It is believed that the beginnings of modernity can be traced to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The period from the French Revolution of 1789 till the First World War (1914-1918) is believed to be of high modernity. With the First World War, there began the questioning of the settled assumptions about everything. This is believed to be the beginning of Post-modernity and the gradual waning of modernity, though both of them continue to coexist uneasily in the world today. Charles Baudelaire is credited for having coined the term 'modernity' in 1864 in his essay The Painter of Modern Life' to denote a relationship with the contemporary time characterised by a rupture with the tradition.
Though the term modernity was coined during the high tide of its existence in the nineteenth century, its various features can be observed from the fifteenth century onwards. Anthony Giddens has defined modernity as a 'shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation'. He believes that it is associated with (1) the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention; (2) a complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy; (3) political institutions including the nation- state and mass democracy. Modernity in Europe involved the spread of capitalism, democracy and industrial revolution accompanied by a critique of religion. This very process manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. In the history of Afro- Asian countries where certain beginnings of modernity were already visible, imperialism brought about a rupture and directed the course of their history on a different trajectory of exploitation and the colonial reality. When cultures confronted each other as colonisers and the colonised, introspection and efforts towards change were inevitable. The political and cultural hegemony of the colonial power in India brought the Indians face to face with various ideas included in the cluster of modernity — liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry and individualism. This is not to say that these were completely alien to the Indians. Ideas such as reason and liberty have been a part of the Indian philosophical and literary discourse at least from the times of Buddha, i.e., the 6th Century B.C.
Which of the following statements is not true?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
According to the passage, Anthony Giddens defines modernity as a shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation and associates it with three distinct features. These include the concept of the world being open to transformation by human intervention, a complex of economic institutions centered around industrial production and a market economy, and political institutions encompassing the nation-state and mass democracy. Since the first three statements accurately and fully reflect these characteristics as stated in the text, none of them are incorrect. Consequently, the choice representing none of the above is correct.
2Reading Comprehension
It is believed that the beginnings of modernity can be traced to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The period from the French Revolution of 1789 till the First World War (1914-1918) is believed to be of high modernity. With the First World War, there began the questioning of the settled assumptions about everything. This is believed to be the beginning of Post-modernity and the gradual waning of modernity, though both of them continue to coexist uneasily in the world today. Charles Baudelaire is credited for having coined the term 'modernity' in 1864 in his essay The Painter of Modern Life' to denote a relationship with the contemporary time characterised by a rupture with the tradition.
Though the term modernity was coined during the high tide of its existence in the nineteenth century, its various features can be observed from the fifteenth century onwards. Anthony Giddens has defined modernity as a 'shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation'. He believes that it is associated with (1) the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention; (2) a complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy; (3) political institutions including the nation- state and mass democracy. Modernity in Europe involved the spread of capitalism, democracy and industrial revolution accompanied by a critique of religion. This very process manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. In the history of Afro- Asian countries where certain beginnings of modernity were already visible, imperialism brought about a rupture and directed the course of their history on a different trajectory of exploitation and the colonial reality. When cultures confronted each other as colonisers and the colonised, introspection and efforts towards change were inevitable. The political and cultural hegemony of the colonial power in India brought the Indians face to face with various ideas included in the cluster of modernity — liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry and individualism. This is not to say that these were completely alien to the Indians. Ideas such as reason and liberty have been a part of the Indian philosophical and literary discourse at least from the times of Buddha, i.e., the 6th Century B.C.
What according to Anthony Giddens is not included in the concept of modernity?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Certain political ideologies
Explanation
According to the passage, Anthony Giddens associates modernity with three distinct components. First, the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention. Second, a complex of economic institutions, specifically industrial production and a market economy. Third, political institutions, which include the nation-state and mass democracy. Since Giddens specifically identifies political institutions rather than political ideologies, the concept of political ideologies is not included in his definition of modernity.
3Reading Comprehension
It is believed that the beginnings of modernity can be traced to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The period from the French Revolution of 1789 till the First World War (1914-1918) is believed to be of high modernity. With the First World War, there began the questioning of the settled assumptions about everything. This is believed to be the beginning of Post-modernity and the gradual waning of modernity, though both of them continue to coexist uneasily in the world today. Charles Baudelaire is credited for having coined the term 'modernity' in 1864 in his essay The Painter of Modern Life' to denote a relationship with the contemporary time characterised by a rupture with the tradition.
Though the term modernity was coined during the high tide of its existence in the nineteenth century, its various features can be observed from the fifteenth century onwards. Anthony Giddens has defined modernity as a 'shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation'. He believes that it is associated with (1) the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention; (2) a complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy; (3) political institutions including the nation- state and mass democracy. Modernity in Europe involved the spread of capitalism, democracy and industrial revolution accompanied by a critique of religion. This very process manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. In the history of Afro- Asian countries where certain beginnings of modernity were already visible, imperialism brought about a rupture and directed the course of their history on a different trajectory of exploitation and the colonial reality. When cultures confronted each other as colonisers and the colonised, introspection and efforts towards change were inevitable. The political and cultural hegemony of the colonial power in India brought the Indians face to face with various ideas included in the cluster of modernity — liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry and individualism. This is not to say that these were completely alien to the Indians. Ideas such as reason and liberty have been a part of the Indian philosophical and literary discourse at least from the times of Buddha, i.e., the 6th Century B.C.
Read the statements given below carefully and choose the correct option.
a. Certain ideas in the literature during the time of Gautam Buddha were congruent with modernity.
b. Afro-Asian countries were introduced to modernity because of colonialism.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) a is correct, b is incorrect
Explanation
Statement a is correct as the passage highlights that core modern concepts such as reason and liberty were not entirely foreign to India, having existed in the Indian philosophical and literary discourse since at least the time of Gautam Buddha in the sixth century B.C.
Statement b is incorrect because the passage clearly indicates that certain beginnings of modernity were already visible in Afro-Asian countries before the advent of imperialism, which actually brought about a rupture and redirected their trajectory toward colonial exploitation rather than introducing them to modernity.
4Reading Comprehension
It is believed that the beginnings of modernity can be traced to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The period from the French Revolution of 1789 till the First World War (1914-1918) is believed to be of high modernity. With the First World War, there began the questioning of the settled assumptions about everything. This is believed to be the beginning of Post-modernity and the gradual waning of modernity, though both of them continue to coexist uneasily in the world today. Charles Baudelaire is credited for having coined the term 'modernity' in 1864 in his essay The Painter of Modern Life' to denote a relationship with the contemporary time characterised by a rupture with the tradition.
Though the term modernity was coined during the high tide of its existence in the nineteenth century, its various features can be observed from the fifteenth century onwards. Anthony Giddens has defined modernity as a 'shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation'. He believes that it is associated with (1) the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention; (2) a complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy; (3) political institutions including the nation- state and mass democracy. Modernity in Europe involved the spread of capitalism, democracy and industrial revolution accompanied by a critique of religion. This very process manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. In the history of Afro- Asian countries where certain beginnings of modernity were already visible, imperialism brought about a rupture and directed the course of their history on a different trajectory of exploitation and the colonial reality. When cultures confronted each other as colonisers and the colonised, introspection and efforts towards change were inevitable. The political and cultural hegemony of the colonial power in India brought the Indians face to face with various ideas included in the cluster of modernity — liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry and individualism. This is not to say that these were completely alien to the Indians. Ideas such as reason and liberty have been a part of the Indian philosophical and literary discourse at least from the times of Buddha, i.e., the 6th Century B.C.
Which of the following two statements is/are correct ?
a. Religious rituals are not said to be modern.
b. It is not that because of the foreign power India did not modernise.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (B) Only b
Explanation
Based on the passage, the colonial hegemony of the foreign power in India did not prevent India from modernizing. Instead, it brought Indians face-to-face with the core ideas of modernity, such as liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry, and individualism. This encounter led to introspection and efforts towards change, enabling India to engage with these modern concepts alongside its own pre-existing philosophical traditions of reason and liberty. Thus, it is correct to say that the presence of the foreign power did not stop India from engaging with or adopting modernity.
5Reading Comprehension
It is believed that the beginnings of modernity can be traced to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The period from the French Revolution of 1789 till the First World War (1914-1918) is believed to be of high modernity. With the First World War, there began the questioning of the settled assumptions about everything. This is believed to be the beginning of Post-modernity and the gradual waning of modernity, though both of them continue to coexist uneasily in the world today. Charles Baudelaire is credited for having coined the term 'modernity' in 1864 in his essay The Painter of Modern Life' to denote a relationship with the contemporary time characterised by a rupture with the tradition.
Though the term modernity was coined during the high tide of its existence in the nineteenth century, its various features can be observed from the fifteenth century onwards. Anthony Giddens has defined modernity as a 'shorthand term for modern society or Industrial Civilisation'. He believes that it is associated with (1) the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention; (2) a complex of economic institutions, especially industrial production and a market economy; (3) political institutions including the nation- state and mass democracy. Modernity in Europe involved the spread of capitalism, democracy and industrial revolution accompanied by a critique of religion. This very process manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. In the history of Afro- Asian countries where certain beginnings of modernity were already visible, imperialism brought about a rupture and directed the course of their history on a different trajectory of exploitation and the colonial reality. When cultures confronted each other as colonisers and the colonised, introspection and efforts towards change were inevitable. The political and cultural hegemony of the colonial power in India brought the Indians face to face with various ideas included in the cluster of modernity — liberty, equality, fraternity, rationality, rule of law, spirit of enquiry and individualism. This is not to say that these were completely alien to the Indians. Ideas such as reason and liberty have been a part of the Indian philosophical and literary discourse at least from the times of Buddha, i.e., the 6th Century B.C.
Which of the following statements is true ?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
According to the passage, the process of modernity, which includes the spread of capitalism, manifested itself with varying intensity in the colonies. The text also notes that certain beginnings of modernity were already visible in Afro-Asian countries prior to imperialism. Furthermore, Anthony Giddens defines modernity as being associated with the idea of the world as open to transformation by human intervention, meaning it can indeed change. Since the other statements contradict these facts explicitly mentioned in the text, they are all incorrect, making none of the above the correct statement.
6Reading Comprehension
World leaders have recently announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets. The goals and targets are integrated and indivisible. Global leaders have pledged common action and endeavour for such a broad and universal policy agenda. They have decided to implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all. The world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international laws. The emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensuring fundamental freedom for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability, etc.
The new goals and targets have come into effect on January 1, 2016 and will guide the decisions to be taken over the next fifteen years. It is necessary to respect the national policy space for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in particular for developing countries from Africa and Asia. People who are vulnerable must be empowered. Those whose needs are reflected in the development agenda include all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants. The commitment is shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030. SDGs ensure the basic standard of living, end of hunger and achieving food security as a matter of high priority and to end all forms of malnutrition.
To promote physical and mental health and well- being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare. It is essential to reduce new- born, child and maternal mortality by 2030. SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education. The focus will be to accelerate the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, Ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics.
