollen grains of unwanted plants. The bags are put back in place after dusting the stigmas with the pollen grains of desirable plants. This process is called bagging. Hybrids: The hybrids are usually interspecific i.e. intervarietal. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are not possible. A rare example of interspecific hybrids is the Mule in animals and the Triticale is an intergenetic hybrids between Wheat (Triticum) and Rye (Secale). Such hybrids are bound to be sterile due to lack of homologous chromosomes. Generally, a hybrid may be heterozygous for only one gene or for a number of genes. The breeding of hybrid corn is a very significant example of hybridization. It is obtained by crossing two inbred or homozygous lines of maize. The inbred lines are true breeding and highly uniform. Hybrid vigour or Heterosis : The hybrids often exhibit hybrid vigour which is defined as the increased vigour (superiority) of the hybrid over either parent in one or more traits e.g. in growth, yield, disease resistance, etc. Maize plants exhibit a very high degree of hybrid vigour (25% higher yield). Other plants showing hybrid vigour are Sorghum, Rice, Bajra, Sugarbeet, Petunia, Cabbage, Cucumber, etc. The plants which are self-pollinating types lose heterosis by inbreeding and therefore, pure parental lines are crossed every year to obtain seeds with high degree of heterosis. On the other hand, hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to vegetative propagation e.g. Mango, Apple, Guava, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, Rose, etc. Heterosis is
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Answer: (D) Superiority of hybrids over their parents

Explanation

Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigour, refers to the phenomenon where a hybrid offspring exhibits enhanced biological traits and overall superiority over both of its parents. This superiority can manifest in various agronomic or physiological characters such as increased growth rate, higher yield, greater resistance to diseases and pests, and improved adaptability to environmental conditions. The genetic basis of heterosis is typically attributed to factors like heterozygosity, where the combination of diverse alleles from both parents masks deleterious recessive genes or creates beneficial overdominant gene interactions.

27Reading Comprehension
The subject Plant Breeding, although developed in recent times on modern scientific lines after Mendel's discoveries, was known in early times to Egyptians and Assyrians. Later during 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ centuries several artificial crossings were made by many workers and interesting results obtained in the form of new varieties. But it was Mendel who first laid down the foundations of plant breeding on scientific basis and formulated the laws of inheritance of characters. Hybridisation between two varieties of a species brings about a combination of desirable characteristics. A plant breeder specializes in crossing plants with the desirable character. Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first person to obtain a successful hybrid by crossing Sweet William and Carnation. The knowledge of Mendel's laws has made the job of a plant breeder scientific, reliable and predictable. In bisexual plants the anthers of stamens of the female parents have to be removed (emasculation) in order to prevent self- pollination. Emasculation is not required in unisexual flowers and in the self- sterile bisexual female parents. Male sterility has been reported in Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Onion and Sunflowers. Sterile males are of great help in raising hybrids of desirable characters. Stigmas of the carpels are enclosed within polyethylene bags since the early stage to prevent pollination by the pollen grains of unwanted plants. The bags are put back in place after dusting the stigmas with the pollen grains of desirable plants. This process is called bagging. Hybrids: The hybrids are usually interspecific i.e. intervarietal. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are not possible. A rare example of interspecific hybrids is the Mule in animals and the Triticale is an intergenetic hybrids between Wheat (Triticum) and Rye (Secale). Such hybrids are bound to be sterile due to lack of homologous chromosomes. Generally, a hybrid may be heterozygous for only one gene or for a number of genes. The breeding of hybrid corn is a very significant example of hybridization. It is obtained by crossing two inbred or homozygous lines of maize. The inbred lines are true breeding and highly uniform. Hybrid vigour or Heterosis : The hybrids often exhibit hybrid vigour which is defined as the increased vigour (superiority) of the hybrid over either parent in one or more traits e.g. in growth, yield, disease resistance, etc. Maize plants exhibit a very high degree of hybrid vigour (25% higher yield). Other plants showing hybrid vigour are Sorghum, Rice, Bajra, Sugarbeet, Petunia, Cabbage, Cucumber, etc. The plants which are self-pollinating types lose heterosis by inbreeding and therefore, pure parental lines are crossed every year to obtain seeds with high degree of heterosis. On the other hand, hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to vegetative propagation e.g. Mango, Apple, Guava, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, Rose, etc. Bagging is done to
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Answer: (D) Prevent contamination from foreign pollen

Explanation

During artificial hybridization, bagging is the process of covering the receptive stigmas of female flowers with a bag made of butter paper or polyethylene. This is done to prevent contamination of the stigma with unwanted or foreign pollen grains from other plants. By enclosing the stigma, the plant breeder ensures that only the specifically selected pollen grains, which are later dusted onto the stigma during hand-pollination, lead to fertilization, thereby maintaining the genetic purity of the cross.

28Reading Comprehension
The subject Plant Breeding, although developed in recent times on modern scientific lines after Mendel's discoveries, was known in early times to Egyptians and Assyrians. Later during 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ centuries several artificial crossings were made by many workers and interesting results obtained in the form of new varieties. But it was Mendel who first laid down the foundations of plant breeding on scientific basis and formulated the laws of inheritance of characters. Hybridisation between two varieties of a species brings about a combination of desirable characteristics. A plant breeder specializes in crossing plants with the desirable character. Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first person to obtain a successful hybrid by crossing Sweet William and Carnation. The knowledge of Mendel's laws has made the job of a plant breeder scientific, reliable and predictable. In bisexual plants the anthers of stamens of the female parents have to be removed (emasculation) in order to prevent self- pollination. Emasculation is not required in unisexual flowers and in the self- sterile bisexual female parents. Male sterility has been reported in Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Onion and Sunflowers. Sterile males are of great help in raising hybrids of desirable characters. Stigmas of the carpels are enclosed within polyethylene bags since the early stage to prevent pollination by the pollen grains of unwanted plants. The bags are put back in place after dusting the stigmas with the pollen grains of desirable plants. This process is called bagging. Hybrids: The hybrids are usually interspecific i.e. intervarietal. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are not possible. A rare example of interspecific hybrids is the Mule in animals and the Triticale is an intergenetic hybrids between Wheat (Triticum) and Rye (Secale). Such hybrids are bound to be sterile due to lack of homologous chromosomes. Generally, a hybrid may be heterozygous for only one gene or for a number of genes. The breeding of hybrid corn is a very significant example of hybridization. It is obtained by crossing two inbred or homozygous lines of maize. The inbred lines are true breeding and highly uniform. Hybrid vigour or Heterosis : The hybrids often exhibit hybrid vigour which is defined as the increased vigour (superiority) of the hybrid over either parent in one or more traits e.g. in growth, yield, disease resistance, etc. Maize plants exhibit a very high degree of hybrid vigour (25% higher yield). Other plants showing hybrid vigour are Sorghum, Rice, Bajra, Sugarbeet, Petunia, Cabbage, Cucumber, etc. The plants which are self-pollinating types lose heterosis by inbreeding and therefore, pure parental lines are crossed every year to obtain seeds with high degree of heterosis. On the other hand, hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to vegetative propagation e.g. Mango, Apple, Guava, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, Rose, etc. Emasculation is not required in
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Answer: (D) Both (2) and (3)

Explanation

Emasculation refers to the removal of stamens or anthers from bisexual flowers to prevent self-pollination. In the case of unisexual flowers, they naturally lack either male or female reproductive structures, which eliminates any possibility of self-pollination. Similarly, self-sterile bisexual female parents possess a physiological or genetic mechanism that prevents successful fertilization by their own pollen, making self-pollination ineffective. Consequently, emasculation is not required in both unisexual flowers and self-sterile bisexual female parents.

29Reading Comprehension
The subject Plant Breeding, although developed in recent times on modern scientific lines after Mendel's discoveries, was known in early times to Egyptians and Assyrians. Later during 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ centuries several artificial crossings were made by many workers and interesting results obtained in the form of new varieties. But it was Mendel who first laid down the foundations of plant breeding on scientific basis and formulated the laws of inheritance of characters. Hybridisation between two varieties of a species brings about a combination of desirable characteristics. A plant breeder specializes in crossing plants with the desirable character. Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first person to obtain a successful hybrid by crossing Sweet William and Carnation. The knowledge of Mendel's laws has made the job of a plant breeder scientific, reliable and predictable. In bisexual plants the anthers of stamens of the female parents have to be removed (emasculation) in order to prevent self- pollination. Emasculation is not required in unisexual flowers and in the self- sterile bisexual female parents. Male sterility has been reported in Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Onion and Sunflowers. Sterile males are of great help in raising hybrids of desirable characters. Stigmas of the carpels are enclosed within polyethylene bags since the early stage to prevent pollination by the pollen grains of unwanted plants. The bags are put back in place after dusting the stigmas with the pollen grains of desirable plants. This process is called bagging. Hybrids: The hybrids are usually interspecific i.e. intervarietal. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are not possible. A rare example of interspecific hybrids is the Mule in animals and the Triticale is an intergenetic hybrids between Wheat (Triticum) and Rye (Secale). Such hybrids are bound to be sterile due to lack of homologous chromosomes. Generally, a hybrid may be heterozygous for only one gene or for a number of genes. The breeding of hybrid corn is a very significant example of hybridization. It is obtained by crossing two inbred or homozygous lines of maize. The inbred lines are true breeding and highly uniform. Hybrid vigour or Heterosis : The hybrids often exhibit hybrid vigour which is defined as the increased vigour (superiority) of the hybrid over either parent in one or more traits e.g. in growth, yield, disease resistance, etc. Maize plants exhibit a very high degree of hybrid vigour (25% higher yield). Other plants showing hybrid vigour are Sorghum, Rice, Bajra, Sugarbeet, Petunia, Cabbage, Cucumber, etc. The plants which are self-pollinating types lose heterosis by inbreeding and therefore, pure parental lines are crossed every year to obtain seeds with high degree of heterosis. On the other hand, hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to vegetative propagation e.g. Mango, Apple, Guava, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, Rose, etc. Hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to
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Answer: (C) Vegetative propagation

Explanation

Hybrid vigour, or heterosis, represents the superior performance of a hybrid offspring over its parents, which is primarily driven by a highly heterozygous genetic constitution. When a hybrid reproduces sexually, segregation and recombination of genes occur, leading to a loss of this heterozygosity and a subsequent decline in hybrid vigour. Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of reproduction that does not involve meiosis or the fusion of gametes. As a result, the exact genetic makeup, including the specific heterozygous gene combinations of the hybrid, is replicated identically in the progeny. This preserves the hybrid vigour indefinitely across subsequent clonal generations, making it a highly effective method for maintaining superior traits in vegetatively propagated plants such as mango, apple, and guava.