SDGs aim at building strong economic foundations for all countries. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. It will be easy if wealth is distributed equally and income inequality is addressed. Nations must work to build dynamic, sustainable, innovative and people- centred economies, promoting youth employment and women's economic empowerment. All countries stand to benefit from having a healthy and well- educated workforce. The vast agenda of SDGs shows a certain direction of human progress in the next decade and a half. All the countries in the world must work relentlessly to ensure that most of the goals are attained and the quality of human life is improved all over the globe.
Which of the following is/are not true ?
a. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are applicable only to the developing countries.
b. Goals under SDG are interrelated.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (A) Only a
Explanation
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal agenda designed to apply to all countries, both developed and developing, rather than being limited only to developing nations. The text itself emphasizes that global leaders have pledged common action for a broad and universal policy agenda, highlighting the responsibilities of all states to implement these goals for the benefit of all.
7Reading Comprehension
World leaders have recently announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets. The goals and targets are integrated and indivisible. Global leaders have pledged common action and endeavour for such a broad and universal policy agenda. They have decided to implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all. The world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international laws. The emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensuring fundamental freedom for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability, etc.
The new goals and targets have come into effect on January 1, 2016 and will guide the decisions to be taken over the next fifteen years. It is necessary to respect the national policy space for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in particular for developing countries from Africa and Asia. People who are vulnerable must be empowered. Those whose needs are reflected in the development agenda include all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants. The commitment is shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030. SDGs ensure the basic standard of living, end of hunger and achieving food security as a matter of high priority and to end all forms of malnutrition.
To promote physical and mental health and well- being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare. It is essential to reduce new- born, child and maternal mortality by 2030. SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education. The focus will be to accelerate the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, Ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics.
SDGs aim at building strong economic foundations for all countries. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. It will be easy if wealth is distributed equally and income inequality is addressed. Nations must work to build dynamic, sustainable, innovative and people- centred economies, promoting youth employment and women's economic empowerment. All countries stand to benefit from having a healthy and well- educated workforce. The vast agenda of SDGs shows a certain direction of human progress in the next decade and a half. All the countries in the world must work relentlessly to ensure that most of the goals are attained and the quality of human life is improved all over the globe.
Consider the following statements and select the proper option :
a. Inclusive growth is a pre-condition of economic prosperity.
b. Economic prosperity is a pre-condition of inclusive growth.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (A) Only a is correct
Explanation
According to the fourth paragraph of the passage, inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. In logical and textual analysis, if a factor is essential for an outcome, it means it is a necessary requirement or a pre-condition for that outcome to occur. Therefore, inclusive growth serves as a pre-condition for achieving economic prosperity, which directly validates statement a.
8Reading Comprehension
World leaders have recently announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets. The goals and targets are integrated and indivisible. Global leaders have pledged common action and endeavour for such a broad and universal policy agenda. They have decided to implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all. The world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international laws. The emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensuring fundamental freedom for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability, etc.
The new goals and targets have come into effect on January 1, 2016 and will guide the decisions to be taken over the next fifteen years. It is necessary to respect the national policy space for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in particular for developing countries from Africa and Asia. People who are vulnerable must be empowered. Those whose needs are reflected in the development agenda include all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants. The commitment is shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030. SDGs ensure the basic standard of living, end of hunger and achieving food security as a matter of high priority and to end all forms of malnutrition.
To promote physical and mental health and well- being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare. It is essential to reduce new- born, child and maternal mortality by 2030. SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education. The focus will be to accelerate the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, Ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics.
SDGs aim at building strong economic foundations for all countries. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. It will be easy if wealth is distributed equally and income inequality is addressed. Nations must work to build dynamic, sustainable, innovative and people- centred economies, promoting youth employment and women's economic empowerment. All countries stand to benefit from having a healthy and well- educated workforce. The vast agenda of SDGs shows a certain direction of human progress in the next decade and a half. All the countries in the world must work relentlessly to ensure that most of the goals are attained and the quality of human life is improved all over the globe.
a. Quality healthcare improves life expectancy.
b. Quality healthcare reduces child mortality.
c. SDGs promise healthcare services.
d. SDGs aim at reduced poverty.
Which of the above statements are true ?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) a, b, c and d
Explanation
The passage explicitly supports all four statements.
Statement a is verified by the text stating that to promote physical and mental health and well-being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare.
Statement b is validated by the passage highlighting the necessity of achieving universal health coverage and quality healthcare to reduce newborn, child, and maternal mortality by 2030.
Statement c is supported as the text mentions that SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services and aim for universal health coverage.
Statement d is confirmed by the passage outlining the strong commitment shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030.
9Reading Comprehension
World leaders have recently announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets. The goals and targets are integrated and indivisible. Global leaders have pledged common action and endeavour for such a broad and universal policy agenda. They have decided to implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all. The world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international laws. The emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensuring fundamental freedom for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability, etc.
The new goals and targets have come into effect on January 1, 2016 and will guide the decisions to be taken over the next fifteen years. It is necessary to respect the national policy space for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in particular for developing countries from Africa and Asia. People who are vulnerable must be empowered. Those whose needs are reflected in the development agenda include all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants. The commitment is shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030. SDGs ensure the basic standard of living, end of hunger and achieving food security as a matter of high priority and to end all forms of malnutrition.
To promote physical and mental health and well- being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare. It is essential to reduce new- born, child and maternal mortality by 2030. SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education. The focus will be to accelerate the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, Ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics.
SDGs aim at building strong economic foundations for all countries. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. It will be easy if wealth is distributed equally and income inequality is addressed. Nations must work to build dynamic, sustainable, innovative and people- centred economies, promoting youth employment and women's economic empowerment. All countries stand to benefit from having a healthy and well- educated workforce. The vast agenda of SDGs shows a certain direction of human progress in the next decade and a half. All the countries in the world must work relentlessly to ensure that most of the goals are attained and the quality of human life is improved all over the globe.
Consider the following statements and select the proper option :
a. Human rights and international laws are important for sustainable development.
b. It is the responsibility of all the states to promote human rights and freedom.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Both a and b are true
Explanation
The provided passage explicitly states that the world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international laws in the context of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals, which confirms that human rights and international laws are essential for sustainable development. Furthermore, the passage highlights that emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect, and promote human rights and ensure fundamental freedom for all without distinction of any kind. Therefore, both statements a and b are correct and true according to the text.
10Reading Comprehension
World leaders have recently announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 associated targets. The goals and targets are integrated and indivisible. Global leaders have pledged common action and endeavour for such a broad and universal policy agenda. They have decided to implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all. The world has reaffirmed the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international laws. The emphasis is given on the responsibilities of all states, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensuring fundamental freedom for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability, etc.
The new goals and targets have come into effect on January 1, 2016 and will guide the decisions to be taken over the next fifteen years. It is necessary to respect the national policy space for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in particular for developing countries from Africa and Asia. People who are vulnerable must be empowered. Those whose needs are reflected in the development agenda include all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants. The commitment is shown towards ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions by 2030. SDGs ensure the basic standard of living, end of hunger and achieving food security as a matter of high priority and to end all forms of malnutrition.
To promote physical and mental health and well- being, and to extend life expectancy for all, we must achieve universal health coverage and availability of quality healthcare. It is essential to reduce new- born, child and maternal mortality by 2030. SDGs have promised universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education. The focus will be to accelerate the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, Ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics.
SDGs aim at building strong economic foundations for all countries. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is essential for prosperity. It will be easy if wealth is distributed equally and income inequality is addressed. Nations must work to build dynamic, sustainable, innovative and people- centred economies, promoting youth employment and women's economic empowerment. All countries stand to benefit from having a healthy and well- educated workforce. The vast agenda of SDGs shows a certain direction of human progress in the next decade and a half. All the countries in the world must work relentlessly to ensure that most of the goals are attained and the quality of human life is improved all over the globe.
Which of the following pairs is not a part of the above passage ?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Infrastructure development and Incentives
Explanation
The provided passage outlines various aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including human rights, international laws, health, nutrition, employment, and women's empowerment. Throughout the text, there is no mention or reference made to infrastructure development or incentives.
11Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man. "It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast - and back again - which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa," said Professor Mark Maslin of University College, London.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years. The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 2,00,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun - known as Milankovitch cycles - which lead to global- scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
"Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, of sand dunes in the Rift Valley," Professor Maslin said. "These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa," he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution. The first occurred about 2- 6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1- 9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 1,5,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large- brained hominid with truly human- like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth- spurt.
Select the most logical comment with respect to the passage given.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (B) Now scientists have some reasons for explaining phenomenon of large size of human brain on the basis of climate change.
Explanation
The passage highlights a study by scientists, including Professor Mark Maslin, which proposes a link between extreme climate oscillations in the East African Rift Valley and the evolution of hominid ancestors with larger brains. By matching wet and dry periods to major evolutionary milestones, the research provides a plausible climate-based explanation for brain growth. The passage presents this as a latest theory rather than an absolute, final consensus, making the assertion that scientists now have some reasons to explain this phenomenon based on climate change the most logical and balanced conclusion.
12Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man. "It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast - and back again - which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa," said Professor Mark Maslin of University College, London.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years. The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 2,0,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun - known as Milankovitch cycles - which lead to global- scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
"Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, of sand dunes in the Rift Valley," Professor Maslin said. "These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa," he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution. The first occurred about 2- 6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1- 9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 1,5,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large- brained homid with truly human- like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth- spurt.
Select the appropriate set of hominid species arranged from earliest to modern that are mentioned in the above passage.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (D) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo sapiens
Explanation
Based on the chronological timeline details provided in the passage, the hominid species emerged in the following order from earliest to most modern:
The first major evolutionary period occurred about 2.6 million years ago, which led to the emergence of Homo habilis.
The second major period occurred about 1.9 million years ago, resulting in the emergence of Homo erectus.
The third period occurred about 1 million years ago, marked by the emergence of Homo heidelbergensis.
Finally, the most modern species mentioned is Homo sapiens, which evolved much later, within the past 150,000 years.
Therefore, the correct chronological progression from the earliest to the modern species is Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo sapiens.
13Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man. "It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast - and back again - which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa," said Professor Mark Maslin of University College, London.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years. The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 2,0,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun - known as Milankovitch cycles - which lead to global- scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
"Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, of sand dunes in the Rift Valley," Professor Maslin said. "These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa," he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution. The first occurred about 2- 6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1- 9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 1,5,0,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large- brained hominid with truly human- like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth- spurt.
Select the major evidence that is provided by scientists for considering climate change as a reason for triggering extraordinary growth of brain.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Scientists were able to match exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of modern man.
Explanation
The passage directly states in the first paragraph that scientists matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain. This empirical correlation between extreme environmental fluctuations (representing climate change) and critical evolutionary milestones serves as the primary scientific evidence establishing the link between climate change and the extraordinary growth of the human brain.
14Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man. "It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast - and back again - which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa," said Professor Mark Maslin of University College, London.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years. The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 2,0,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun - known as Milankovitch cycles - which lead to global- scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
"Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, of sand dunes in the Rift Valley," Professor Maslin said. "These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa," he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution. The first occurred about 2- 6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1- 9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 1,5,0,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large- brained hominid with truly human- like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth- spurt.
Select the option that logically describes interrelationship between a and b.
a. Milankovitch cycles made the Rift Valley climate go through extreme oscillations of wet and arid conditions over a period of 2,00,000 years.
b. Hominid ancestors with large brain only could survive in the drastic climatic changes and therefore they emerged as new species.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (A) a is the cause that influenced the effect b
Explanation
According to the passage, the Milankovitch cycles caused the climate in the East African Rift Valley to undergo extreme oscillations, rapidly transitioning between lush, wet periods and highly arid conditions over periods of 200,000 years. This environmental instability acted as a powerful selective pressure. To survive these rapid shifts between abundance and scarcity, early hominids had to adapt, which drove the evolution and emergence of new species possessing significantly larger brains. Therefore, the climatic oscillations described in statement a served as the environmental cause that directly influenced the evolutionary adaptation and emergence of large-brained hominids described in statement b.
15Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man. "It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast - and back again - which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa," said Professor Mark Maslin of University College, London.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years. The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 2,0,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun - known as Milankovitch cycles - which lead to global- scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
"Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, of sand dunes in the Rift Valley," Professor Maslin said. "These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa," he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution. The first occurred about 2- 6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1- 9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 1,5,0,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large- brained hominid with truly human- like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth- spurt.
According to Professor Maslin, modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast – and back again – which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains.
Select the observation(s) that support(s) Professor Maslin's statement.
a. All members of the existing human races have a large sized brain compared to their body size.
b. Many animal species like dinosaurs that have become extinct, had comparatively smaller brains.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) Neither a nor b
Explanation
Professor Maslin's statement posits a specific causal relationship: extreme climatic oscillations (rapid switching between famine and feast) in the East African Rift Valley drove the evolution of hominids with larger brains.
Observation a states that all modern human races have large brains compared to their body size. This is simply a descriptive fact about the end result of human evolution (the phenomenon to be explained). It does not provide any evidence or logical support for the proposed causal mechanism, which is that climate change drove this evolution. An observation supporting this statement would need to directly link climatic instability to changes in brain size or show that individuals with larger brains had a survival advantage during these specific climate shifts.
Observation b states that many extinct animal species, like dinosaurs, had comparatively smaller brains. This is completely irrelevant to the specific hypothesis regarding hominid brain evolution driven by local environmental changes in East Africa.
Since neither observation provides evidence or logical support for the hypothesis linking climate change to the evolution of larger brains, neither a nor b supports Professor Maslin's statement.
16Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
It is a well- known fact that a few dozen people in history own a Nobel prize in economics. For achieving their world changing results they all put in long work. Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck. According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB. In the easy labour market after war, Deaton's father, a coal miner in Scotland, got a job at a civil engineering firm. He encouraged young Deaton to read books by going against the advice of the rest of his family. Reading books made him very conscious about the role that luck played in the lives of people. He says, "If you re- ran the world, it would be shuffled in a very different way." He has blended this outlook into his Nobel winning lifetime work. He writes, "Those of us who were lucky enough to be born in the right countries have a moral obligation to reduce poverty and ill- health in the world."
Deaton's career is focused on understanding how people consume goods and services - a crucial step to achieving social goals like improved health and well- being and poverty and inequality reduction. He aims to understand why each person makes choices he or she does. With this focus Deaton has been particularly adept at disentangling the cause of poverty and inequality from the consequences. For example, in India, he showed that malnutrition was caused by a low income - rather than being a cause of low income, as some believed. He showed that increasing people's income did lead to higher calorie intake among the poor. To learn this, Deaton simply looked at the behaviours of individuals who are poor. He did not use aggregate data that includes people with higher income and flatten out effect.
The Nobel Prize Committee wrote; "In the 1980s, research development was mostly theoretical, where it was empirical, it was based on aggregate data from national accounts. This has now changed. Development economics is a flourishing empirical research field based upon the advanced analysis of data from individual households. Deaton's research has been an important driving force in this transformation."
Choose the most practical true conclusion on the basis of the given statements : For achieving their world changing results, all Nobel winners put in long work.
Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Luck helped Deaton to put in long work like all other Nobel winners.
Explanation
The passage states that all Nobel winners put in long work to achieve their world-changing results. Since Angus Deaton is a Nobel winner, he is no exception and must have also put in long work to achieve his success. However, because Deaton attributes his achievement to luck, it can be practically concluded that luck played a critical role in enabling and helping him to put in that necessary long work, just like all other Nobel winners. This successfully bridges the premise that all Nobel winners work hard with Deaton's personal acknowledgement of the role of luck in his journey.
17Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
It is a well- known fact that a few dozen people in history own a Nobel prize in economics. For achieving their world changing results they all put in long work. Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck. According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB. In the easy labour market after war, Deaton's father, a coal miner in Scotland, got a job at a civil engineering firm. He encouraged young Deaton to read books by going against the advice of the rest of his family. Reading books made him very conscious about the role that luck played in the lives of people. He says, "If you re- ran the world, it would be shuffled in a very different way." He has blended this outlook into his Nobel winning lifetime work. He writes, "Those of us who were lucky enough to be born in the right countries have a moral obligation to reduce poverty and ill- health in the world."
Deaton's career is focused on understanding how people consume goods and services - a crucial step to achieving social goals like improved health and well- being and poverty and inequality reduction. He aims to understand why each person makes choices he or she does. With this focus Deaton has been particularly adept at disentangling the cause of poverty and inequality from the consequences. For example, in India, he showed that malnutrition was caused by a low income - rather than being a cause of low income, as some believed. He showed that increasing people's income did lead to higher calorie intake among the poor. To learn this, Deaton simply looked at the behaviours of individuals who are poor. He did not use aggregate data that includes people with higher income and flatten out effect.
The Nobel Prize Committee wrote; "In the 1980s, research development was mostly theoretical, where it was empirical, it was based on aggregate data from national accounts. This has now changed. Development economics is a flourishing empirical research field based upon the advanced analysis of data from individual households. Deaton's research has been an important driving force in this transformation."
Choose the most appropriate reason from the given options for which Deaton considers himself lucky.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Deaton's father contracted TB and thus was not sent to the war front.
Explanation
According to the provided passage, Angus Deaton highlights the significant role that luck played in his life, starting with his father's survival. The text states, "According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB." This explains that contracting tuberculosis was a stroke of luck that prevented his father from being sent to the war front where he could have died, which in turn shaped the course of Deaton's life and allowed him to pursue his education.
18Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
It is a well- known fact that a few dozen people in history own a Nobel prize in economics. For achieving their world changing results they all put in long work. Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck. According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB. In the easy labour market after war, Deaton's father, a coal miner in Scotland, got a job at a civil engineering firm. He encouraged young Deaton to read books by going against the advice of the rest of his family. Reading books made him very conscious about the role that luck played in the lives of people. He says, "If you re- ran the world, it would be shuffled in a very different way." He has blended this outlook into his Nobel winning lifetime work. He writes, "Those of us who were lucky enough to be born in the right countries have a moral obligation to reduce poverty and ill- health in the world."
Deaton's career is focused on understanding how people consume goods and services - a crucial step to achieving social goals like improved health and well- being and poverty and inequality reduction. He aims to understand why each person makes choices he or she does. With this focus Deaton has been particularly adept at disentangling the cause of poverty and inequality from the consequences. For example, in India, he showed that malnutrition was caused by a low income - rather than being a cause of low income, as some believed. He showed that increasing people's income did lead to higher calorie intake among the poor. To learn this, Deaton simply looked at the behaviours of individuals who are poor. He did not use aggregate data that includes people with higher income and flatten out effect.
The Nobel Prize Committee wrote; "In the 1980s, research development was mostly theoretical, where it was empirical, it was based on aggregate data from national accounts. This has now changed. Development economics is a flourishing empirical research field based upon the advanced analysis of data from individual households. Deaton's research has been an important driving force in this transformation."
Select the action(s) of Angus Deaton that directly changed the world view of development economics :
a. Reading books and considering him lucky.
b. Analysing household data of poor people using advanced technique.
c. Observing behaviour of poor individuals related to their choices.
d. Working for reduction of inequality and ill-health.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (B) Only b and c
Explanation
According to the passage, the Nobel Prize Committee noted that development economics transformed from being mostly theoretical and based on aggregate national data into a flourishing empirical field based on the advanced analysis of household data (action b). Furthermore, Deaton changed the approach by directly observing the behaviors and consumption choices of poor individuals (action c) instead of using flattened-out aggregate data. These specific actions by Deaton transformed the methodology and changed the world view of development economics.
19Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
It is a well- known fact that a few dozen people in history own a Nobel prize in economics. For achieving their world changing results they all put in long work. Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck. According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB. In the easy labour market after war, Deaton's father, a coal miner in Scotland, got a job at a civil engineering firm. He encouraged young Deaton to read books by going against the advice of the rest of his family. Reading books made him very conscious about the role that luck played in the lives of people. He says, "If you re- ran the world, it would be shuffled in a very different way." He has blended this outlook into his Nobel winning lifetime work. He writes, "Those of us who were lucky enough to be born in the right countries have a moral obligation to reduce poverty and ill- health in the world."
Deaton's career is focused on understanding how people consume goods and services - a crucial step to achieving social goals like improved health and well- being and poverty and inequality reduction. He aims to understand why each person makes choices he or she does. With this focus Deaton has been particularly adept at disentangling the cause of poverty and inequality from the consequences. For example, in India, he showed that malnutrition was caused by a low income - rather than being a cause of low income, as some believed. He showed that increasing people's income did lead to higher calorie intake among the poor. To learn this, Deaton simply looked at the behaviours of individuals who are poor. He did not use aggregate data that includes people with higher income and flatten out effect.
The Nobel Prize Committee wrote; "In the 1980s, research development was mostly theoretical, where it was empirical, it was based on aggregate data from national accounts. This has now changed. Development economics is a flourishing empirical research field based upon the advanced analysis of data from individual households. Deaton's research has been an important driving force in this transformation."
Choose the roles of Deaton's skill of disentangling causes from consequences in the context of social problems.
a. Helped him to become conscious of the role of luck in people's lives.
b. He was able to understand reasons of the choices that poor people make.
c. He was able to establish the fact that low income results in malnutrition.
d. He was able to study interventions introduced for reducing malnutrition.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (B) Only b and c
Explanation
Deaton's focus on understanding why each individual makes specific choices about consuming goods and services directly enabled him to comprehend the reasons behind the choices of poor people (statement b). Furthermore, his skill in disentangling causes from consequences is exemplified by his research in India, where he established that malnutrition is a result of low income, rather than its cause (statement c). Together, these aspects represent the roles of his analytical approach in addressing social problems.
20Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
It is a well- known fact that a few dozen people in history own a Nobel prize in economics. For achieving their world changing results they all put in long work. Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck. According to him, his father did not die in Second World War as luckily he contracted TB. In the easy labour market after war, Deaton's father, a coal miner in Scotland, got a job at a civil engineering firm. He encouraged young Deaton to read books by going against the advice of the rest of his family. Reading books made him very conscious about the role that luck played in the lives of people. He says, "If you re- ran the world, it would be shuffled in a very different way." He has blended this outlook into his Nobel winning lifetime work. He writes, "Those of us who were lucky enough to be born in the right countries have a moral obligation to reduce poverty and ill- health in the world."