30Reading Comprehension
The subject Plant Breeding, although developed in recent times on modern scientific lines after Mendel's discoveries, was known in early times to Egyptians and Assyrians. Later during 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ centuries several artificial crossings were made by many workers and interesting results obtained in the form of new varieties. But it was Mendel who first laid down the foundations of plant breeding on scientific basis and formulated the laws of inheritance of characters. Hybridisation between two varieties of a species brings about a combination of desirable characteristics. A plant breeder specializes in crossing plants with the desirable character. Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first person to obtain a successful hybrid by crossing Sweet William and Carnation. The knowledge of Mendel's laws has made the job of a plant breeder scientific, reliable and predictable. In bisexual plants the anthers of stamens of the female parents have to be removed (emasculation) in order to prevent self- pollination. Emasculation is not required in unisexual flowers and in the self- sterile bisexual female parents. Male sterility has been reported in Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Barley, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Onion and Sunflowers. Sterile males are of great help in raising hybrids of desirable characters. Stigmas of the carpels are enclosed within polyethylene bags since the early stage to prevent pollination by the pollen grains of unwanted plants. The bags are put back in place after dusting the stigmas with the pollen grains of desirable plants. This process is called bagging. Hybrids: The hybrids are usually interspecific i.e. intervarietal. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are not possible. A rare example of interspecific hybrids is the Mule in animals and the Triticale is an intergenetic hybrids between Wheat (Triticum) and Rye (Secale). Such hybrids are bound to be sterile due to lack of homologous chromosomes. Generally, a hybrid may be heterozygous for only one gene or for a number of genes. The breeding of hybrid corn is a very significant example of hybridization. It is obtained by crossing two inbred or homozygous lines of maize. The inbred lines are true breeding and highly uniform. Hybrid vigour or Heterosis : The hybrids often exhibit hybrid vigour which is defined as the increased vigour (superiority) of the hybrid over either parent in one or more traits e.g. in growth, yield, disease resistance, etc. Maize plants exhibit a very high degree of hybrid vigour (25% higher yield). Other plants showing hybrid vigour are Sorghum, Rice, Bajra, Sugarbeet, Petunia, Cabbage, Cucumber, etc. The plants which are self-pollinating types lose heterosis by inbreeding and therefore, pure parental lines are crossed every year to obtain seeds with high degree of heterosis. On the other hand, hybrid vigour is not lost and persists if the desirable hybrid once obtained is subjected to vegetative propagation e.g. Mango, Apple, Guava, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, Rose, etc. Triticale is an intergeneric hybrid between
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Answer: (B) Wheat and Rye

Explanation

Triticale is a human-made intergeneric hybrid crop developed by crossing wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). This hybridization aims to combine the high yield potential, grain quality, and gluten properties of wheat with the environmental hardiness, disease resistance, and soil tolerance of rye.

31Quantitative Aptitude
During the interactions with a group of standard VI students, Dr. Sarvesh demonstrated various experiments involving physical changes viz. Vapourisation/Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Sublimation (solid to gas) and Chemical changes viz. Neutralization (reaction between acid and alkali), Precipitation (reaction between ammonium chloride/potassium chloride and silver nitrate). This group enjoyed the session and demanded little more information regarding detection of cations and anions in the given solution. With this demand, Dr. Sarvesh designed three experiments (one by observing the changes in the colours of the test papers and another, just observing the change) to detect the presence of ammonium radical in the given salts. Dr. Sarvesh dissolved a small amount (approximately 0 - 100 ~g ) of each, solid ammonium chloride and solid potassium chloride separately in 2 - 0 ~cm of de- ionised water, in two different test tubes labeled '1' and '2' respectively. Two drops of each of the above solutions were separately taken in three different dry test tubes forming two different sets; one set kept on the extreme left and another on the extreme right. The three test tubes, in each of the two sets, were gently heated on adding six drops of 2 ~N sodium hydroxide (alkali) to each and the evolved gases were carefully brought in contact, separately, with a moist red litmus paper, a moist turmeric paper and a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid. Above the test tubes on the left hand side, in the first case, the paper turned blue (this was exactly opposite to acidic gases which turn moist blue litmus red), in the second case the paper turned brown and in the last case dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were observed. No such changes were observed in the colours of both the papers nor dense white fumes above the test tube on the right. Dr. Sarvesh explained that during the reactions between the reagents gaseous ammonia is liberated which is alkaline in nature and inferred that the solution in the left hand side test tubes contains ammonium radical while that in the right hand side test tube does not. Dr. Sarvesh then asked students to perform the test. In the first experiment, Ms. Riya, in addition to the earlier observations, found red litmus turning blue for the test tube on the right while Mr. Ravi, did not get the desired colour change of the turmeric paper on the left hand side test tube. Dr. Sarvesh explained to the students the proper way to perform the tests. Following the instructions from Dr. Sarvesh, when the students correctly performed the tests, they got the desired results. The following conclusion can be drawn from the above passage :
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Answer: (B) Ammonium chloride is soluble in water as well as could be sublimative

Explanation

The passage demonstrates two key physical and chemical behaviors of ammonium chloride:

Solubility in water: Dr. Sarvesh prepared the test solution by dissolving a small amount of solid ammonium chloride in de-ionized water. This directly confirms that ammonium chloride is soluble in water.

Sublimative property: The passage explicitly lists sublimation as one of the physical changes demonstrated during the session. Furthermore, when the evolved gaseous ammonia from the reaction mixture came in contact with hydrochloric acid, dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were formed. This formation of solid ammonium chloride directly from gaseous reactants (deposition, the phase transition opposite to sublimation) and its ability to thermally dissociate into gaseous components that recombine into solid form demonstrates its sublimative characteristics.

32Quantitative Aptitude
During the interactions with a group of standard VI students, Dr. Sarvesh demonstrated various experiments involving physical changes viz. Vapourisation/Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Sublimation (solid to gas) and Chemical changes viz. Neutralization (reaction between acid and alkali), Precipitation (reaction between ammonium chloride/potassium chloride and silver nitrate). This group enjoyed the session and demanded little more information regarding detection of cations and anions in the given solution. With this demand, Dr. Sarvesh designed three experiments (one by observing the changes in the colours of the test papers and another, just observing the change) to detect the presence of ammonium radical in the given salts. Dr. Sarvesh dissolved a small amount (approximately 0 - 100 ~g ) of each, solid ammonium chloride and solid potassium chloride separately in 2 - 0 ~cm of de- ionised water, in two different test tubes labeled '1' and '2' respectively. Two drops of each of the above solutions were separately taken in three different dry test tubes forming two different sets; one set kept on the extreme left and another on the extreme right. The three test tubes, in each of the two sets, were gently heated on adding six drops of 2 ~N sodium hydroxide (alkali) to each and the evolved gases were carefully brought in contact, separately, with a moist red litmus paper, a moist turmeric paper and a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid. Above the test tubes on the left hand side, in the first case, the paper turned blue (this was exactly opposite to acidic gases which turn moist blue litmus red), in the second case the paper turned brown and in the last case dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were observed. No such changes were observed in the colours of both the papers nor dense white fumes above the test tube on the right. Dr. Sarvesh explained that during the reactions between the reagents gaseous ammonia is liberated which is alkaline in nature and inferred that the solution in the left hand side test tubes contains ammonium radical while that in the right hand side test tube does not. Dr. Sarvesh then asked students to perform the test. In the first experiment, Ms. Riya, in addition to the earlier observations, found red litmus turning blue for the test tube on the right while Mr. Ravi, did not get the desired colour change of the turmeric paper on the left hand side test tube. Dr. Sarvesh explained to the students the proper way to perform the tests. Following the instructions from Dr. Sarvesh, when the students correctly performed the tests, they got the desired results. The correct observations due to the presence of ammonium ions are
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Answer: (B) Turing red litmus blue, turning turmeric paper brown and evolving dense white fumes from a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid

Explanation

When an ammonium salt reacts with sodium hydroxide, alkaline ammonia gas is liberated:

NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ → NH₃ + H₂O

The liberated ammonia gas is basic in nature. It turns moist red litmus paper blue.

Turmeric acts as a natural acid-base indicator. In the presence of a basic gas like ammonia, the yellow turmeric paper turns reddish-brown.

When ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride gas from a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid, it forms solid ammonium chloride, which appears as dense white fumes:

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

This confirms the presence of ammonium ions in the given salt solution.

33Quantitative Aptitude
During the interactions with a group of standard VI students, Dr. Sarvesh demonstrated various experiments involving physical changes viz. Vapourisation/Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Sublimation (solid to gas) and Chemical changes viz. Neutralization (reaction between acid and alkali), Precipitation (reaction between ammonium chloride/potassium chloride and silver nitrate). This group enjoyed the session and demanded little more information regarding detection of cations and anions in the given solution. With this demand, Dr. Sarvesh designed three experiments (one by observing the changes in the colours of the test papers and another, just observing the change) to detect the presence of ammonium radical in the given salts. Dr. Sarvesh dissolved a small amount (approximately 0 - 100 ~g ) of each, solid ammonium chloride and solid potassium chloride separately in 2 - 0 ~cm of de- ionised water, in two different test tubes labeled '1' and '2' respectively. Two drops of each of the above solutions were separately taken in three different dry test tubes forming two different sets; one set kept on the extreme left and another on the extreme right. The three test tubes, in each of the two sets, were gently heated on adding six drops of 2 ~N sodium hydroxide (alkali) to each and the evolved gases were carefully brought in contact, separately, with a moist red litmus paper, a moist turmeric paper and a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid. Above the test tubes on the left hand side, in the first case, the paper turned blue (this was exactly opposite to acidic gases which turn moist blue litmus red), in the second case the paper turned brown and in the last case dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were observed. No such changes were observed in the colours of both the papers nor dense white fumes above the test tube on the right. Dr. Sarvesh explained that during the reactions between the reagents gaseous ammonia is liberated which is alkaline in nature and inferred that the solution in the left hand side test tubes contains ammonium radical while that in the right hand side test tube does not. Dr. Sarvesh then asked students to perform the test. In the first experiment, Ms. Riya, in addition to the earlier observations, found red litmus turning blue for the test tube on the right while Mr. Ravi, did not get the desired colour change of the turmeric paper on the left hand side test tube. Dr. Sarvesh explained to the students the proper way to perform the tests. Following the instructions from Dr. Sarvesh, when the students correctly performed the tests, they got the desired results. Ms. Riya did not get the desired observation, because she brought
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Answer: (C) a moist red litmus paper in contact with the solution of the test tube on the right.

Explanation

The test tube on the right contains a mixture of potassium chloride and sodium hydroxide. Since sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali, the solution inside this test tube is highly basic. Potassium chloride does not react with sodium hydroxide to liberate any basic gas, so the evolved vapor should have no effect on the moist red litmus paper. However, if the moist red litmus paper is accidentally brought into direct contact with the liquid solution inside the test tube rather than the evolved gases above it, the basic sodium hydroxide solution will turn the red litmus paper blue.

34Logical Reasoning
During the interactions with a group of standard VI students, Dr. Sarvesh demonstrated various experiments involving physical changes viz. Vapourisation/Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Sublimation (solid to gas) and Chemical changes viz. Neutralization (reaction between acid and alkali), Precipitation (reaction between ammonium chloride/potassium chloride and silver nitrate). This group enjoyed the session and demanded little more information regarding detection of cations and anions in the given solution. With this demand, Dr. Sarvesh designed three experiments (one by observing the changes in the colours of the test papers and another, just observing the change) to detect the presence of ammonium radical in the given salts. Dr. Sarvesh dissolved a small amount (approximately 0.100 g) of each, solid ammonium chloride and solid potassium chloride separately in 2.0 cm of de-ionised water, in two different test tubes labeled '1' and '2' respectively. Two drops of each of the above solutions were separately taken in three different dry test tubes forming two different sets; one set kept on the extreme left and another on the extreme right. The three test tubes, in each of the two sets, were gently heated on adding six drops of 2 N sodium hydroxide (alkali) to each and the evolved gases were carefully brought in contact, separately, with a moist red litmus paper, a moist turmeric paper and a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid. Above the test tubes on the left hand side, in the first case, the paper turned blue (this was exactly opposite to acidic gases which turn moist blue litmus red), in the second case the paper turned brown and in the last case dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were observed. No such changes were observed in the colours of both the papers nor dense white fumes above the test tube on the right. Dr. Sarvesh explained that during the reactions between the reagents gaseous ammonia is liberated which is alkaline in nature and inferred that the solution in the left hand side test tubes contains ammonium radical while that in the right hand side test tube does not. Dr. Sarvesh then asked students to perform the test. In the first experiment, Ms. Riya, in addition to the earlier observations, found red litmus turning blue for the test tube on the right while Mr. Ravi, did not get the desired colour change of the turmeric paper on the left hand side test tube. Dr. Sarvesh explained to the students the proper way to perform the tests. Following the instructions from Dr. Sarvesh, when the students correctly performed the tests, they got the desired results. Mr. Ravi did not get the desired observation, because he brought
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Answer: (A) a turmeric paper in contact with the evolved gases above the test tube on the left

Explanation

When solid ammonium chloride is heated with sodium hydroxide, gaseous ammonia is liberated according to the following reaction:

NH₄Cl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O + NH₃

Dry ammonia gas is not basic by itself and does not affect dry indicators. To detect its alkaline nature, moisture is required to facilitate the dissociation and formation of hydroxide ions:

NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻

The presence of these hydroxide (OH⁻) ions is what causes the turmeric paper to turn from yellow to reddish-brown. In the standard experiment designed by Dr. Sarvesh, a moist turmeric paper was specified. Because Mr. Ravi used a dry turmeric paper in contact with the evolved gases above the left test tube, the necessary moisture was absent, preventing the formation of hydroxide ions and thus failing to show the desired colour change.

35Quantitative Aptitude
During the interactions with a group of standard VI students, Dr. Sarvesh demonstrated various experiments involving physical changes viz. Vapourisation/Evaporation (liquid to gas), Melting (solid to liquid), Sublimation (solid to gas) and Chemical changes viz. Neutralization (reaction between acid and alkali), Precipitation (reaction between ammonium chloride/potassium chloride and silver nitrate). This group enjoyed the session and demanded little more information regarding detection of cations and anions in the given solution. With this demand, Dr. Sarvesh designed three experiments (one by observing the changes in the colours of the test papers and another, just observing the change) to detect the presence of ammonium radical in the given salts. Dr. Sarvesh dissolved a small amount (approximately 0 - 100 ~g ) of each, solid ammonium chloride and solid potassium chloride separately in 2 - 0 ~cm of de- ionised water, in two different test tubes labeled '1' and '2' respectively. Two drops of each of the above solutions were separately taken in three different dry test tubes forming two different sets; one set kept on the extreme left and another on the extreme right. The three test tubes, in each of the two sets, were gently heated on adding six drops of 2 ~N sodium hydroxide (alkali) to each and the evolved gases were carefully brought in contact, separately, with a moist red litmus paper, a moist turmeric paper and a glass rod dipped in dilute hydrochloric acid. Above the test tubes on the left hand side, in the first case, the paper turned blue (this was exactly opposite to acidic gases which turn moist blue litmus red), in the second case the paper turned brown and in the last case dense white fumes of ammonium chloride were observed. No such changes were observed in the colours of both the papers nor dense white fumes above the test tube on the right. Dr. Sarvesh explained that during the reactions between the reagents gaseous ammonia is liberated which is alkaline in nature and inferred that the solution in the left hand side test tubes contains ammonium radical while that in the right hand side test tube does not. Dr. Sarvesh then asked students to perform the test. In the first experiment, Ms. Riya, in addition to the earlier observations, found red litmus turning blue for the test tube on the right while Mr. Ravi, did not get the desired colour change of the turmeric paper on the left hand side test tube. Dr. Sarvesh explained to the students the proper way to perform the tests. Following the instructions from Dr. Sarvesh, when the students correctly performed the tests, they got the desired results. Observations about white dense fumes are seen a. as a result of a chemical change b. as a result of neutralization reaction c. because ammonium chloride sublimes Which of the following options are correct ?
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Answer: (A) Only a and b

Explanation

The observation of dense white fumes occurs because of the reaction between ammonia gas (NH₃) evolved from the test tube and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the glass rod.

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

This reaction is a chemical change because the reactants, ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride, chemically combine to form a completely new substance, solid ammonium chloride, which has distinct chemical properties.

It is also a neutralization reaction because it involves the reaction between a basic gas (ammonia) and an acid (hydrochloric acid) to produce a salt (ammonium chloride).

Therefore, the dense white fumes of ammonium chloride are produced as a result of a chemical change and a neutralization reaction.

36Reading Comprehension
Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal as someone who could not take his own side in an argument. But contemporary constructions paint an opposite picture: Liberals are seen as self- satisfied ideologues with no stomach for a diversity of ideas. Exposing the political hypocrisy of liberals has become a rhetorical gambit to delegitimise the idea of liberalism itself. Alas, it has to be said that those who use this gambit have much ammunition to deploy. But there are also other sources of concern. Nicholas Kristof in a widely discussed New York Times column, argued that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives. Liberal institutions, rather than becoming shelters for diverse ideas and genuine contestation, were turning into monoliths of political correctness. Liberals were supposed to be able to think out of their skins; now they imprison themselves in boxes. Similar charges have been voiced in India, most recently by Gurcharan Das. These charges are often political gambits. The charge that liberals exclude and ostracise conservatives comes in many forms. There is one version of this charge that liberals do not have to be defensive about. A conservative presumption in favour of an old order is quite often associated with hierarchy; this usually has the odour of sexism, racism, homophobia, casteism, and hostility to minorities. Sometimes liberals can promote a kind of faux sanitisation of the intellectual environment in ways that close off debate. But the idea that institutional spaces should not legitimise sexism, racism, casteism, and xenophobia is one that every decent society ought to promote. There are conservative articulations that can, subtly or unsuitably, target specific groups. They make people uncomfortable in ways that have nothing to do with intellectual argument. Liberals are entirely right to be suspicious of these positions. To not be suspicious would be to abdicate a commitment to human dignity itself. From the paragraphs you can definitely conclude that Robert Frost is a/an
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Answer: (D) Author

Explanation

The passage states that Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal. Since he is the creator of this well-known definition, he is recognized as an author. There is no information in the passage to suggest that he is a liberal, a conservative, or a self-satisfied person (the passage attributes being self-satisfied to contemporary liberals, not to Frost himself). Therefore, he can be concluded to be an author.

37Reading Comprehension
Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal as someone who could not take his own side in an argument. But contemporary constructions paint an opposite picture: Liberals are seen as self- satisfied ideologues with no stomach for a diversity of ideas. Exposing the political hypocrisy of liberals has become a rhetorical gambit to delegitimise the idea of liberalism itself. Alas, it has to be said that those who use this gambit have much ammunition to deploy. But there are also other sources of concern. Nicholas Kristof in a widely discussed New York Times column, argued that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives. Liberal institutions, rather than becoming shelters for diverse ideas and genuine contestation, were turning into monoliths of political correctness. Liberals were supposed to be able to think out of their skins; now they imprison themselves in boxes. Similar charges have been voiced in India, most recently by Gurcharan Das. These charges are often political gambits. The charge that liberals exclude and ostracise conservatives comes in many forms. There is one version of this charge that liberals do not have to be defensive about. A conservative presumption in favour of an old order is quite often associated with hierarchy; this usually has the odour of sexism, racism, homophobia, casteism, and hostility to minorities. Sometimes liberals can promote a kind of faux sanitisation of the intellectual environment in ways that close off debate. But the idea that institutional spaces should not legitimise sexism, racism, casteism, and xenophobia is one that every decent society ought to promote. There are conservative articulations that can, subtly or unsuitably, target specific groups. They make people uncomfortable in ways that have nothing to do with intellectual argument. Liberals are entirely right to be suspicious of these positions. To not be suspicious would be to abdicate a commitment to human dignity itself. The paragraph
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Answer: (B) criticises liberals

Explanation

The passage primarily points out the shortcomings and contradictions of contemporary liberals. It highlights how modern liberals have evolved into self-satisfied ideologues who lack the capacity to tolerate a diversity of ideas, turning once-inclusive institutions into monoliths of political correctness. By noting that those who expose liberal hypocrisy have ample ammunition and that liberals now imprison themselves in boxes instead of thinking out of their skins, the author directly criticises liberals for failing to live up to the foundational values of liberalism.

38Reading Comprehension
Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal as someone who could not take his own side in an argument. But contemporary constructions paint an opposite picture: Liberals are seen as self- satisfied ideologues with no stomach for a diversity of ideas. Exposing the political hypocrisy of liberals has become a rhetorical gambit to delegitimise the idea of liberalism itself. Alas, it has to be said that those who use this gambit have much ammunition to deploy. But there are also other sources of concern. Nicholas Kristof in a widely discussed New York Times column, argued that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives. Liberal institutions, rather than becoming shelters for diverse ideas and genuine contestation, were turning into monoliths of political correctness. Liberals were supposed to be able to think out of their skins; now they imprison themselves in boxes. Similar charges have been voiced in India, most recently by Gurcharan Das. These charges are often political gambits. The charge that liberals exclude and ostracise conservatives comes in many forms. There is one version of this charge that liberals do not have to be defensive about. A conservative presumption in favour of an old order is quite often associated with hierarchy; this usually has the odour of sexism, racism, homophobia, casteism, and hostility to minorities. Sometimes liberals can promote a kind of faux sanitisation of the intellectual environment in ways that close off debate. But the idea that institutional spaces should not legitimise sexism, racism, casteism, and xenophobia is one that every decent society ought to promote. There are conservative articulations that can, subtly or unsuitably, target specific groups. They make people uncomfortable in ways that have nothing to do with intellectual argument. Liberals are entirely right to be suspicious of these positions. To not be suspicious would be to abdicate a commitment to human dignity itself. American universities have hiring practices opposed to
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Answer: (A) Conservatives

Explanation

According to the passage, Nicholas Kristof argued in his New York Times column that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives, which means these institutions have hiring practices opposed to conservatives.

39Reading Comprehension
Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal as someone who could not take his own side in an argument. But contemporary constructions paint an opposite picture: Liberals are seen as self- satisfied ideologues with no stomach for a diversity of ideas. Exposing the political hypocrisy of liberals has become a rhetorical gambit to delegitimise the idea of liberalism itself. Alas, it has to be said that those who use this gambit have much ammunition to deploy. But there are also other sources of concern. Nicholas Kristof in a widely discussed New York Times column, argued that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives. Liberal institutions, rather than becoming shelters for diverse ideas and genuine contestation, were turning into monoliths of political correctness. Liberals were supposed to be able to think out of their skins; now they imprison themselves in boxes. Similar charges have been voiced in India, most recently by Gurcharan Das. These charges are often political gambits. The charge that liberals exclude and ostracise conservatives comes in many forms. There is one version of this charge that liberals do not have to be defensive about. A conservative presumption in favour of an old order is quite often associated with hierarchy; this usually has the odour of sexism, racism, homophobia, casteism, and hostility to minorities. Sometimes liberals can promote a kind of faux sanitisation of the intellectual environment in ways that close off debate. But the idea that institutional spaces should not legitimise sexism, racism, casteism, and xenophobia is one that every decent society ought to promote. There are conservative articulations that can, subtly or unsuitably, target specific groups. They make people uncomfortable in ways that have nothing to do with intellectual argument. Liberals are entirely right to be suspicious of these positions. To not be suspicious would be to abdicate a commitment to human dignity itself. Nicolas Kristof is a
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Answer: (C) introspecting liberal

Explanation

Nicholas Kristof is a prominent liberal columnist for The New York Times. In the column referenced in the passage, he critiques liberal institutions—specifically American universities—for their lack of intellectual diversity and systemic bias against conservatives. Rather than directing his criticism outward toward political opponents, Kristof turns his analytical lens inward to challenge the tribalism and political correctness of his fellow liberals. By examining the shortcomings and hypocrisies within his own ideological group, he acts as an introspecting liberal.