Deaton's career is focused on understanding how people consume goods and services - a crucial step to achieving social goals like improved health and well- being and poverty and inequality reduction. He aims to understand why each person makes choices he or she does. With this focus Deaton has been particularly adept at disentangling the cause of poverty and inequality from the consequences. For example, in India, he showed that malnutrition was caused by a low income - rather than being a cause of low income, as some believed. He showed that increasing people's income did lead to higher calorie intake among the poor. To learn this, Deaton simply looked at the behaviours of individuals who are poor. He did not use aggregate data that includes people with higher income and flatten out effect.
The Nobel Prize Committee wrote; "In the 1980s, research development was mostly theoretical, where it was empirical, it was based on aggregate data from national accounts. This has now changed. Development economics is a flourishing empirical research field based upon the advanced analysis of data from individual households. Deaton's research has been an important driving force in this transformation."
Choose the work that Deaton did to fulfil his moral responsibility of reducing poverty and ill-health in the world.
a. Focused on studying poor person's behaviour related to their choices.
b. Gave importance to studying how people's luck affected their choices in their life.
c. Observed choices of individual households for establishing base for development economics.
d. Replaced practice of analysing aggregate data with analysing individual data for studying problems.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) All except b
Explanation
Angus Deaton's empirical work to fulfill his moral responsibility of reducing poverty and ill-health focused on studying the behavior of poor individuals and understanding their consumption choices. He observed the choices of individual households rather than relying on aggregate data from national accounts. This methodology replaced the practice of analyzing aggregate data with analyzing individual household data, which established a new empirical foundation for modern development economics.
While Deaton's personal outlook was shaped by his consciousness of the role of luck in life, his empirical research did not investigate or study how luck affected people's choices. His scientific work and methodology were strictly concerned with disentangling the causes of poverty from its consequences using household and individual consumer behavior data. Therefore, his actual work is described by statements a, c, and d, but not statement b.
21Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
In the history of aesthetics there also comes an age of emancipation when the recognition of beauty in things great and small becomes easy, and when we see it more in the unassuming harmony of common objects than in things startling in their singularity. So much so, that we have to go through the stages of reaction when in the representation of beauty we try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and that has been crowned by the sanction of convention. We are then tempted in defiance to exaggerate the commonness of commonplace things, thereby making them aggressively uncommon. To restore harmony we create the discords which are a feature of all reactions. We already see in the present age, the signs of this aesthetic reaction, which prove that man has at last come to know that it is only the narrowness of perception which sharply divides the field of his aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty. When he has the power to see things detached from self- interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, and then alone can he have the true vision of the beauty that is everywhere. Then only can he see that what is unpleasant to us is not necessarily unbeautiful, but has its beauty in truth.
When we say that beauty is everywhere we do not mean that the word ugliness should be abolished from our language. To say so would be as absurd as to say that there is no such thing as untruth. Untruth there certainly is, not in the system of the universe, but in our power of comprehension, as its negative element. In the same manner there is ugliness in the distorted expression of beauty in our life and in our art which comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. To a certain extent we can set our life against the law of truth which is in us and which is in all, and likewise we can give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
Select the most likely purpose of this passage.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (C) Express personal views about beauty
Explanation
The passage, written by Rabindranath Tagore, serves as a philosophical reflection wherein the author articulates a subjective and contemplative perspective on aesthetics. Rather than presenting objective facts or definitions, the text outlines a deeply personal understanding of how human perception transitions from recognizing beauty only in conventional, startling things to seeing it in the unassuming harmony of everyday objects. This viewpoint connects the true vision of beauty with the detachment of the self from sensory desires and self-interest, and explains ugliness as a mere distortion arising from an imperfect realization of Truth. The reflective, argumentative tone and the conceptualization of harmony and truth demonstrate that the main purpose is to convey individual philosophical insights into the nature of beauty.
22Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
In the history of aesthetics there also comes an age of emancipation when the recognition of beauty in things great and small becomes easy, and when we see it more in the unassuming harmony of common objects than in things startling in their singularity. So much so, that we have to go through the stages of reaction when in the representation of beauty we try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and that has been crowned by the sanction of convention. We are then tempted in defiance to exaggerate the commonness of commonplace things, thereby making them aggressively uncommon. To restore harmony we create the discords which are a feature of all reactions. We already see in the present age, the signs of this aesthetic reaction, which prove that man has at last come to know that it is only the narrowness of perception which sharply divides the field of his aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty. When he has the power to see things detached from self- interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, and then alone can he have the true vision of the beauty that is everywhere. Then only can he see that what is unpleasant to us is not necessarily unbeautiful, but has its beauty in truth.
When we say that beauty is everywhere we do not mean that the word ugliness should be abolished from our language. To say so would be as absurd as to say that there is no such thing as untruth. Untruth there certainly is, not in the system of the universe, but in our power of comprehension, as its negative element. In the same manner there is ugliness in the distorted expression of beauty in our life and in our art which comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. To a certain extent we can set our life against the law of truth which is in us and which is in all, and likewise we can give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
Select an action that is not resulted from aesthetic consciousness gained due to person's narrow perceptions.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) A person respects every other person unconditionally.
Explanation
According to the passage, narrowness of perception divides our consciousness, creating false divisions, disharmony, and a distorted realization of truth. A true, emancipated vision of beauty requires rising above these narrow perceptions, self-interest, and sensory desires to see the underlying harmony and truth everywhere. Unconditional respect for every other person signifies this broader, inclusive realization of truth and universal harmony. Such behavior stems from a selfless, unbiased consciousness that transcends narrow, divisive judgments and prejudices, representing an emancipated state of mind rather than one limited by narrow perceptions.
23Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
In the history of aesthetics there also comes an age of emancipation when the recognition of beauty in things great and small becomes easy, and when we see it more in the unassuming harmony of common objects than in things startling in their singularity. So much so, that we have to go through the stages of reaction when in the representation of beauty we try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and that has been crowned by the sanction of convention. We are then tempted in defiance to exaggerate the commonness of commonplace things, thereby making them aggressively uncommon. To restore harmony we create the discords which are a feature of all reactions. We already see in the present age, the signs of this aesthetic reaction, which prove that man has at last come to know that it is only the narrowness of perception which sharply divides the field of his aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty. When he has the power to see things detached from self- interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, and then alone can he have the true vision of the beauty that is everywhere. Then only can he see that what is unpleasant to us is not necessarily unbeautiful, but has its beauty in truth.
When we say that beauty is everywhere we do not mean that the word ugliness should be abolished from our language. To say so would be as absurd as to say that there is no such thing as untruth. Untruth there certainly is, not in the system of the universe, but in our power of comprehension, as its negative element. In the same manner there is ugliness in the distorted expression of beauty in our life and in our art which comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. To a certain extent we can set our life against the law of truth which is in us and which is in all, and likewise we can give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
Select the behaviour that indicates concerned person's aesthetic sense has either attained or is in the process of attaining emancipation.
a. Person incorporates various aspects that are obviously pleasing to all in his or her expression of beauty.
b. Person doesn't get carried away by representations that are praised as beautiful due to sanction of convention.
c. Person makes every effort to enhance his or her power of comprehension for seeing things without distortion.
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Answer: (A) All but a
Explanation
The passage explains that during the age of aesthetic emancipation, we experience a reaction where we actively try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and crowned by the sanction of convention. This means incorporating obviously pleasing aspects in one's expression of beauty does not represent this emancipated state. Conversely, not getting carried away by conventional representations of beauty, as well as making efforts to enhance comprehension to see things without distortion and realize truth, directly align with the process of achieving true aesthetic vision. Therefore, only statements b and c reflect the behavior of a person whose aesthetic sense is attaining or has attained emancipation.
24Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
In the history of aesthetics there also comes an age of emancipation when the recognition of beauty in things great and small becomes easy, and when we see it more in the unassuming harmony of common objects than in things startling in their singularity. So much so, that we have to go through the stages of reaction when in the representation of beauty we try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and that has been crowned by the sanction of convention. We are then tempted in defiance to exaggerate the commonness of commonplace things, thereby making them aggressively uncommon. To restore harmony we create the discords which are a feature of all reactions. We already see in the present age, the signs of this aesthetic reaction, which prove that man has at last come to know that it is only the narrowness of perception which sharply divides the field of his aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty. When he has the power to see things detached from self- interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, and then alone can he have the true vision of the beauty that is everywhere. Then only can he see that what is unpleasant to us is not necessarily unbeautiful, but has its beauty in truth.
When we say that beauty is everywhere we do not mean that the word ugliness should be abolished from our language. To say so would be as absurd as to say that there is no such thing as untruth. Untruth there certainly is, not in the system of the universe, but in our power of comprehension, as its negative element. In the same manner there is ugliness in the distorted expression of beauty in our life and in our art which comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. To a certain extent we can set our life against the law of truth which is in us and which is in all, and likewise we can give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
Select the reason(s) for calling the act of abolishing the word ugliness as absurd by the writer of this passage.
a. Things appear ugly to us as a result of imperfect understanding of reality.
b. The filthy places are definitely ugly for everyone.
c. Things represent ugliness to us till we fail to see unassuming harmony among them.
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Answer: (A) Only a and c
Explanation
The writer calls the act of abolishing the word ugliness absurd because ugliness, similar to untruth, has a real existence in our power of comprehension.
Statement a is supported by the text, which states that ugliness in life and art comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. Here, Truth represents reality, meaning our imperfect understanding of reality causes us to perceive ugliness.
Statement c is also supported because the passage links the perception of beauty to seeing the unassuming harmony of common objects. Consequently, going counter to the eternal law of harmony is what gives rise to ugliness. This implies that as long as we fail to perceive this unassuming harmony, things continue to appear ugly to us. Therefore, both statements a and c accurately explain the writer's reasoning.
25Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage:
In the history of aesthetics there also comes an age of emancipation when the recognition of beauty in things great and small becomes easy, and when we see it more in the unassuming harmony of common objects than in things startling in their singularity. So much so, that we have to go through the stages of reaction when in the representation of beauty we try to avoid everything that is obviously pleasing and that has been crowned by the sanction of convention. We are then tempted in defiance to exaggerate the commonness of commonplace things, thereby making them aggressively uncommon. To restore harmony we create the discords which are a feature of all reactions. We already see in the present age, the signs of this aesthetic reaction, which prove that man has at last come to know that it is only the narrowness of perception which sharply divides the field of his aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty. When he has the power to see things detached from self- interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, and then alone can he have the true vision of the beauty that is everywhere. Then only can he see that what is unpleasant to us is not necessarily unbeautiful, but has its beauty in truth.