40Reading Comprehension
Robert Frost once famously defined a liberal as someone who could not take his own side in an argument. But contemporary constructions paint an opposite picture: Liberals are seen as self- satisfied ideologues with no stomach for a diversity of ideas. Exposing the political hypocrisy of liberals has become a rhetorical gambit to delegitimise the idea of liberalism itself. Alas, it has to be said that those who use this gambit have much ammunition to deploy. But there are also other sources of concern. Nicholas Kristof in a widely discussed New York Times column, argued that the hiring practices of American universities were biased against conservatives. Liberal institutions, rather than becoming shelters for diverse ideas and genuine contestation, were turning into monoliths of political correctness. Liberals were supposed to be able to think out of their skins; now they imprison themselves in boxes. Similar charges have been voiced in India, most recently by Gurcharan Das. These charges are often political gambits. The charge that liberals exclude and ostracise conservatives comes in many forms. There is one version of this charge that liberals do not have to be defensive about. A conservative presumption in favour of an old order is quite often associated with hierarchy; this usually has the odour of sexism, racism, homophobia, casteism, and hostility to minorities. Sometimes liberals can promote a kind of faux sanitisation of the intellectual environment in ways that close off debate. But the idea that institutional spaces should not legitimise sexism, racism, casteism, and xenophobia is one that every decent society ought to promote. There are conservative articulations that can, subtly or unsuitably, target specific groups. They make people uncomfortable in ways that have nothing to do with intellectual argument. Liberals are entirely right to be suspicious of these positions. To not be suspicious would be to abdicate a commitment to human dignity itself. The author of the paragraph is
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Answer: (C) worried about the deteriorating condition of liberals

Explanation

The author expresses profound concern about how contemporary liberals have deviated from the open-minded, self-critical nature historically associated with liberalism. The text highlights that liberals are now viewed as self-satisfied ideologues who lack appreciation for a diversity of ideas and imprison themselves in boxes of political correctness, thereby providing critics with ample ammunition to delegitimize the core philosophy of liberalism. By defending genuine liberal principles like human dignity and opposition to discrimination while pointing out the intellectual closed-mindedness of contemporary liberal institutions, the author shows anxiety regarding the deteriorating standards and conduct of modern liberals.

41Reading Comprehension
इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत नेऊन पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी त्यांनी शाळा काढल्या. विधेच्या क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील त्यांचे वर्चस्व या गोष्टी बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीच्या आड येत होत्या. फुले यांनी त्यांच्यावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविला; आणि स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कांसाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना प्रवृत्त केले. मात्र महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याखेरीज राहिला नाही. ते ख्रिस्ताळलेले होते, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे होते, इंग्रजधारजिणे होते, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर केले गेले. रांडेप्रभृती काही अगदी थोडे सुधारक वगळल्यास त्यांच्या चळवळीला उचवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोधच झाला. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली. इ.स. 1895 मध्ये आगरकर कालवश झाले. सन 1901 मध्ये रांडे यांची प्राणज्योत मालवली. त्यानंतर सामाजिक चळवळीला कोणी धुरंधर नेता राहिला नाही. अशा स्थितीत शाहूमहाराजांनी फुले आणि रांडे यांचे सामाजिक सुधारणेचे कार्य हिरिरीने पुढे चालू ठेवले. "मागासलेल्या लोकांच्या उत्रतिकरिता माझे कैलासवासी मित्र न्यायमूर्ती रांडे व गोपाळराव गोखले यांनी पुष्कळ श्रम केले. मागासलेल्या लोकांत विधेचा प्रसार होण्याकरिता विशेष प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, ही मूळ कल्पना मला त्यांच्यापासूनच आली." रांडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांची दृष्टी उदार व सर्वसंग्राहक होती. त्यांचा येथे जय झाला असता तर वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नसती, असे खुद शाहूछत्रपतींचे मत होते. मात्र रांडे यांच्या कार्यपद्धतीतील नेमस्तपणा महाराजांच्या प्रकृतीला मानवण्यासारखा नव्हता. तसेच पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा फुले यांचा मर्मभेदी सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणाही त्यांना ग्राह्य वाटला नाही. म्हणून महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून शाहूमहाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली. महाराज प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहू लागले, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानाच्या शासनयंत्रणेतही उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. हे ज्येष्ठ अधिकारी मादीचे एकनिष्ठ सेवक असले, तरी त्यांचे सनातनी आचारविचार पूर्वग्रह आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव आहे, याची शाहूछत्रपतींना जाणीव होती. म्हणून त्यांनी यथावकाश आपल्या विश्वासातील माणसांच्या वेगवेगळ्या अधिकारपदांवर नेमणुका करून शासनावरील आपली पकड दृढ केली. आधीच्या काळात निरंकुशपणे हुकमत गाजविण्याचा सराव झालेले इंग्रज अधिकारी त्यांच्या लहरीपाला लगाम घातला जाणार, असे दिसू लागताच लबकर नोकरी सोडून निघून गेले. त्यामुळे आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा नवा संच सिद्ध करण्याची योजना महाराजांना तडीस नेता आली. त्यानंतर बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीसाठी नि:शंकपणे पावले टाकण्यास त्यांनी सुरुवात केली. आपल्या राज्यातील निरनिराळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी त्यांनी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला; आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी शक्य ती उपाययोजना केली. त्यामुळे त्यांना आपल्या प्रजाजनांचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला. गरिबांचे कैवारी म्हणून सर्व जण त्यांना ओळखू लागले. त्यांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, याचे खरे कारण हेच होय. 41. महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम कोणते काम हाती घेतले ? अ. इंग्रजी शिक्षणातून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत पोहोचविले. ब. राज्यातील विविध भागांत दौरे काढले. क. आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा संच तयार केला. ड. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी शाळा काढल्या.
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Answer: (C) फक्त अ आणि ड

Explanation

उताऱ्याच्या पहिल्या दोन ओळींमध्ये स्पष्टपणे नमूद केले आहे की, इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवा वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले आणि त्यांनी स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी शाळा काढल्या. यामुळे विधान अ आणि ड बरोबर आहेत.

42Reading Comprehension
इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत नेऊन पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी त्यांनी शाळा काढल्या. विधेच्या क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील त्यांचे वर्चस्व या गोष्टी बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीच्या आड येत होत्या. फुले यांनी त्यांच्यावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविला; आणि स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कांसाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना प्रवृत्त केले. मात्र महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याखेरीज राहिला नाही. ते ख्रिस्ताळलेले होते, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे होते, इंग्रजधारजिणे होते, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर केले गेले. रांडेप्रभृती काही अगदी थोडे सुधारक वगळल्यास त्यांच्या चळवळीला उचवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोधच झाला. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली. इ.स. 1895 मध्ये आगरकर कालवश झाले. सन 1901 मध्ये रांडे यांची प्राणज्योत मालवली. त्यानंतर सामाजिक चळवळीला कोणी धुरंधर नेता राहिला नाही. अशा स्थितीत शाहूमहाराजांनी फुले आणि रांडे यांचे सामाजिक सुधारणेचे कार्य हिरिरीने पुढे चालू ठेवले. "मागासलेल्या लोकांच्या उत्रतिकरिता माझे कैलासवासी मित्र न्यायमूर्ती रांडे व गोपाळराव गोखले यांनी पुष्कळ श्रम केले. मागासलेल्या लोकांत विधेचा प्रसार होण्याकरिता विशेष प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, ही मूळ कल्पना मला त्यांच्यापासूनच आली." रांडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांची दृष्टी उदार व सर्वसंग्राहक होती. त्यांचा येथे जय झाला असता तर वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नसती, असे खुद शाहूछत्रपतींचे मत होते. मात्र रांडे यांच्या कार्यपद्धतीतील नेमस्तपणा महाराजांच्या प्रकृतीला मानवण्यासारखा नव्हता. तसेच पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा फुले यांचा मर्मभेदी सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणाही त्यांना ग्राह्य वाटला नाही. म्हणून महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून शाहूमहाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली. महाराज प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहू लागले, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानाच्या शासनयंत्रणेतही उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. हे ज्येष्ठ अधिकारी मादीचे एकनिष्ठ सेवक असले, तरी त्यांचे सनातनी आचारविचार पूर्वग्रह आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव आहे, याची शाहूछत्रपतींना जाणीव होती. म्हणून त्यांनी यथावकाश आपल्या विश्वासातील माणसांच्या वेगवेगळ्या अधिकारपदांवर नेमणुका करून शासनावरील आपली पकड दृढ केली. आधीच्या काळात निरंकुशपणे हुकमत गाजविण्याचा सराव झालेले इंग्रज अधिकारी त्यांच्या लहरीपाला लगाम घातला जाणार, असे दिसू लागताच लबकर नोकरी सोडून निघून गेले. त्यामुळे आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा नवा संच सिद्ध करण्याची योजना महाराजांना तडीस नेता आली. त्यानंतर बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीसाठी नि:शंकपणे पावले टाकण्यास त्यांनी सुरुवात केली. आपल्या राज्यातील निरनिराळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी त्यांनी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला; आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी शक्य ती उपाययोजना केली. त्यामुळे त्यांना आपल्या प्रजाजनांचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला. गरिबांचे कैवारी म्हणून सर्व जण त्यांना ओळखू लागले. त्यांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, याचे खरे कारण हेच होय. महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम काय झाला ? अ. विद्येचे आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी व वर्चस्वाला धक्का पोहचू लागला. ब. वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नाही. क. महात्मा फुले हे इंग्रजधार्जिणे, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे, ख्रिस्ताळलेले आहेत, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर होऊ लागले. ड. सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली.
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Answer: (D) फक्त अ आणि क

Explanation

उताऱ्यातील विश्लेषणानुसार, महात्मा फुले यांनी विद्येच्या व धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांच्या मक्तेदारीवर आणि वर्चस्वावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविल्यामुळे त्यांच्या या वर्चस्वाला व मक्तेदारीला धक्का पोहचू लागला, जे विधान अ मध्ये दिले आहे.

तसेच, उताऱ्यात स्पष्टपणे नमूद केले आहे की त्यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याशिवाय राहिला नाही आणि त्यांच्यावर ख्रिस्ताळलेले, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे तसेच इंग्रजधार्जिणे असल्याचे आरोप करण्यात आले, जे विधान क मध्ये दिलेले आहे.

दुसरीकडे, सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागणे ही बाब त्यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम नसून त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर ओढवलेली परिस्थिती होती. त्यामुळे केवळ अ आणि क ही विधाने फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचे परिणाम दर्शवतात.

43Reading Comprehension
इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत नेऊन पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी त्यांनी शाळा काढल्या. विधेच्या क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील त्यांचे वर्चस्व या गोष्टी बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीच्या आड येत होत्या. फुले यांनी त्यांच्यावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविला; आणि स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कांसाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना प्रवृत्त केले. मात्र महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याखेरीज राहिला नाही. ते ख्रिस्ताळलेले होते, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे होते, इंग्रजधारजिणे होते, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर केले गेले. रांडेप्रभृती काही अगदी थोडे सुधारक वगळल्यास त्यांच्या चळवळीला उचवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोधच झाला. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली. इ.स. 1895 मध्ये आगरकर कालवश झाले. सन 1901 मध्ये रांडे यांची प्राणज्योत मालवली. त्यानंतर सामाजिक चळवळीला कोणी धुरंधर नेता राहिला नाही. अशा स्थितीत शाहूमहाराजांनी फुले आणि रांडे यांचे सामाजिक सुधारणेचे कार्य हिरिरीने पुढे चालू ठेवले. "मागासलेल्या लोकांच्या उत्रतिकरिता माझे कैलासवासी मित्र न्यायमूर्ती रांडे व गोपाळराव गोखले यांनी पुष्कळ श्रम केले. मागासलेल्या लोकांत विधेचा प्रसार होण्याकरिता विशेष प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, ही मूळ कल्पना मला त्यांच्यापासूनच आली." रांडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांची दृष्टी उदार व सर्वसंग्राहक होती. त्यांचा येथे जय झाला असता तर वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नसती, असे खुद शाहूछत्रपतींचे मत होते. मात्र रांडे यांच्या कार्यपद्धतीतील नेमस्तपणा महाराजांच्या प्रकृतीला मानवण्यासारखा नव्हता. तसेच पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा फुले यांचा मर्मभेदी सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणाही त्यांना ग्राह्य वाटला नाही. म्हणून महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून शाहूमहाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली. महाराज प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहू लागले, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानाच्या शासनयंत्रणेतही उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. हे ज्येष्ठ अधिकारी मादीचे एकनिष्ठ सेवक असले, तरी त्यांचे सनातनी आचारविचार पूर्वग्रह आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव आहे, याची शाहूछत्रपतींना जाणीव होती. म्हणून त्यांनी यथावकाश आपल्या विश्वासातील माणसांच्या वेगवेगळ्या अधिकारपदांवर नेमणुका करून शासनावरील आपली पकड दृढ केली. आधीच्या काळात निरंकुशपणे हुकमत गाजविण्याचा सराव झालेले इंग्रज अधिकारी त्यांच्या लहरीपाला लगाम घातला जाणार, असे दिसू लागताच लबकर नोकरी सोडून निघून गेले. त्यामुळे आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा नवा संच सिद्ध करण्याची योजना महाराजांना तडीस नेता आली. त्यानंतर बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीसाठी नि:शंकपणे पावले टाकण्यास त्यांनी सुरुवात केली. आपल्या राज्यातील निरनिराळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी त्यांनी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला; आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी शक्य ती उपाययोजना केली. त्यामुळे त्यांना आपल्या प्रजाजनांचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला. गरिबांचे कैवारी म्हणून सर्व जण त्यांना ओळखू लागले. त्यांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, याचे खरे कारण हेच होय. महात्मा फुले यांचे विचार बहुजनसमाजाच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत, कारण अ. महात्मा फुले यांच्या विचारांना उच्चवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोध झाला. ब. स्त्रियांच्या शिक्षणासाठीच महात्मा फुले यांनी शाळा काढल्या. क. स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कासाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रवृत्त केले. ड. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झालेला नव्हता.
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Answer: (C) फक्त ड