When we say that beauty is everywhere we do not mean that the word ugliness should be abolished from our language. To say so would be as absurd as to say that there is no such thing as untruth. Untruth there certainly is, not in the system of the universe, but in our power of comprehension, as its negative element. In the same manner there is ugliness in the distorted expression of beauty in our life and in our art which comes from our imperfect realization of Truth. To a certain extent we can set our life against the law of truth which is in us and which is in all, and likewise we can give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
Select the statement(s) that confirm(s) the comment, "For writer of this passage, beauty depends on the state of person's mind and not on the outward features of things that appear to please him or her".
a. We give rise to ugliness by going counter to the eternal law of harmony which is everywhere.
b. Narrowness of perception sharply divides the field of person's aesthetic consciousness into ugliness and beauty.
c. Person's power to see things detached from self-interest and from the insistent claims of the lust of the senses, allows him or her to see beauty that is everywhere.
● Correct
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Answer: (A) All the above
Explanation
All three statements confirm that beauty is an internal, mind-dependent state rather than a quality inherent in outward features.
Statement a confirms this by showing that ugliness is not an inherent feature of the universe (since harmony is everywhere), but rather something that arises when we go counter to this eternal law of harmony. This places the source of ugliness within our actions and internal alignment.
Statement b demonstrates that our perception defines how we categorize things into beauty and ugliness. The division is a product of our narrowness of perception, which is a state of mind, rather than the objects themselves.
Statement c establishes that a specific state of mind—being detached from self-interest and sensory lust—is the necessary condition for realizing the beauty that is everywhere, showing that the experience of beauty depends on a person's mental detachment and not on outwardly pleasing features.
26Reading Comprehension
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
The scientific genetic project started because of the death of
● Correct
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Answer: (D) Pinta Galapagos
Explanation
Lonesome George was the last known representative of the Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis niger abingdonii), a subspecies of the Galapagos tortoise. His death in 2012 served as a powerful catalyst for conservationists and researchers, inspiring a scientific breeding project. This initiative was launched to analyze the DNA of tortoises on Isabela Island, where descendants of Pinta tortoises were discovered, with the goal of selectively breeding them to revive the genetic lineage of the Pinta Galapagos tortoise.
27Reading Comprehension
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
As per the passage, which are the extinct animal species ?
a. Dodo
b. Passenger pigeon
c. Pinta Galápagos
d. Floreana Galápagos
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Answer: (C) Only a, b and c
Explanation
According to the passage, the status of each species is described as follows:
The Dodo is extinct, as indicated by the statement that the Dodo is dead.
The passenger pigeon is extinct, as shown by the statement that the passenger pigeon has passed on.
The Pinta Galápagos tortoise is extinct, as explicitly stated: At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island.
In contrast, the Floreana Galápagos tortoise is described as potentially surviving, as shown by the statement: Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Therefore, the extinct animal species mentioned in the passage are the Dodo, the passenger pigeon, and the Pinta Galápagos tortoise.
28Reading Comprehension
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
The native species of tortoise was different from migrated species in having
● Correct
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Answer: (D) Domed back
Explanation
According to the passage, the sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises near Isabela Island, which swam ashore and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises. This indicates that the native species of tortoise on the island was distinguished by having a domed back.
29Reading Comprehension
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
Tortoises perished because of
● Correct
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Answer: (C) Man's interventions
Explanation
The passage highlights that the extinction and decline of the Galapagos tortoises, symbolized by Lonesome George, serves as a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries. This clearly indicates that the tortoises perished due to human activities and interventions.
30Reading Comprehension
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
George had high levels of genes of
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Pinta
Explanation
Lonesome George was the last known individual of the Pinta Island tortoise species (Chelonoidis niger abingdonii), which is native to the Galapagos' Pinta Island. As the sole survivor and a pure representative of his native lineage, George possessed a complete genetic profile of the Pinta tortoise.
31Reading Comprehension
Photochemistry concerns with the study of the effect of radiant energy on chemical reactions, and with the rates and mechanism by which reactions initiated by light proceed.
Ordinary or thermal reactions are initiated by activation brought about through molecular collisions. It is characteristic of all such reactions that they can occur spontaneously when the reactions are accompanied by a free energy decrease. However, photochemical reactions need not always accompany with decrease in the free energy. For a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules can absorb radiations of only certain wavelength and not all, in the uv-visible region. In nature, many photochemical reactions e.g. fading of coloured fabric in sunlight, photosynthesis, etc. take place. In fact, with absorption of a sufficiently large quantum of radiant energy a molecule may be ruptured. Such absorption of light by an atom or molecule leads to its excitation; and if the activation is sufficiently great, chemical reaction may result. It is in this manner that absorbed light can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and frequently bring about chemical changes under conditions where thermal activation alone would not be effective.
The rate of thermal uncatalyzed reactions at any fixed concentration can be varied only by change of temperature. With photochemical reactions, however, the rate can be controlled also by varying the intensity of the light used for irradiation. In the latter reactions, the number of molecules activated depends on the intensity of the light, and hence the concentration of activated molecules will be proportional to the light intensity to which the reactant is exposed. With sufficiently intense light sources, it is thus possible to attain reaction rates at ordinary temperatures, which would not result thermally except at considerably elevated temperatures. Again, since photochemical activation does not depend to any degree on temperature, the rate of activation is usually temperature-independent. Any increase in the rate of a photochemical reaction with temperature is due primarily to thermal reactions, which follow the activation process.
A photochemical reaction takes place by absorption of
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Answer: (A) visible and ultraviolet radiation
Explanation
Photochemical reactions are initiated by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. As described in the passage, for a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules absorb radiation of specific wavelengths in the ultraviolet and visible regions. This absorption of light quanta excites the molecules to higher energy states, providing the necessary activation energy to undergo chemical transformation.
32Reading Comprehension
Photochemistry concerns with the study of the effect of radiant energy on chemical reactions, and with the rates and mechanism by which reactions initiated by light proceed.
Ordinary or thermal reactions are initiated by activation brought about through molecular collisions. It is characteristic of all such reactions that they can occur spontaneously when the reactions are accompanied by a free energy decrease. However, photochemical reactions need not always accompany with decrease in the free energy. For a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules can absorb radiations of only certain wavelength and not all, in the uv-visible region. In nature, many photochemical reactions e.g. fading of coloured fabric in sunlight, photosynthesis, etc. take place. In fact, with absorption of a sufficiently large quantum of radiant energy a molecule may be ruptured. Such absorption of light by an atom or molecule leads to its excitation; and if the activation is sufficiently great, chemical reaction may result. It is in this manner that absorbed light can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and frequently bring about chemical changes under conditions where thermal activation alone would not be effective.
The rate of thermal uncatalyzed reactions at any fixed concentration can be varied only by change of temperature. With photochemical reactions, however, the rate can be controlled also by varying the intensity of the light used for irradiation. In the latter reactions, the number of molecules activated depends on the intensity of the light, and hence the concentration of activated molecules will be proportional to the light intensity to which the reactant is exposed. With sufficiently intense light sources, it is thus possible to attain reaction rates at ordinary temperatures, which would not result thermally except at considerably elevated temperatures. Again, since photochemical activation does not depend to any degree on temperature, the rate of activation is usually temperature-independent. Any increase in the rate of a photochemical reaction with temperature is due primarily to thermal reactions, which follow the activation process.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?
a. Thermal reactions are temperature dependent.
b. Rate of photochemical reactions can be controlled by any light used as radiation.
c. The number of activated molecules is proportional to the intensity of the light used as radiation.
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Answer: (B) Only a and c
Explanation
Thermal reactions rely on activation energy acquired through molecular collisions. Since molecular kinetic energy and collision frequency are directly dependent on temperature, thermal reactions are temperature dependent.
For photochemical reactions, the activation of molecules is driven by the absorption of light quanta (photons). The rate of activation and the number of activated molecules are directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light used for irradiation, as a higher light intensity provides a greater number of photons to excite the reactant molecules.
33Quantitative Aptitude
Photochemistry concerns with the study of the effect of radiant energy on chemical reactions, and with the rates and mechanism by which reactions initiated by light proceed.
Ordinary or thermal reactions are initiated by activation brought about through molecular collisions. It is characteristic of all such reactions that they can occur spontaneously when the reactions are accompanied by a free energy decrease. However, photochemical reactions need not always accompany with decrease in the free energy. For a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules can absorb radiations of only certain wavelength and not all, in the uv-visible region. In nature, many photochemical reactions e.g. fading of coloured fabric in sunlight, photosynthesis, etc. take place. In fact, with absorption of a sufficiently large quantum of radiant energy a molecule may be ruptured. Such absorption of light by an atom or molecule leads to its excitation; and if the activation is sufficiently great, chemical reaction may result. It is in this manner that absorbed light can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and frequently bring about chemical changes under conditions where thermal activation alone would not be effective.
The rate of thermal uncatalyzed reactions at any fixed concentration can be varied only by change of temperature. With photochemical reactions, however, the rate can be controlled also by varying the intensity of the light used for irradiation. In the latter reactions, the number of molecules activated depends on the intensity of the light, and hence the concentration of activated molecules will be proportional to the light intensity to which the reactant is exposed. With sufficiently intense light sources, it is thus possible to attain reaction rates at ordinary temperatures, which would not result thermally except at considerably elevated temperatures. Again, since photochemical activation does not depend to any degree on temperature, the rate of activation is usually temperature-independent. Any increase in the rate of a photochemical reaction with temperature is due primarily to thermal reactions, which follow the activation process.
The energy of activation depends upon ______ in photochemical reaction.
● Correct
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Answer: (D) intensity of light
Explanation
According to the provided passage, the activation process in photochemical reactions is driven by the absorption of radiant energy. The rate of this photochemical activation and the concentration of activated molecules depend directly on the intensity of light used for irradiation. While thermal activation depends on temperature and molecular collisions, photochemical activation is controlled by varying the intensity of light, with the number of activated molecules being directly proportional to the light intensity.
34Reading Comprehension
Photochemistry concerns with the study of the effect of radiant energy on chemical reactions, and with the rates and mechanism by which reactions initiated by light proceed.
Ordinary or thermal reactions are initiated by activation brought about through molecular collisions. It is characteristic of all such reactions that they can occur spontaneously when the reactions are accompanied by a free energy decrease. However, photochemical reactions need not always accompany with decrease in the free energy. For a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules can absorb radiations of only certain wavelength and not all, in the uv-visible region. In nature, many photochemical reactions e.g. fading of coloured fabric in sunlight, photosynthesis, etc. take place. In fact, with absorption of a sufficiently large quantum of radiant energy a molecule may be ruptured. Such absorption of light by an atom or molecule leads to its excitation; and if the activation is sufficiently great, chemical reaction may result. It is in this manner that absorbed light can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and frequently bring about chemical changes under conditions where thermal activation alone would not be effective.
The rate of thermal uncatalyzed reactions at any fixed concentration can be varied only by change of temperature. With photochemical reactions, however, the rate can be controlled also by varying the intensity of the light used for irradiation. In the latter reactions, the number of molecules activated depends on the intensity of the light, and hence the concentration of activated molecules will be proportional to the light intensity to which the reactant is exposed. With sufficiently intense light sources, it is thus possible to attain reaction rates at ordinary temperatures, which would not result thermally except at considerably elevated temperatures. Again, since photochemical activation does not depend to any degree on temperature, the rate of activation is usually temperature-independent. Any increase in the rate of a photochemical reaction with temperature is due primarily to thermal reactions, which follow the activation process.
In nature, ______ is an example of photochemical reaction.
● Correct
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Answer: (C) conversion of atmospheric oxygen into ozone
Explanation
The conversion of atmospheric oxygen into ozone is a classic example of a photochemical reaction occurring in nature. In the stratosphere, oxygen molecules (O₂) absorb high-energy ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which causes them to dissociate into highly reactive individual oxygen atoms:
O₂ + hν → O + O
These highly reactive oxygen atoms then readily combine with surrounding diatomic oxygen molecules to form ozone (O₃) in the presence of a third-body collision partner (M):
O + O₂ + M → O₃ + M
Because this chemical transformation requires the absorption of solar radiant energy to initiate the dissociation step, it is classified as a natural photochemical reaction.
35Reading Comprehension
Photochemistry concerns with the study of the effect of radiant energy on chemical reactions, and with the rates and mechanism by which reactions initiated by light proceed.
Ordinary or thermal reactions are initiated by activation brought about through molecular collisions. It is characteristic of all such reactions that they can occur spontaneously when the reactions are accompanied by a free energy decrease. However, photochemical reactions need not always accompany with decrease in the free energy. For a photochemical reaction to occur, reacting molecules can absorb radiations of only certain wavelength and not all, in the uv-visible region. In nature, many photochemical reactions e.g. fading of coloured fabric in sunlight, photosynthesis, etc. take place. In fact, with absorption of a sufficiently large quantum of radiant energy a molecule may be ruptured. Such absorption of light by an atom or molecule leads to its excitation; and if the activation is sufficiently great, chemical reaction may result. It is in this manner that absorbed light can affect the rate of a chemical reaction and frequently bring about chemical changes under conditions where thermal activation alone would not be effective.
The rate of thermal uncatalyzed reactions at any fixed concentration can be varied only by change of temperature. With photochemical reactions, however, the rate can be controlled also by varying the intensity of the light used for irradiation. In the latter reactions, the number of molecules activated depends on the intensity of the light, and hence the concentration of activated molecules will be proportional to the light intensity to which the reactant is exposed. With sufficiently intense light sources, it is thus possible to attain reaction rates at ordinary temperatures, which would not result thermally except at considerably elevated temperatures. Again, since photochemical activation does not depend to any degree on temperature, the rate of activation is usually temperature-independent. Any increase in the rate of a photochemical reaction with temperature is due primarily to thermal reactions, which follow the activation process.
Certain photochemical reaction involves ______ of the free energy.
● Correct
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Answer: (B) increase
Explanation
Photochemical reactions utilize the energy of absorbed photons in the ultraviolet or visible region to drive chemical processes. While ordinary thermal reactions can only occur spontaneously when accompanied by a decrease in free energy (ΔG < 0), photochemical reactions do not have this limitation. The input of radiant energy allows certain photochemical reactions to proceed with an increase in the free energy (ΔG > 0) of the system, effectively storing the absorbed light energy as chemical energy. This enables reactions that are thermodynamically non-spontaneous under thermal conditions to take place.
36Reading Comprehension
Secularism is not about good and bad people, but about an unflinching law that won't brook public demonstrations of intolerance. Secularism is just to make sure that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fearing what tomorrow might bring. When the law is on your side you don't need eyes in the back of your head.
It is the law, not irreligiousness, or shutting up the church, that makes us secular. In fact, Henry VIII was hardly secular because he flouted the Pope, divorced and re-married. If the Vatican did not approve of his behaviour, it could go fly a kite. From this historical act a rather simplistic idea grew that secularism was about separating church from state.
Religious persecution continued in Europe, not because the church said smell, go, hunt and kill, but because it was now the king who issued such diktats. The unquestionable authority of the priests was now replaced by that of the king.
It is only with democracy that secularism truly appeared. This is not because we suddenly became good, and traded in our cruel hearts for loving ones. What made the real difference was that there were now legal penalties for communal and religious violence.
Secularism becomes a habit when the law works systematically, and without exception, against sectarian intolerance. It is this legal intolerance of intolerance that teaches us to be civil and not moral science in a classroom, nor sweet and inconstant political talk. Though it might still hurt to tolerate and make room for other communities, it would hurt a lot more to break the law.
Across time, intolerance is spurred by social and economic insecurity. When jobs are scarce, when one's self- esteem has got a hiding, we start blaming other communities and see all kinds of evil in them. How is this best combated, with words or with deed? Recall post- partition's hot and heady mood, and yet how Nehru succeeded in keeping religious passions from taking over our just born democracy. He succeeded, in large measure, because he promised jobs, dams and steel mills. He hardly talked of pure tolerance, or even secularism; he just did it.
If secularism and pseudo- secularism are bandied about freely, and abusively, today it is because partisans on both sides are clueless on how to develop our economy. This is bipartisanship for you, Indian style!
The author argues that
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Henry VIII defied the authority of the Vatican church.
Explanation
The author states that Henry VIII flouted the Pope, divorced, and remarried, and that if the Vatican did not approve of his behavior, it could go fly a kite. This open disregard for papal decrees and Vatican disapproval shows that Henry VIII defied the authority of the Vatican church.
37Reading Comprehension
Secularism is not about good and bad people, but about an unflinching law that won't brook public demonstrations of intolerance. Secularism is just to make sure that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fearing what tomorrow might bring. When the law is on your side you don't need eyes in the back of your head.
It is the law, not irreligiousness, or shutting up the church, that makes us secular. In fact, Henry VIII was hardly secular because he flouted the Pope, divorced and re-married. If the Vatican did not approve of his behaviour, it could go fly a kite. From this historical act a rather simplistic idea grew that secularism was about separating church from state.
Religious persecution continued in Europe, not because the church said smell, go, hunt and kill, but because it was now the king who issued such diktats. The unquestionable authority of the priests was now replaced by that of the king.
It is only with democracy that secularism truly appeared. This is not because we suddenly became good, and traded in our cruel hearts for loving ones. What made the real difference was that there were now legal penalties for communal and religious violence.
Secularism becomes a habit when the law works systematically, and without exception, against sectarian intolerance. It is this legal intolerance of intolerance that teaches us to be civil and not moral science in a classroom, nor sweet and inconstant political talk. Though it might still hurt to tolerate and make room for other communities, it would hurt a lot more to break the law.
Across time, intolerance is spurred by social and economic insecurity. When jobs are scarce, when one's self- esteem has got a hiding, we start blaming other communities and see all kinds of evil in them. How is this best combated, with words or with deed? Recall post- partition's hot and heady mood, and yet how Nehru succeeded in keeping religious passions from taking over our just born democracy. He succeeded, in large measure, because he promised jobs, dams and steel mills. He hardly talked of pure tolerance, or even secularism; he just did it.
If secularism and pseudo- secularism are bandied about freely, and abusively, today it is because partisans on both sides are clueless on how to develop our economy. This is bipartisanship for you, Indian style!
Which of the following two statements is/are correct ?
a. Henry VIII was against Christianity.
b. Secularism is related only to the ordinary people so that they can lead ordinary lives.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) Neither a nor b
Explanation
Regarding Statement a, Henry VIII was not against Christianity. The passage states that he flouted the Pope and the Vatican to divorce and re-marry, which demonstrates a challenge to papal authority rather than opposition to the Christian religion itself.
Regarding Statement b, secularism is not related only to ordinary people. While the passage mentions that secularism ensures ordinary people can lead ordinary lives, it defines secularism more broadly as an unflinching legal system and a habit that systematically works against sectarian intolerance across society.
38Reading Comprehension
Secularism is not about good and bad people, but about an unflinching law that won't brook public demonstrations of intolerance. Secularism is just to make sure that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fearing what tomorrow might bring. When the law is on your side you don't need eyes in the back of your head.
It is the law, not irreligiousness, or shutting up the church, that makes us secular. In fact, Henry VIII was hardly secular because he flouted the Pope, divorced and re-married. If the Vatican did not approve of his behaviour, it could go fly a kite. From this historical act a rather simplistic idea grew that secularism was about separating church from state.
Religious persecution continued in Europe, not because the church said smell, go, hunt and kill, but because it was now the king who issued such diktats. The unquestionable authority of the priests was now replaced by that of the king.
It is only with democracy that secularism truly appeared. This is not because we suddenly became good, and traded in our cruel hearts for loving ones. What made the real difference was that there were now legal penalties for communal and religious violence.
Secularism becomes a habit when the law works systematically, and without exception, against sectarian intolerance. It is this legal intolerance of intolerance that teaches us to be civil and not moral science in a classroom, nor sweet and inconstant political talk. Though it might still hurt to tolerate and make room for other communities, it would hurt a lot more to break the law.
Across time, intolerance is spurred by social and economic insecurity. When jobs are scarce, when one's self- esteem has got a hiding, we start blaming other communities and see all kinds of evil in them. How is this best combated, with words or with deed? Recall post- partition's hot and heady mood, and yet how Nehru succeeded in keeping religious passions from taking over our just born democracy. He succeeded, in large measure, because he promised jobs, dams and steel mills. He hardly talked of pure tolerance, or even secularism; he just did it.
If secularism and pseudo- secularism are bandied about freely, and abusively, today it is because partisans on both sides are clueless on how to develop our economy. This is bipartisanship for you, Indian style!
According to the author, there was religious prosecution in Europe
a. during the rule of the church.
b. during the regime of Henry VIII.
c. after the establishment of the democratic system.
d. during all the three regimes mentioned in options a, b and c.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) Only a and b
Explanation
According to the text, religious persecution originally occurred under the unquestionable authority of the priests during the rule of the church. After Henry VIII flouted the Pope and divorced, the authority of the priests was replaced by that of the king, and religious persecution continued because it was now the king who issued diktats for hunting and killing. In contrast, the passage states that it was only with the establishment of democracy that secularism truly appeared because democracy introduced systematic legal penalties for communal and religious violence. Therefore, religious persecution in Europe occurred during the rule of the church and during the regime of Henry VIII, but not after the establishment of democracy.
39Reading Comprehension
Secularism is not about good and bad people, but about an unflinching law that won't brook public demonstrations of intolerance. Secularism is just to make sure that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fearing what tomorrow might bring. When the law is on your side you don't need eyes in the back of your head.
It is the law, not irreligiousness, or shutting up the church, that makes us secular. In fact, Henry VIII was hardly secular because he flouted the Pope, divorced and re-married. If the Vatican did not approve of his behaviour, it could go fly a kite. From this historical act a rather simplistic idea grew that secularism was about separating church from state.
Religious persecution continued in Europe, not because the church said smell, go, hunt and kill, but because it was now the king who issued such diktats. The unquestionable authority of the priests was now replaced by that of the king.
It is only with democracy that secularism truly appeared. This is not because we suddenly became good, and traded in our cruel hearts for loving ones. What made the real difference was that there were now legal penalties for communal and religious violence.
Secularism becomes a habit when the law works systematically, and without exception, against sectarian intolerance. It is this legal intolerance of intolerance that teaches us to be civil and not moral science in a classroom, nor sweet and inconstant political talk. Though it might still hurt to tolerate and make room for other communities, it would hurt a lot more to break the law.