Explanation

उताऱ्यातील "बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत." या वाक्यावरून स्पष्ट होते की बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झालेला नव्हता, म्हणूनच महात्मा फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यामुळे दिलेल्या विधानांपैकी केवळ 'ड' हे विधान बरोबर आहे.

44Reading Comprehension
इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत नेऊन पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी त्यांनी शाळा काढल्या. विधेच्या क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील त्यांचे वर्चस्व या गोष्टी बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीच्या आड येत होत्या. फुले यांनी त्यांच्यावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविला; आणि स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कांसाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना प्रवृत्त केले. मात्र महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याखेरीज राहिला नाही. ते ख्रिस्ताळलेले होते, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे होते, इंग्रजधारजिणे होते, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर केले गेले. रांडेप्रभृती काही अगदी थोडे सुधारक वगळल्यास त्यांच्या चळवळीला उचवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोधच झाला. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली. इ.स. 1895 मध्ये आगरकर कालवश झाले. सन 1901 मध्ये रांडे यांची प्राणज्योत मालवली. त्यानंतर सामाजिक चळवळीला कोणी धुरंधर नेता राहिला नाही. अशा स्थितीत शाहूमहाराजांनी फुले आणि रांडे यांचे सामाजिक सुधारणेचे कार्य हिरिरीने पुढे चालू ठेवले. "मागासलेल्या लोकांच्या उत्रतिकरिता माझे कैलासवासी मित्र न्यायमूर्ती रांडे व गोपाळराव गोखले यांनी पुष्कळ श्रम केले. मागासलेल्या लोकांत विधेचा प्रसार होण्याकरिता विशेष प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, ही मूळ कल्पना मला त्यांच्यापासूनच आली." रांडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांची दृष्टी उदार व सर्वसंग्राहक होती. त्यांचा येथे जय झाला असता तर वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नसती, असे खुद शाहूछत्रपतींचे मत होते. मात्र रांडे यांच्या कार्यपद्धतीतील नेमस्तपणा महाराजांच्या प्रकृतीला मानवण्यासारखा नव्हता. तसेच पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा फुले यांचा मर्मभेदी सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणाही त्यांना ग्राह्य वाटला नाही. म्हणून महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून शाहूमहाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली. महाराज प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहू लागले, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानाच्या शासनयंत्रणेतही उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. हे ज्येष्ठ अधिकारी मादीचे एकनिष्ठ सेवक असले, तरी त्यांचे सनातनी आचारविचार पूर्वग्रह आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव आहे, याची शाहूछत्रपतींना जाणीव होती. म्हणून त्यांनी यथावकाश आपल्या विश्वासातील माणसांच्या वेगवेगळ्या अधिकारपदांवर नेमणुका करून शासनावरील आपली पकड दृढ केली. आधीच्या काळात निरंकुशपणे हुकमत गाजविण्याचा सराव झालेले इंग्रज अधिकारी त्यांच्या लहरीपाला लगाम घातला जाणार, असे दिसू लागताच लबकर नोकरी सोडून निघून गेले. त्यामुळे आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा नवा संच सिद्ध करण्याची योजना महाराजांना तडीस नेता आली. त्यानंतर बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीसाठी नि:शंकपणे पावले टाकण्यास त्यांनी सुरुवात केली. आपल्या राज्यातील निरनिराळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी त्यांनी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला; आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी शक्य ती उपाययोजना केली. त्यामुळे त्यांना आपल्या प्रजाजनांचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला. गरिबांचे कैवारी म्हणून सर्व जण त्यांना ओळखू लागले. त्यांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, याचे खरे कारण हेच होय. शाहूमहाराजांना महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवाविशी का वाटली ? अ. सनातन्यांचा आचारविचार आणि पूर्वग्रह सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव होता. ब. शासनयंत्रणेत उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. क. पूर्वपरंपरांच्या मूळावर घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा महात्मा फुले यांचा सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणा त्यांना योग्य वाटला नाही. ड. रानडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांचे विचार समाजाच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत.
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Answer: (D) फक्त ब आणि क

Explanation

शाहूमहाराजांनी प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहण्यास सुरुवात केली, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानच्या शासनयंत्रणेत उच्चवर्णीयांचेच वर्चस्व होते. हे उच्चवर्णीय अधिकारी आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरू नयेत आणि बहुजनसमाजाची प्रगती व्हावी, या हेतूने त्यांना या चळवळीची गरज भासली.

तसेच, पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा महात्मा फुले यांचा सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणा शाहूमहाराजांना ग्राह्य व योग्य वाटला नाही. त्यामुळे महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रानडे यांची समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून महाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली.

45Reading Comprehension
पुढील उतारावाचून त्यावर आधारित 41 ते 45 प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या : इंग्रजी शिक्षणामधून आलेल्या नव्या जाणिवांचे लोक वेगवेगळ्या थरांतील सर्वसामान्य लोकांपर्यंत नेऊन पोहोचविण्याचे काम महात्मा फुले यांनी प्रथम हाती घेतले. स्त्रियांच्या व अस्पृश्यांच्या शिक्षणासाठी त्यांनी शाळा काढल्या. विधेच्या क्षेत्रातील ब्राह्मणांची मक्तेदारी आणि धार्मिक क्षेत्रातील त्यांचे वर्चस्व या गोष्टी बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीच्या आड येत होत्या. फुले यांनी त्यांच्यावर जोरदार हल्ला चढविला; आणि स्वत:च्या नैसर्गिक मानवी हक्कांसाठी झगडण्यास शुद्रातिशुद्रांना प्रवृत्त केले. मात्र महात्मा फुले यांच्या बंडखोर भूमिकेचा परिणाम झाल्याखेरीज राहिला नाही. ते ख्रिस्ताळलेले होते, ब्राह्मणद्वेष्टे होते, इंग्रजधारजिणे होते, असे आरोप त्यांच्यावर केले गेले. रांडेप्रभृती काही अगदी थोडे सुधारक वगळल्यास त्यांच्या चळवळीला उचवर्णीय नेत्यांकडून विरोधच झाला. बहुजनसमाजात शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाला नसल्याने फुले यांचे विचार त्यांच्या पचनी पडले नाहीत. त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर सत्यशोधक चळवळीला ओहोटी लागली. इ.स. 1895 मध्ये आगरकर कालवश झाले. सन 1901 मध्ये रांडे यांची प्राणज्योत मालवली. त्यानंतर सामाजिक चळवळीला कोणी धुरंधर नेता राहिला नाही. अशा स्थितीत शाहूमहाराजांनी फुले आणि रांडे यांचे सामाजिक सुधारणेचे कार्य हिरिरीने पुढे चालू ठेवले. "मागासलेल्या लोकांच्या उत्रतिकरिता माझे कैलासवासी मित्र न्यायमूर्ती रांडे व गोपाळराव गोखले यांनी पुष्कळ श्रम केले. मागासलेल्या लोकांत विधेचा प्रसार होण्याकरिता विशेष प्रयत्न केले पाहिजेत, ही मूळ कल्पना मला त्यांच्यापासूनच आली." रांडे, आगरकर, गोखले यांची दृष्टी उदार व सर्वसंग्राहक होती. त्यांचा येथे जय झाला असता तर वेगळ्या ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची गरज पडली नसती, असे खुद शाहूछत्रपतींचे मत होते. मात्र रांडे यांच्या कार्यपद्धतीतील नेमस्तपणा महाराजांच्या प्रकृतीला मानवण्यासारखा नव्हता. तसेच पूर्वपरंपरेच्या मुळावरच घाव घालून सामाजिक जीवनातील सातत्य नष्ट करणारा फुले यांचा मर्मभेदी सर्वंकष बंडखोरपणाही त्यांना ग्राह्य वाटला नाही. म्हणून महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घालून शाहूमहाराजांनी महाराष्ट्रात ब्राह्मणेतर चळवळीची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली. महाराज प्रत्यक्ष कारभार पाहू लागले, तेव्हा कोल्हापूर संस्थानाच्या शासनयंत्रणेतही उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा होता. हे ज्येष्ठ अधिकारी मादीचे एकनिष्ठ सेवक असले, तरी त्यांचे सनातनी आचारविचार पूर्वग्रह आपल्या सुधारणावादी धोरणास बाधक ठरण्याचा संभव आहे, याची शाहूछत्रपतींना जाणीव होती. म्हणून त्यांनी यथावकाश आपल्या विश्वासातील माणसांच्या वेगवेगळ्या अधिकारपदांवर नेमणुका करून शासनावरील आपली पकड दृढ केली. आधीच्या काळात निरंकुशपणे हुकमत गाजविण्याचा सराव झालेले इंग्रज अधिकारी त्यांच्या लहरीपाला लगाम घातला जाणार, असे दिसू लागताच लबकर नोकरी सोडून निघून गेले. त्यामुळे आपल्या धोरणाशी इमान राखणाऱ्या सेवकांचा नवा संच सिद्ध करण्याची योजना महाराजांना तडीस नेता आली. त्यानंतर बहुजनसमाजाच्या उत्रतीसाठी नि:शंकपणे पावले टाकण्यास त्यांनी सुरुवात केली. आपल्या राज्यातील निरनिराळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी त्यांनी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला; आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी शक्य ती उपाययोजना केली. त्यामुळे त्यांना आपल्या प्रजाजनांचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला. गरिबांचे कैवारी म्हणून सर्व जण त्यांना ओळखू लागले. त्यांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, याचे खरे कारण हेच होय. 45. शाहूमहाराजांच्या सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या व दलितोद्धाराच्या कार्याला लोकांचा विरोध का झाला नाही ? अ. शासनयंत्रणेत उच्चवर्णीयांचाच भरणा केला. ब. समाजातील सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी समरसतेने संपर्क साधून त्यांच्या अडी-अडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी उपाययोजना केली. क. महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्या. रांडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घातली. ड. इंग्रज अधिकाऱ्यांच्या लहरी पणाला लगाम घातला.
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Answer: (A) फक्त ब आणि क

Explanation

उताऱ्यातील शेवटच्या परिच्छेदानुसार, शाहूमहाराजांनी राज्यातील वेगवेगळ्या भागांत दौरे काढून सर्व थरांतील लोकांशी समरसतेने संपर्क साधला आणि त्यांच्या अडीअडचणी समजून घेऊन त्या दूर करण्यासाठी उपाययोजना केली. यामुळे त्यांना प्रजेचा विश्वास संपादन करता आला व त्यांच्या कार्याला विरोध झाला नाही, हे विधान 'ब' मध्ये दिले आहे.

तसेच, पहिल्या परिच्छेदाच्या शेवटी स्पष्ट केल्यानुसार, शाहूमहाराजांनी महात्मा फुले यांचा संघर्षवाद आणि न्यायमूर्ती रानडे यांची परंपरानिष्ठ समन्वयशील वास्तवाभिमुख दृष्टी यांची सांगड घातली. या समन्वयी आणि सर्वसमावेशक दृष्टिकोनामुळे त्यांच्या कार्यास लोकांचा विरोध झाला नाही, हे विधान 'क' मध्ये दर्शवले आहे.

46Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 46 to 50: The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the 'native town', the Negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there, it matters not where, nor how. The 'native town' is a hungry town, starved of bread, of meat, of shoes, of coal, of light. The native town is a crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire... The look that the native turns on the settler's town is a look of lust, a look of envy... The colonized man is an envious man. And this the settler knows very well... It is true, for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place. This world divided into compartments is inhabited by two different species. The originality of the colonial context is that economic reality, inequality, and the immense difference of ways of life never come to mask the human realities. When you examine at close quarters the colonial context, it is evident that what parcels out the world is to begin with the fact of belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species. In the colonies the economic substructure is also a superstructure. The cause is the consequence; you are rich because you are white, you are white because you are rich. In the colonies, the foreigner coming from another country imposed his rule by means of guns and machines. In defiance of his successful transplantation, in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. It is neither the act of owning factories, nor estates, nor a bank balance which distinguishes the governing classes. The governing race is first and foremost those who come from elsewhere, those who are unlike the original inhabitants, "the others". Why is the 'native town' a hungry town ? a. It did not have agricultural farms. b. It did not have markets. c. The blacks were steeped in poverty. d. They were denied their fundamental rights by the whites.
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Answer: (B) Only c and d

Explanation

In the colonial context described in the passage, the native town or Negro village is characterized by extreme deprivation, being starved of bread, meat, shoes, coal, and light. This severe lack of basic life amenities highlights that the native black population was deeply steeped in poverty. Additionally, the passage emphasizes a strictly compartmentalized colonial system where the ruling race came from elsewhere and imposed their dominance by force using guns and machines. This structural inequality and absolute racial segregation meant that the colonizers systematically denied the native population their fundamental human and socio-economic rights.

47Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 46 to 50: The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the 'native town', the Negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there, it matters not where, nor how. The 'native town' is a hungry town, starved of bread, of meat, of shoes, of coal, of light. The native town is a crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire... The look that the native turns on the settler's town is a look of lust, a look of envy... The colonized man is an envious man. And this the settler knows very well... It is true, for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place. This world divided into compartments is inhabited by two different species. The originality of the colonial context is that economic reality, inequality, and the immense difference of ways of life never come to mask the human realities. When you examine at close quarters the colonial context, it is evident that what parcels out the world is to begin with the fact of belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species. In the colonies the economic substructure is also a superstructure. The cause is the consequence; you are rich because you are white, you are white because you are rich. In the colonies, the foreigner coming from another country imposed his rule by means of guns and machines. In defiance of his successful transplantation, in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. It is neither the act of owning factories, nor estates, nor a bank balance which distinguishes the governing classes. The governing race is first and foremost those who come from elsewhere, those who are unlike the original inhabitants, "the others". Why does the native look at the settler's town with envy ? a. It arises from a sense of desperation. b. He has no other option in his life. c. He wants to occupy a position of power. d. He wants to be the colonizer instead of the colonized.
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Answer: (D) c and d are correct

Explanation

The passage, excerpted from Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, illustrates the psychological and physical division of the colonial world. The native turns a look of envy and lust toward the settler's town because the native desires to subvert the colonial hierarchy by reversing roles. This is directly supported by the text which states that "there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place."

This ambition to take over the settler's place means that the native wants to occupy the dominant position of power and wishes to assume the role of the colonizer rather than remaining the colonized.

48Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 46 to 50: The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the 'native town', the Negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there, it matters not where, nor how. The 'native town' is a hungry town, starved of bread, of meat, of shoes, of coal, of light. The native town is a crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire... The look that the native turns on the settler's town is a look of lust, a look of envy... The colonized man is an envious man. And this the settler knows very well... It is true, for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place. This world divided into compartments is inhabited by two different species. The originality of the colonial context is that economic reality, inequality, and the immense difference of ways of life never come to mask the human realities. When you examine at close quarters the colonial context, it is evident that what parcels out the world is to begin with the fact of belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species. In the colonies the economic substructure is also a superstructure. The cause is the consequence; you are rich because you are white, you are white because you are rich. In the colonies, the foreigner coming from another country imposed his rule by means of guns and machines. In defiance of his successful transplantation, in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. It is neither the act of owning factories, nor estates, nor a bank balance which distinguishes the governing classes. The governing race is first and foremost those who come from elsewhere, those who are unlike the original inhabitants, "the others". What is the settler's attitude towards the blacks ? a. The settler is not afraid. b. The settler considers the blacks to be harmless. c. The settler is contemptuous of the blacks. d. The settler feels resentment because he knows that his position is never safe.
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Answer: (A) c and d are correct

Explanation

The passage depicts the settler's deep contempt for the colonized people by describing the native town as a place of ill fame peopled by men of evil repute, wallowing in the mire, which illustrates a highly contemptuous attitude. Simultaneously, the settler is fully aware that the colonized man is envious and constantly dreams of setting himself up in the settler's place. This knowledge that the natives desire to usurp the settler's position makes the settler feel resentful and deeply insecure, knowing that his position is never entirely safe. These details directly support both statements c and d.

49Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 46 to 50: The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the 'native town', the Negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there, it matters not where, nor how. The 'native town' is a hungry town, starved of bread, of meat, of shoes, of coal, of light. The native town is a crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire... The look that the native turns on the settler's town is a look of lust, a look of envy... The colonized man is an envious man. And this the settler knows very well... It is true, for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place. This world divided into compartments is inhabited by two different species. The originality of the colonial context is that economic reality, inequality, and the immense difference of ways of life never come to mask the human realities. When you examine at close quarters the colonial context, it is evident that what parcels out the world is to begin with the fact of belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species. In the colonies the economic substructure is also a superstructure. The cause is the consequence; you are rich because you are white, you are white because you are rich. In the colonies, the foreigner coming from another country imposed his rule by means of guns and machines. In defiance of his successful transplantation, in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. It is neither the act of owning factories, nor estates, nor a bank balance which distinguishes the governing classes. The governing race is first and foremost those who come from elsewhere, those who are unlike the original inhabitants, "the others". The statement 'you are rich because you are white' means a. That your gender defines your status in the colony. b. That your race defines your status in the colony. c. The place that you come from defines your status in the colony. d. The language that you speak defines your status in the colony.
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Answer: (C) Only b is correct

Explanation

In the colonial context described in Frantz Fanon's passage, societal division is fundamentally organized around racial categorization rather than purely economic lines. The statement 'you are rich because you are white' implies that a person's race directly determines their socio-economic status, wealth, and privilege in the colony. In this setup, the economic structure is completely fused with racial identity, making race the primary defining factor of an individual's position within the colonial hierarchy.

50Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 46 to 50: The town belonging to the colonized people, or at least the 'native town', the Negro village, the medina, the reservation, is a place of ill fame, peopled by men of evil repute. They are born there, it matters little where or how; they die there, it matters not where, nor how. The 'native town' is a hungry town, starved of bread, of meat, of shoes, of coal, of light. The native town is a crouching village, a town on its knees, a town wallowing in the mire... The look that the native turns on the settler's town is a look of lust, a look of envy... The colonized man is an envious man. And this the settler knows very well... It is true, for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day of setting himself up in the settler's place. This world divided into compartments is inhabited by two different species. The originality of the colonial context is that economic reality, inequality, and the immense difference of ways of life never come to mask the human realities. When you examine at close quarters the colonial context, it is evident that what parcels out the world is to begin with the fact of belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species. In the colonies the economic substructure is also a superstructure. The cause is the consequence; you are rich because you are white, you are white because you are rich. In the colonies, the foreigner coming from another country imposed his rule by means of guns and machines. In defiance of his successful transplantation, in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. It is neither the act of owning factories, nor estates, nor a bank balance which distinguishes the governing classes. The governing race is first and foremost those who come from elsewhere, those who are unlike the original inhabitants, "the others". In spite of seizing the land the settler always remains a. a native b. an ally c. a foreigner d. None of the above
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Answer: (B) Only c is correct

Explanation

According to the passage, the settler, despite successfully transplanting themselves and appropriating resources such as land, factories, estates, or bank balances, continues to be characterized as an outsider who is fundamentally distinct from the original inhabitants of the colonized territory. The text explicitly states that in spite of his appropriation, the settler still remains a foreigner. This highlights the absolute division and distinction based on origin and race in a colonial context.

51Logical Reasoning
Study the information and relationship given and select the option that shows it. x ÷ y represents that x is the mother of y. x - y represents that x is the brother of y. x + y represents that x is the sister of y. x × y represents that x is the daughter of y. m + n - o × p ÷ q
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Answer: (B) m, n, o, q are the children of p.

Explanation

By decoding the relations in the expression m + n - o × p ÷ q step by step, we can determine the family structure:

First, m + n indicates that m is the sister of n. Second, n - o indicates that n is the brother of o. Third, o × p indicates that o is the daughter of p. Since m, n, and o are siblings, it follows that m, n, and o are children of p. Fourth, p ÷ q indicates that p is the mother of q. This makes q another sibling of m, n, and o, and thus also a child of p.

Combining these facts, p is the mother of m, n, o, and q, meaning m, n, o, and q are the children of p.

52Logical Reasoning
Suma, Bano and Jack, each have prepared their own English alphabets, digits and other symbols series as follows : Suma : 6, %, 1, #, 9, H, E, 2, Ω, ∇, L, F, Ø Bano : @, 7, 3, |, A, J, Ø, Ø, X, 4, ×, C, + Jack : P, ♀, 8, Y, 0, N, 5, D, >, =, >, T They have devised a play of forming groups of three elements with the following rules. No element will be repeated, Bano is supposed to move alphabets by starting from the right end of her series, Jack is supposed to move elements of digital symbols from the left end of his series, and the last person will move other elements from the right end of her series. They moved their elements according to their serial order each time. Select the group that ends their play.
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Answer: (C) (J, ∇, 0)

Explanation

According to the rules of the play:

First, Bano moves English alphabets starting from the left end of her series. Her series is @, 7, 3, |, A, J, Ø, Ø, X, 4, ×, C, +. The alphabets selected from left to right are A first, J second, X third, and C fourth.

Second, Jack moves digits starting from the left end of his series. His series is P, ♀, 8, Y, 0, N, 5, D, >, =, >, T. The digits selected from left to right are 8 first, 0 second, and 5 third.

Third, Suma, being the last person, moves other elements which are symbols that are neither alphabets nor digits, starting from the right end of her series. Her series is 6, %, 1, #, 9, H, E, 2, Ω, ∇, L, F, Ø. The other elements selected from right to left are Ø first, ∇ second, Ω third, # fourth, and % fifth.

By choosing their elements in serial order each time, they form groups of three:

In the first round, they select their first elements: A, 8, and Ø, forming the group (A, 8, Ø).