Across time, intolerance is spurred by social and economic insecurity. When jobs are scarce, when one's self- esteem has got a hiding, we start blaming other communities and see all kinds of evil in them. How is this best combated, with words or with deed? Recall post- partition's hot and heady mood, and yet how Nehru succeeded in keeping religious passions from taking over our just born democracy. He succeeded, in large measure, because he promised jobs, dams and steel mills. He hardly talked of pure tolerance, or even secularism; he just did it.
If secularism and pseudo- secularism are bandied about freely, and abusively, today it is because partisans on both sides are clueless on how to develop our economy. This is bipartisanship for you, Indian style!
According to the author, secularism means
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
According to the passage, the author defines secularism as an unflinching law that does not tolerate public demonstrations of intolerance, ensuring that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fear. It is a systematic legal framework that enforces penalties against communal and religious violence. Since the other options do not capture this definition, None of the above is the correct choice.
40Reading Comprehension
Secularism is not about good and bad people, but about an unflinching law that won't brook public demonstrations of intolerance. Secularism is just to make sure that ordinary people can lead ordinary lives without fearing what tomorrow might bring. When the law is on your side you don't need eyes in the back of your head.
It is the law, not irreligiousness, or shutting up the church, that makes us secular. In fact, Henry VIII was hardly secular because he flouted the Pope, divorced and re-married. If the Vatican did not approve of his behaviour, it could go fly a kite. From this historical act a rather simplistic idea grew that secularism was about separating church from state.
Religious persecution continued in Europe, not because the church said smell, go, hunt and kill, but because it was now the king who issued such diktats. The unquestionable authority of the priests was now replaced by that of the king.
It is only with democracy that secularism truly appeared. This is not because we suddenly became good, and traded in our cruel hearts for loving ones. What made the real difference was that there were now legal penalties for communal and religious violence.
Secularism becomes a habit when the law works systematically, and without exception, against sectarian intolerance. It is this legal intolerance of intolerance that teaches us to be civil and not moral science in a classroom, nor sweet and inconstant political talk. Though it might still hurt to tolerate and make room for other communities, it would hurt a lot more to break the law.
Across time, intolerance is spurred by social and economic insecurity. When jobs are scarce, when one's self- esteem has got a hiding, we start blaming other communities and see all kinds of evil in them. How is this best combated, with words or with deed? Recall post- partition's hot and heady mood, and yet how Nehru succeeded in keeping religious passions from taking over our just born democracy. He succeeded, in large measure, because he promised jobs, dams and steel mills. He hardly talked of pure tolerance, or even secularism; he just did it.
If secularism and pseudo- secularism are bandied about freely, and abusively, today it is because partisans on both sides are clueless on how to develop our economy. This is bipartisanship for you, Indian style!
Which of the following two statements is/are correct ?
a. Since no party knows how to develop our economy both the parties are insecure.
b. Nehru instead of practising secularism during the post-partition hot and heady mood promoted economic development.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (D) Neither a nor b
Explanation
Statement a is incorrect because the passage attributes social and economic insecurity to the general public when jobs are scarce and self-esteem is low, which in turn spurs intolerance. It does not state that the political parties themselves are insecure because of their cluelessness regarding economic development; rather, their lack of economic solutions leads them to engage in verbal disputes over secularism.
Statement b is incorrect because the passage asserts that Nehru did indeed practice secularism. His strategy to prevent religious passions from overtaking the nation was to focus on concrete economic development like jobs, dams, and steel mills. The passage notes that he hardly talked of secularism but just did it, meaning he successfully practiced secularism through development rather than choosing economic development instead of practicing secularism.
41Reading Comprehension
परिच्छेद (प्रश्न क्रमांक 41 ते 45) :
जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी फार थोडी असते. सनातनी लोक दहा हजार वर्षांपूर्वीच्या ऋषींचे गुलाम होतात. तर नवीन लोक पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम होतात ! परंतु भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे. तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. आजूबाजूच्या देशांचाही विचार करा, आणि स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर ते बघा.
बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो. तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तो आपल्या विशंकतेने पुढे पाऊल टाकील. जुने लोक कलियुग, कलियुग म्हणतात. नवीन लोक यंत्रयुग, यंत्रयुग म्हणतात. गांधी म्हणतील, "मी माझे युग निर्माण करीन. मी चरख्याचे युग आणीन. ग्रामोद्योगाचे युग आणीन." बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढीत बसणार नाही. तो स्वतःच्या विचारांचे युग आपल्या भोवती निर्माण करू पाहतो.
सत्याची तहान या सत्यकामाच्या भूमीत आज उत्पन्न झाली आहे की नाही ? मानवजातीने जे जे उद्योग सुरु केले आहेत, जे जे विचार प्रांत उत्पन्न केले आहेत, त्या सर्व ठिकाणी आपण गेले पाहिजे. यंत्रशास्त्र, वास्तुशास्त्र, शिल्पशास्त्र, शिक्षणशास्त्र, साहित्य, कला, रसायन, व्यायाम, क्रीडांगणे, समाजशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, मानसशास्त्र या सर्व सत्याच्या साक्षात्कारांच्या क्षेत्रात न थकता, न दमता पुढे घुसणारे लोक भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या उपासकांत निर्माण झाले पाहिजेत. प्रयोग केले पाहिजेत. हीच परमेश्वराची पूजा. देवाने दिलेले वाढविणे म्हणजेच त्याची पूजा. परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म.
त्या त्या काळातील प्रश्न त्या त्या विचारवंतांना सोडवावयाचे असतात. अर्वाचीन बुद्धीसमोर अर्वाचीन प्रश्न आहेत. भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का ? जगातील राष्ट्रांच्या मांडीला मांडी लावून बसण्याचा हक्क वेद घोकून मिळणार नाही, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीस्तोत्रे गाऊन मिळणार नाही. नवीन प्रश्नांस आपण हात घातला पाहिजे. प्रयोगालये म्हणजे होमशाळा काढल्या पाहिजेत. होऊ देत सुरु प्रयोग-सत्य-देवाचे सर्वांगीण स्वरूप समजून घेण्याचे प्रयोग.
आता कोठेही अडता कामा नये. आपले घोडे सर्वत्र दौडत जाऊ देत. ग्रामसंघटन, खादीशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, नवनीतीवाद, कोणतेही क्षेत्र असो, त्याविषयात आपण घुसू व नवीन ज्ञान निर्मू, ठिकठिकाणी संग्रहालये, प्रयोगालये, ग्रंथालये स्थापू. बौद्धिक व वैचारिक सहकार्य मिळवू. ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे. पूर्वीच्या शेकडो विचारवंतांच्या खांद्यावर नवीन विचार उभा राहत असतो. गांधी टिळकांच्या कल्पनांचा विकास करतील. जवाहरलाल गांधींना पुढे नेतील. ज्ञानाच्या प्रत्येक प्रांतात अशी स्थिती आहे. तेथे अहंकार नाही, नम्र व निष्ठापूर्वक, ज्ञानेश्वरांची पूजा आहे.
निर्मळ विचार व शुद्ध दृष्टी यांची आज नितांत आवश्यकता आहे. येथे अधीरता नको, उतावळी नको, स्वार्थ नको, आळस नको. निर्मळता हवी असेल तर खोल अभ्यासाची आवश्यकता आहे. प्रयत्न व कष्ट यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाबद्दल प्रेम व कळकळ यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाला सुखी कसे करता येईल, ही तळमळ लागली म्हणजे मग तुम्ही विचार करू लागाल मग जो विचार स्फुरेल त्याचा आचार सुरु होईल, आणि या विचाराला व आचाराला 'युगधर्म' असे नाव दिले जाईल.
खाली दिलेल्या दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते अयोग्य आहे/आहेत ?
अ. सामाजिक हित म्हणजेच वैयक्तिक हित.
ब. ज्याची इतर री ओढतात तो बुद्धिवादी.
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (C) दोन्ही अ आणि ब
Explanation
परिच्छेदानुसार दोन्ही विधाने अयोग्य आहेत.
पहिल्या विधानाचा विचार केल्यास, परिच्छेदात स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर आहे ते पाहण्यास सांगितले आहे आणि समाजाला सुखी करण्याची तळमळ असण्यावर भर दिला आहे. मात्र, सामाजिक हित म्हणजेच वैयक्तिक हित असते असा कोणताही उल्लेख किंवा सिद्धांत परिच्छेदात मांडलेला नाही.
दुसऱ्या विधानाचा विचार केल्यास, परिच्छेदात स्पष्टपणे लिहिले आहे की बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो, तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवत बसत नाही आणि बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढत बसत नाही. तो स्वतःच्या स्वतंत्र विचारांचे युग निर्माण करतो. त्यामुळे दुसऱ्या विधानातील दावाही परिच्छेदाच्या पूर्णपणे विरुद्ध आहे.
42Reading Comprehension
परिच्छेद (प्रश्न क्रमांक 41 ते 45) :
जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी फार थोडी असते. सनातनी लोक दहा हजार वर्षांपूर्वीच्या ऋषींचे गुलाम होतात. तर नवीन लोक पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम होतात ! परंतु भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे. तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. आजूबाजूच्या देशांचाही विचार करा, आणि स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर ते बघा.
बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो. तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तो आपल्या विशंकतेने पुढे पाऊल टाकील. जुने लोक कलियुग, कलियुग म्हणतात. नवीन लोक यंत्रयुग, यंत्रयुग म्हणतात. गांधी म्हणतील, "मी माझे युग निर्माण करीन. मी चरख्याचे युग आणीन. ग्रामोद्योगाचे युग आणीन." बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढीत बसणार नाही. तो स्वतःच्या विचारांचे युग आपल्या भोवती निर्माण करू पाहतो.
सत्याची तहान या सत्यकामाच्या भूमीत आज उत्पन्न झाली आहे की नाही ? मानवजातीने जे जे उद्योग सुरु केले आहेत, जे जे विचार प्रांत उत्पन्न केले आहेत, त्या सर्व ठिकाणी आपण गेले पाहिजे. यंत्रशास्त्र, वास्तुशास्त्र, शिल्पशास्त्र, शिक्षणशास्त्र, साहित्य, कला, रसायन, व्यायाम, क्रीडांगणे, समाजशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, मानसशास्त्र या सर्व सत्याच्या साक्षात्कारांच्या क्षेत्रात न थकता, न दमता पुढे घुसणारे लोक भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या उपासकांत निर्माण झाले पाहिजेत. प्रयोग केले पाहिजेत. हीच परमेश्वराची पूजा. देवाने दिलेले वाढविणे म्हणजेच त्याची पूजा. परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म.
त्या त्या काळातील प्रश्न त्या त्या विचारवंतांना सोडवावयाचे असतात. अर्वाचीन बुद्धीसमोर अर्वाचीन प्रश्न आहेत. भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का ? जगातील राष्ट्रांच्या मांडीला मांडी लावून बसण्याचा हक्क वेद घोकून मिळणार नाही, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीस्तोत्रे गाऊन मिळणार नाही. नवीन प्रश्नांस आपण हात घातला पाहिजे. प्रयोगालये म्हणजे होमशाळा काढल्या पाहिजेत. होऊ देत सुरु प्रयोग-सत्य-देवाचे सर्वांगीण स्वरूप समजून घेण्याचे प्रयोग.