In the second round, they select their second elements: J, 0, and ∇, forming the group (J, ∇, 0).

53Quantitative Aptitude
In a certain game, the players have three chances during each turn to earn points. Each consecutive win awards more points than the previous win. The second win awards 100 points more than the first and the third win awards twice as many points as the second win. Lachhi won the maximum number of points during her turn and received a total of 700 points. Select the option which indicates the number of points that are first won.
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Answer: (D) 100

Explanation

Let the points awarded for the first win be x.

According to the given conditions, the points awarded for the second win is x + 100, and the points awarded for the third win is 2(x + 100).

Lachhi earned the maximum possible points, which means she won all three chances. The sum of the points from all three wins is equal to her total score of 700:

x + (x + 100) + 2(x + 100) = 700

Simplifying the equation:

4x + 300 = 700

4x = 400

x = 100

54Logical Reasoning
Two students 'X' and 'Y' started walking from their school to reach their homes. They walked in directions opposite to each other for 1·5 km and then each one turned to his right and walked 2 km and reached home. What is the distance between their homes ?
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Answer: (D) 5 km

Explanation

Using a coordinate plane, let the school be located at the origin (0, 0).

If student X walks 1.5 km East (positive x-direction) and student Y walks 1.5 km West (negative x-direction), their positions before turning are (1.5, 0) and (-1.5, 0) respectively.

When they both turn to their right and walk 2 km: Student X, who was walking East, turns South (negative y-direction). X's home is at (1.5, -2). Student Y, who was walking West, turns North (positive y-direction). Y's home is at (-1.5, 2).

The straight-line distance between their homes is calculated using the distance formula: Distance = √((x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²) Distance = √((-1.5 - 1.5)² + (2 - (-2))²) Distance = √((-3)² + 4²) Distance = √(9 + 16) Distance = √25 = 5 km.

55Logical Reasoning
Study the situation given with a blank and the list of words. Select the pair of words such that each of these when used for blank, fit the meaning of the description as a whole and produce completed descriptions having similar meaning. The ______ life forms evolved naturally on the land made barren by volcano is strong evidence that humans, too might be able to inhabit the area in the distant future. a. wilting b. nascent c. waning d. incipient e. stagnant
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Answer: (A) b and d

Explanation

The blank requires words that describe newly emerging or beginning life forms on land that was previously barren. Both "nascent" and "incipient" mean in an initial stage, beginning to develop, or just coming into existence. Placing either of these words in the blank appropriately describes the newly developing life forms that provide evidence of the area's potential for future habitation, thereby producing sentences with similar meanings.

56Logical Reasoning
Three statements and conclusions based on these are given below. Select the appropriate option with valid conclusion/s. All Bs are Js. Some Cs are Js. All Ps are Cs. Conclusions : a. Some Cs are Bs. b. No P is J. c. Some Bs are Cs.
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Answer: (D) None

Explanation

To determine which conclusions follow logically, we can analyze the relationships between the terms.

The statement All Bs are Js means the set of B is entirely contained within the set of J.

The statement Some Cs are Js means there is an overlap between the set of C and the set of J. However, this overlap does not require the set of C to intersect with the set of B. Since there is no definite relationship established between B and C, neither conclusion a (Some Cs are Bs) nor conclusion c (Some Bs are Cs) necessarily follows.

The statement All Ps are Cs means the set of P is entirely contained within the set of C. Since the relationship between C and J is only a partial overlap, the set of P could either overlap with J or remain completely separate from J. Therefore, we cannot definitively conclude that No P is J (conclusion b).

Since none of the conclusions are guaranteed to be true under all possible representations, none of the conclusions follow.

57Quantitative Aptitude
In a class, there are 15 boys and 10 girls. Three students are to be selected at random. The probability that 1 girl and 2 boys are selected is
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Answer: (A) ²¹⁄₄₆

Explanation

The probability of selecting a specific combination of items from a group is given by the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes.

The total number of students in the class is 15 boys + 10 girls = 25 students.

The total number of ways to select 3 students from 25 is: C(25, 3) = (25 × 24 × 23) / (3 × 2 × 1) = 2300

The number of ways to select 1 girl from 10 girls is: C(10, 1) = 10

The number of ways to select 2 boys from 15 boys is: C(15, 2) = (15 × 14) / (2 × 1) = 105

The number of favorable ways to select 1 girl and 2 boys is: C(10, 1) × C(15, 2) = 10 × 105 = 1050

The required probability is: P = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes = 1050 / 2300 = 21 / 46

58Logical Reasoning
You wanted to employ a hardworking gardener for your second home. Your friend gave names of the persons; Jeda, Muta and Haka and informed you that one always tells the truth, another tells the truth alternately and the third always lies. After meeting them you asked, "Who among you is a gardener ?" Each one answered as follows : Jeda : I am the gardener. Muta is a liar. Muta : I am the gardener. Haka is a liar. Haka : Muta is the gardener. Jeda is a liar. Who is/are the gardener(s) ?
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Answer: (B) Muta

Explanation

To determine who the gardener is, we analyze the statements of Jeda, Muta, and Haka under the given conditions. One of them always tells the truth (T), one always lies (L), and one alternates between truth and lies (A).

If Muta is the gardener:

Haka's statements: H1: "Muta is the gardener" is True. H2: "Jeda is a liar" is True, assuming Jeda always lies. Since both statements are true, Haka is the truthteller (T).

Jeda's statements: J1: "I am the gardener" is False. J2: "Muta is a liar" is False, since Muta is the alternator, not a constant liar. Since both statements are false, Jeda is the liar (L).

Muta's statements: M1: "I am the gardener" is True. M2: "Haka is a liar" is False, since Haka is the truthteller. Since one statement is true and one is false, Muta is the alternator (A).

This scenario perfectly satisfies all the rules of the puzzle. Therefore, Muta is the gardener.

59Reading Comprehension
Select the odd option with respect to the role of the last sentence in the following paragraph : Pluto's moon Charon may be significantly reducing the loss of atmosphere of the icy planet by creating a shield and redirecting much of the solar wind away. Pluto's relationship with Charon is one of the more unusual interactions in the solar system due to the moon's size and proximity. This moon is more than half of Pluto's diameter and orbits only 19,310 kilometres away. You know that our moon is three times closer to the Earth and as large as Mars.
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Answer: (B) Supports the claim made.

Explanation

The primary claim in the paragraph is that Pluto's moon, Charon, reduces Pluto's atmospheric loss by acting as a shield against the solar wind. The final sentence uses a hypothetical analogy—asking the reader to imagine our own Moon being three times closer and as large as Mars—solely as a visualization tool to illustrate the unusual proximity and relative size of Charon. It does not provide any logical proof, scientific data, or empirical evidence that supports the claim regarding atmospheric shielding, meaning it does not serve to support the claim made.

60Logical Reasoning
Given below are two statements X and Y, and arguments related to these follow. Consider each of the arguments separately and select all that apply. X. Drawings made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1508 of the internal parts of the human body shows mesentery as an organ. Y. In January 2017, mesentery is declared as the new 79th organ of the human body by researchers by studying it in detail. Arguments : a. They can be considered as logically inconsistent since people were aware of presence of mesentery in 16th century and Vinci's drawing gives evidence of it. b. They can be considered as contradictory because though researchers declared mesentery as a new organ people knew its presence in the human body for at least 5 centuries. c. They are complementary as researchers gave recognition to already known mesentery by calling it the 79th organ of the human body after studying it in detail.
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Answer: (C) All except c

Explanation

Statement X and Statement Y present conflicting views regarding the timeline of the classification of the mesentery as an organ. Statement X establishes that the mesentery was depicted as an organ by Leonardo da Vinci as early as 1508. In contrast, Statement Y states that researchers declared the mesentery as a new organ in January 2017.

Because Statement Y labels the mesentery as a new organ, it directly clashes with Statement X, which proves that its status as an organ has been documented for over 500 years.

This clash makes the two statements logically inconsistent, as stated in argument a, because the 16th-century awareness of the mesentery's status as an organ directly undermines the claim of it being a new discovery in 2017.

Similarly, the statements are contradictory, as stated in argument b, because declaring it as a new organ in 2017 is in direct opposition to the fact that humans have known of its existence and organ-like nature for over five centuries.

Conversely, they cannot be complementary (argument c) because the assertion that it is a new organ opposes and contradicts the historical evidence of its prior classification, rather than adding to or supporting it. Thus, only arguments a and b apply.

61Logical Reasoning
The committee on sexual discrimination in the workplace has highlighted a certain company as a chief offender. Of the twenty-five senior executives in the firm, only two are women. And of the fifty-eight junior executives, only ten are female. The company could best defend itself against the charges by showing that
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Answer: (D) all job applicants who were rejected had fewer qualifications than those accepted

Explanation

The charge of sexual discrimination in the workplace is based on the highly disproportionate ratio of men to women in executive roles. To defend itself against these allegations, the company must demonstrate that its hiring and promotion processes are based entirely on objective merit rather than gender bias. Showing that all rejected job applicants had fewer qualifications than those accepted proves that the company consistently hired the most qualified candidates, rendering the gender of the applicants irrelevant to the decision-making process and refuting the charge of discrimination.

62Decision Making
Given here is a set of facts and courses of action are suggested after these. Choose the most appropriate option related to these. • A suicide by farmers has become daily routine. • All related predictions are getting weird due to changing climatic conditions. • Consumer biased media are in the forefront in creating hype over increasing prices. • New practices like remote sensing agriculture based on accurate analysis, nutri agriculture, safe food producing agriculture, wireless agriculture, climate smart agriculture, variable fertilizer application agriculture, knowledge facilities like wind mapping, yield mapping, water quality mapping, etc. are in vogue but farmers are not aware about these. Courses of actions : a. Government, voluntary organizations and agricultural universities should work in collaboration for preparing a squad of intelligent, technically skilled, hardworking and honest agricultural assistants for empowering farmers to use new agricultural ways of producing safe food. b. Quality produce should be distributed in order to gain appropriate price with the initiative and collaboration of farmers, self-help groups and consumers and at the same time government should plan policies for maintaining quality of sources of air, water, soil, various ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. c. Government should assist political parties capaciously which are toiling for giving relief to farmers by waiving off their loans and giving them relief.
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Answer: (C) Courses of actions only a and b being complementary with each other, if implemented together, farming and in turn economy will prosper.

Explanation

Course of action a directly resolves the lack of awareness among farmers regarding modern, sustainable, and climate-smart agricultural techniques by creating a dedicated, technically skilled squad of agricultural assistants through collaborative institutional efforts.

Course of action b complements this technical empowerment by addressing the economic and ecological challenges. It establishes direct collaborative networks among farmers, self-help groups, and consumers to ensure fair prices, while also directing policy efforts toward conserving critical resources like soil, water, and ecosystems against climate deterioration.

By implementing these two constructive and complementary measures, farming becomes both ecologically resilient and economically viable, leading to overall prosperity in the agricultural sector and the national economy.

63Quantitative Aptitude
In a class of 43 students, 13 enrolled for both Spanish and Portuguese. 21 enrolled for Portuguese. If the students of the class enrolled for at least one of the two subjects, then select the option that indicates the number of students who enrolled only for Spanish and not Portuguese.
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Answer: (B) 22

Explanation

By using the principle of set theory, the total number of students who enrolled in at least one of the two subjects is the sum of the students enrolled only in Spanish and the total number of students enrolled in Portuguese.

N(S ∪ P) = N(only S) + N(P)

Substituting the given values into the formula:

43 = N(only S) + 21

N(only S) = 43 - 21 = 22

Thus, the number of students who enrolled only for Spanish and not Portuguese is 22.

64Quantitative Aptitude
In order to buy a lift pump for his well, Sunil borrowed ₹ 16,000 for 3 years at the rate of compound interest of 12·5 p.c.p.a. What would have been the difference in the interest on this principal had he borrowed it at simple interest ?
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Answer: (A) ₹ 781·25

Explanation

The formula for the difference between compound interest (CI) and simple interest (SI) for a period of 3 years is: Difference = P × (R/100)² × (3 + R/100)

Given: Principal (P) = ₹ 16,000 Rate of interest (R) = 12.5% per annum

Expressing the rate as a fraction: R/100 = 12.5/100 = 1/8

Substituting these values into the formula: Difference = 16,000 × (1/8)² × (3 + 1/8) Difference = 16,000 × (1/64) × (25/8)

Simplifying the calculation: Difference = 250 × 25/8 Difference = 6250/8 Difference = ₹ 781.25

65Quantitative Aptitude
Select the appropriate option with respect to the given information. Parks A, B and C lie in a plane but do not lie on a straight line. The distance between Parks A and B is 40 km, and the distance between Parks A and C is 110 km. Quantity X = Distance between Parks B and C Quantity Y = 60 km
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Answer: (A) Quantity X is greater.

Explanation

By the triangle inequality theorem, for any three points A, B, and C that form a triangle, the length of any side must be strictly greater than the absolute difference of the other two sides and strictly less than their sum. Since Parks A, B, and C do not lie on a straight line, they form a triangle.

Let the distance AB = 40 km and AC = 110 km. The distance BC must satisfy the inequality:

AC - AB < BC < AC + AB

Substituting the values gives:

110 - 40 < BC < 110 + 40

70 < BC < 150

Thus, the distance between Parks B and C (Quantity X) is strictly greater than 70 km. Since Quantity Y is 60 km, Quantity X is always greater than Quantity Y.

66Quantitative Aptitude
A can contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio 7 : 5. When 9 litres of the mixture is drawn off and the can is filled with B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7 : 9. How many litres of liquid A was contained by the can initially ?
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Answer: (C) 21 litres

Explanation

Let the initial quantities of liquids A and B in the can be 7x and 5x respectively, making the total initial volume 12x.

When 9 litres of this mixture is drawn off, the quantity of liquid A removed is 9 × 7/12 = 21/4 litres, and the quantity of liquid B removed is 9 × 5/12 = 15/4 litres.

The remaining quantity of A is 7x - 21/4 and the remaining quantity of B is 5x - 15/4.

When the can is filled with 9 litres of liquid B, the new quantity of B becomes: 5x - 15/4 + 9 = 5x + 21/4

The new ratio of A to B is given as 7 : 9: (7x - 21/4) / (5x + 21/4) = 7/9

Dividing the numerator of the left side by 7 gives: (x - 3/4) / (5x + 21/4) = 1/9

Cross-multiplying: 9(x - 3/4) = 5x + 21/4 9x - 27/4 = 5x + 21/4 4x = 48/4 4x = 12 x = 3

The initial volume of liquid A is: 7x = 7 × 3 = 21 litres

67Quantitative Aptitude
Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 seconds respectively. In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together ?
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Answer: (D) 16

Explanation

The interval after which all six bells toll together is the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of their individual tolling intervals.

LCM(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) = 120 seconds

Since 120 seconds is equal to 2 minutes, the bells toll together every 2 minutes.

To find the number of times they toll together in 30 minutes when they start tolling together, we use the relation:

Number of tolls = (Total time / LCM interval) + 1

The extra 1 is added because the bells toll together at the starting point (at 0 minutes) before the timing of the interval begins.

Substituting the given values:

Number of tolls = (30 / 2) + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16

68Quantitative Aptitude
Replace the question mark choosing the correct alternative. √(555 · 5449) = ?
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Answer: (A) 23·57

Explanation

To find the value of √(555.5449), we can square 23.57 to verify:

23.57² = 23.57 × 23.57 = 555.5449

By taking the square root of both sides, we get:

√(555.5449) = 23.57

69Quantitative Aptitude
Replace the question mark choosing the correct alternative. If (p)/(q) = ⁵⁄₄, then (3p + 2q)/(3p - 2q) = ?
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Answer: (C) ²³⁄₇

Explanation

Given the ratio p/q = 5/4, we can substitute p = 5 and q = 4 directly into the target expression.

Substituting these values into (3p + 2q)/(3p - 2q):

Numerator: 3 × 5 + 2 × 4 = 15 + 8 = 23 Denominator: 3 × 5 - 2 × 4 = 15 - 8 = 7

This gives the final ratio as 23/7.

Alternatively, dividing both the numerator and the denominator by q yields:

(3(p/q) + 2) / (3(p/q) - 2)

Substituting p/q = 5/4:

(3(5/4) + 2) / (3(5/4) - 2) = (15/4 + 2) / (15/4 - 2) = (23/4) / (7/4) = 23/7

70Quantitative Aptitude
If 3 less than twice a certain number is equal to 2 more than 3 times the number, then select the option that is 5 less than 5 times the number.
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Answer: (C) -30

Explanation

Let the number be x.

The expression for 3 less than twice the number is: 2x - 3

The expression for 2 more than 3 times the number is: 3x + 2

Setting these two expressions equal: 2x - 3 = 3x + 2

Subtracting 2x and 2 from both sides gives: x = -5

We need to find the value of 5 less than 5 times this number: 5x - 5

Substituting x = -5 into the expression: 5 × (-5) - 5 = -25 - 5 = -30

71Decision Making
You were an avid dhol player as a teenager. You did not play it for few years till now as you were busy with acquiring professional skills. At present, you are in charge of solving the city's pollution problems including noise pollution. A group of young persons approached you to permit them to practice and play dhol for a festival to be celebrated during next month and earn some money. Similarly, another group of young persons already approached you with the problem of noise pollution in the city with scientifically collected evidence. You will,
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Answer: (B) request some responsible NGO to organise a workshop for all dhol groups for helping them to understand the problem of noise pollution and assist them in solving their problems related to earning money.

Explanation

This approach offers a balanced and constructive solution to a complex administrative challenge involving cultural heritage, livelihood, and environmental protection. By engaging a responsible non-governmental organization to conduct workshops, it actively educates the traditional performers about the scientific and health hazards of noise pollution. Simultaneously, this collaborative effort addresses their economic concerns by assisting them in identifying sustainable ways to earn money without violating noise regulations. This fosters mutual understanding, community compliance, and long-term resolution rather than resorting to arbitrary decisions or shifting the administrative responsibility onto the citizens.

72Decision Making
You are the head of the hospital that provides services to one of the government organisation. You have received a written complaint from one of the employees stating that he is having a terrible pain in the throat and he did not eat solid food for the last three days. He further stated that he is not given proper treatment for two reasons; one is that he is from a reserved group and secondly he is not working on the higher designation. As a head you know that there is some truth in this complaint. For sorting out the things you will,
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Answer: (A) diagnose the patient and direct him to the concerned specialist for further treatment and supervise this treatment till he is satisfied.

Explanation

As the head of the medical institution, the primary responsibility is to ensure immediate, high-quality healthcare to every patient, especially when a patient is in severe distress and has been denied proper treatment due to systemic discrimination. Personally diagnosing the patient and directing them to a specialized doctor ensures that their immediate medical emergency is addressed without delay. Furthermore, supervising the treatment until the patient is completely satisfied restores faith in the hospital administration, actively counters the bias based on social background or professional designation, and ensures accountability within the organization. This approach prioritizes professional ethics, duty of care, and administrative responsibility.

73Decision Making
Recently you have started voluntarily assisting people to give up their tobacco and alcohol addiction and lead a healthy life. As a lay person you always thought that the people get addicted with tobacco or alcohol because of friends, relatives, out of curiosity and enjoyment but recently you came to know that most of the people employed as sanitation workers take to these habits to manage stress and ailments as the unbearable smell, loathsome thoughts due to handling of dirt, and experiencing feeling of discomfort all the time. This made you to rethink about their plight by putting yourself in their shoes. You will,
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Answer: (C) form an active group of persons and organisations who are genuinely interested in making life better for these persons by conducting research on disposal and recycling of all sorts of dirt.

Explanation

The core reason sanitation workers turn to tobacco and alcohol is the stress and discomfort caused by the loathsome nature of manual handling of waste and unbearable smells. Attempting to address their addiction without tackling this root environmental cause is merely symptomatic. By forming a collaborative group of like-minded individuals and organizations to research and implement modern disposal and recycling methods, the hazardous and repulsive nature of their work can be mitigated systematically. This structural intervention directly addresses the root cause of their suffering and provides a sustainable, long-term solution to improve their working conditions and overall well-being.

74Decision Making
You are heading a government mission that aims at making innovations work and providing better government services for people in rural areas. Many young management school students are recruited to assist you. These persons are enthusiastic, come up with brilliant ideas, are techno savvy, give amazing presentations using their eloquence and communication skills, and are highly assertive. At the same time majority of them being city dwellers for all their life, are from affluent middle-class families, and are little aware of the plight of people living with various kinds of scarcities and their marginalization due to social dogmas. They lack patience and perseverance required for experiencing and understanding ground level realities of the life of the majority people in rural areas and helping them to take initiatives in making their life better. You will,
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Answer: (C) arrange fieldwork based training for these persons with organisations that are experienced in doing constructive work in rural areas for empowering people to work together for development of the society that they belong to.

Explanation

Arranging fieldwork-based training with experienced organizations directly addresses the core gap in the recruits profiles, which is their lack of exposure to rural realities and scarcity. Since these young professionals are highly capable and enthusiastic but lack ground-level understanding and patience, structured training under experienced mentors provides them with the necessary empathy and practical insights. This approach channelises their communication, technology, and management skills into realistic and community-driven solutions, ensuring that they understand the social and economic struggles of rural marginalized groups before designing interventions for them.

75Decision Making
You are a member of a team of experts that is responsible for conducting the workshops for heads of the institutions in different States. While designing the programme and work schedule it was suggested by some of the members that the team should request the host office for arranging a visit of all team members to the famous temple that is 300 km away from the place. You will,
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Answer: (C) suggest to the members to arrange the temple visit after completing the workshop and not during the workshop period as it is against ethics.

Explanation

Public servants and professional experts must uphold high standards of integrity, professional ethics, and dedication to duty. Official workshops are conducted using institutional resources and public funds for specific professional objectives. Using official time, resources, or the host office's assistance for a personal 300 km trip during the work schedule violates professional code of conduct and constitutes a conflict of interest. Proposing to schedule the visit after the completion of the workshop ensures that official duties are prioritized without compromise, and personal visits are conducted in one's own personal time and expense, thereby maintaining complete transparency and ethical standards.

Answer key

Tap a number to jump to that question.

  1. 1B
  2. 2C
  3. 3A
  4. 4A
  5. 5A
  6. 6A
  7. 7B
  8. 8C
  9. 9D
  10. 10B
  11. 11C
  12. 12D
  13. 13C
  14. 14C
  15. 15B
  16. 16B
  17. 17D
  18. 18B
  19. 19C
  20. 20A
  21. 21B
  22. 22A
  23. 23C
  24. 24D
  25. 25C
  26. 26D
  27. 27D
  28. 28D
  29. 29C
  30. 30B
  31. 31B
  32. 32B
  33. 33C
  34. 34A
  35. 35A
  36. 36D
  37. 37B
  38. 38A
  39. 39C
  40. 40C
  41. 41C
  42. 42D
  43. 43C
  44. 44D
  45. 45A
  46. 46B
  47. 47D
  48. 48A
  49. 49C
  50. 50B
  51. 51B
  52. 52C
  53. 53D
  54. 54D
  55. 55A
  56. 56D
  57. 57A
  58. 58B
  59. 59B
  60. 60C
  61. 61D
  62. 62C
  63. 63B
  64. 64A
  65. 65A
  66. 66C
  67. 67D
  68. 68A
  69. 69C
  70. 70C
  71. 71B
  72. 72A
  73. 73C
  74. 74C
  75. 75C

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