आता कोठेही अडता कामा नये. आपले घोडे सर्वत्र दौडत जाऊ देत. ग्रामसंघटन, खादीशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, नवनीतीवाद, कोणतेही क्षेत्र असो, त्याविषयात आपण घुसू व नवीन ज्ञान निर्मू, ठिकठिकाणी संग्रहालये, प्रयोगालये, ग्रंथालये स्थापू. बौद्धिक व वैचारिक सहकार्य मिळवू. ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे. पूर्वीच्या शेकडो विचारवंतांच्या खांद्यावर नवीन विचार उभा राहत असतो. गांधी टिळकांच्या कल्पनांचा विकास करतील. जवाहरलाल गांधींना पुढे नेतील. ज्ञानाच्या प्रत्येक प्रांतात अशी स्थिती आहे. तेथे अहंकार नाही, नम्र व निष्ठापूर्वक, ज्ञानेश्वरांची पूजा आहे.
निर्मळ विचार व शुद्ध दृष्टी यांची आज नितांत आवश्यकता आहे. येथे अधीरता नको, उतावळी नको, स्वार्थ नको, आळस नको. निर्मळता हवी असेल तर खोल अभ्यासाची आवश्यकता आहे. प्रयत्न व कष्ट यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाबद्दल प्रेम व कळकळ यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाला सुखी कसे करता येईल, ही तळमळ लागली म्हणजे मग तुम्ही विचार करू लागाल मग जो विचार स्फुरेल त्याचा आचार सुरु होईल, आणि या विचाराला व आचाराला 'युगधर्म' असे नाव दिले जाईल.
पुढील दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते योग्य आहे ?
अ. जगात अनुकरण करणारे न करणाऱ्यांपेक्षा अधिक.
ब. भारतीय संस्कृती म्हणजे वेद घोकणे, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीसुमने गाणे.
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Answer: (A) फक्त अ
Explanation
परिच्छेदाच्या सुरुवातीलाच स्पष्ट केले आहे की जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी असणारे लोक फार थोडे असतात, आणि जुने व नवे लोक अनुक्रमे प्राचीन ऋषींचे किंवा पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम बनतात. म्हणजेच जगात स्वतःचा स्वतंत्र विचार न करता इतरांचे अनुकरण करणाऱ्यांची संख्या न करणाऱ्यांपेक्षा खूप जास्त आहे. यामुळे विधान अ पूर्णपणे योग्य ठरते.
दुसरीकडे, परिच्छेदानुसार भारतीय संस्कृती म्हणजे केवळ वेद घोकणे किंवा पूर्वजांची स्तुती करणे नसून, ती स्वतंत्र विचार करायला शिकवते, नवीन प्रश्नांना हात घालायला सांगते आणि प्रयोगांद्वारे नवीन ज्ञान निर्माण करण्यास प्रवृत्त करते. त्यामुळे विधान ब अयोग्य आहे.
43Reading Comprehension
परिच्छेद (प्रश्न क्रमांक 41 ते 45) :
जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी फार थोडी असते. सनातनी लोक दहा हजार वर्षांपूर्वीच्या ऋषींचे गुलाम होतात. तर नवीन लोक पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम होतात ! परंतु भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे. तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. आजूबाजूच्या देशांचाही विचार करा, आणि स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर ते बघा.
बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो. तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तो आपल्या विशंकतेने पुढे पाऊल टाकील. जुने लोक कलियुग, कलियुग म्हणतात. नवीन लोक यंत्रयुग, यंत्रयुग म्हणतात. गांधी म्हणतील, "मी माझे युग निर्माण करीन. मी चरख्याचे युग आणीन. ग्रामोद्योगाचे युग आणीन." बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढीत बसणार नाही. तो स्वतःच्या विचारांचे युग आपल्या भोवती निर्माण करू पाहतो.
सत्याची तहान या सत्यकामाच्या भूमीत आज उत्पन्न झाली आहे की नाही ? मानवजातीने जे जे उद्योग सुरु केले आहेत, जे जे विचार प्रांत उत्पन्न केले आहेत, त्या सर्व ठिकाणी आपण गेले पाहिजे. यंत्रशास्त्र, वास्तुशास्त्र, शिल्पशास्त्र, शिक्षणशास्त्र, साहित्य, कला, रसायन, व्यायाम, क्रीडांगणे, समाजशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, मानसशास्त्र या सर्व सत्याच्या साक्षात्कारांच्या क्षेत्रात न थकता, न दमता पुढे घुसणारे लोक भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या उपासकांत निर्माण झाले पाहिजेत. प्रयोग केले पाहिजेत. हीच परमेश्वराची पूजा. देवाने दिलेले वाढविणे म्हणजेच त्याची पूजा. परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म.
त्या त्या काळातील प्रश्न त्या त्या विचारवंतांना सोडवावयाचे असतात. अर्वाचीन बुद्धीसमोर अर्वाचीन प्रश्न आहेत. भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का ? जगातील राष्ट्रांच्या मांडीला मांडी लावून बसण्याचा हक्क वेद घोकून मिळणार नाही, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीस्तोत्रे गाऊन मिळणार नाही. नवीन प्रश्नांस आपण हात घातला पाहिजे. प्रयोगालये म्हणजे होमशाळा काढल्या पाहिजेत. होऊ देत सुरु प्रयोग-सत्य-देवाचे सर्वांगीण स्वरूप समजून घेण्याचे प्रयोग.
आता कोठेही अडता कामा नये. आपले घोडे सर्वत्र दौडत जाऊ देत. ग्रामसंघटन, खादीशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, नवनीतीवाद, कोणतेही क्षेत्र असो, त्याविषयात आपण घुसू व नवीन ज्ञान निर्मू, ठिकठिकाणी संग्रहालये, प्रयोगालये, ग्रंथालये स्थापू. बौद्धिक व वैचारिक सहकार्य मिळवू. ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे. पूर्वीच्या शेकडो विचारवंतांच्या खांद्यावर नवीन विचार उभा राहत असतो. गांधी टिळकांच्या कल्पनांचा विकास करतील. जवाहरलाल गांधींना पुढे नेतील. ज्ञानाच्या प्रत्येक प्रांतात अशी स्थिती आहे. तेथे अहंकार नाही, नम्र व निष्ठापूर्वक, ज्ञानेश्वरांची पूजा आहे.
निर्मळ विचार व शुद्ध दृष्टी यांची आज नितांत आवश्यकता आहे. येथे अधीरता नको, उतावळी नको, स्वार्थ नको, आळस नको. निर्मळता हवी असेल तर खोल अभ्यासाची आवश्यकता आहे. प्रयत्न व कष्ट यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाबद्दल प्रेम व कळकळ यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाला सुखी कसे करता येईल, ही तळमळ लागली म्हणजे मग तुम्ही विचार करू लागाल मग जो विचार स्फुरेल त्याचा आचार सुरु होईल, आणि या विचाराला व आचाराला 'युगधर्म' असे नाव दिले जाईल.
खाली दिलेल्या दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते अयोग्य आहे ?
अ. युगधर्म गाठावयाचा असेल तर परंपरेचा विचार करण्याची गरज नाही.
ब. बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य कोणाचीही स्तुती करीत नाही.
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Answer: (C) दोन्ही अ आणि ब
Explanation
पहिल्या परिच्छेदात लेखक सांगतात की, तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. त्यामुळे युगधर्म गाठावयाचा असेल तर परंपरेचा विचार करण्याची गरज नाही, हे विधान अ अयोग्य आहे.
दुसऱ्या परिच्छेदानुसार, बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो आणि तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तुणतुणे वाजवणे म्हणजे एखाद्याचे आंधळे अनुकरण करणे किंवा एकाच गोष्टीचा सतत पुनरुच्चार करणे, याचा अर्थ बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य कधीही कोणाचीच स्तुती करत नाही असा होत नाही. त्यामुळे विधान ब देखील अयोग्य ठरते.
44Reading Comprehension
परिच्छेद (प्रश्न क्रमांक 41 ते 45) :
जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी फार थोडी असते. सनातनी लोक दहा हजार वर्षांपूर्वीच्या ऋषींचे गुलाम होतात. तर नवीन लोक पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम होतात ! परंतु भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे. तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. आजूबाजूच्या देशांचाही विचार करा, आणि स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर ते बघा.
बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो. तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तो आपल्या विशंकतेने पुढे पाऊल टाकील. जुने लोक कलियुग, कलियुग म्हणतात. नवीन लोक यंत्रयुग, यंत्रयुग म्हणतात. गांधी म्हणतील, "मी माझे युग निर्माण करीन. मी चरख्याचे युग आणीन. ग्रामोद्योगाचे युग आणीन." बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढीत बसणार नाही. तो स्वतःच्या विचारांचे युग आपल्या भोवती निर्माण करू पाहतो.
सत्याची तहान या सत्यकामाच्या भूमीत आज उत्पन्न झाली आहे की नाही ? मानवजातीने जे जे उद्योग सुरु केले आहेत, जे जे विचार प्रांत उत्पन्न केले आहेत, त्या सर्व ठिकाणी आपण गेले पाहिजे. यंत्रशास्त्र, वास्तुशास्त्र, शिल्पशास्त्र, शिक्षणशास्त्र, साहित्य, कला, रसायन, व्यायाम, क्रीडांगणे, समाजशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, मानसशास्त्र या सर्व सत्याच्या साक्षात्कारांच्या क्षेत्रात न थकता, न दमता पुढे घुसणारे लोक भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या उपासकांत निर्माण झाले पाहिजेत. प्रयोग केले पाहिजेत. हीच परमेश्वराची पूजा. देवाने दिलेले वाढविणे म्हणजेच त्याची पूजा. परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म.
त्या त्या काळातील प्रश्न त्या त्या विचारवंतांना सोडवावयाचे असतात. अर्वाचीन बुद्धीसमोर अर्वाचीन प्रश्न आहेत. भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का ? जगातील राष्ट्रांच्या मांडीला मांडी लावून बसण्याचा हक्क वेद घोकून मिळणार नाही, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीस्तोत्रे गाऊन मिळणार नाही. नवीन प्रश्नांस आपण हात घातला पाहिजे. प्रयोगालये म्हणजे होमशाळा काढल्या पाहिजेत. होऊ देत सुरु प्रयोग-सत्य-देवाचे सर्वांगीण स्वरूप समजून घेण्याचे प्रयोग.
आता कोठेही अडता कामा नये. आपले घोडे सर्वत्र दौडत जाऊ देत. ग्रामसंघटन, खादीशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, नवनीतीवाद, कोणतेही क्षेत्र असो, त्याविषयात आपण घुसू व नवीन ज्ञान निर्मू, ठिकठिकाणी संग्रहालये, प्रयोगालये, ग्रंथालये स्थापू. बौद्धिक व वैचारिक सहकार्य मिळवू. ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे. पूर्वीच्या शेकडो विचारवंतांच्या खांद्यावर नवीन विचार उभा राहत असतो. गांधी टिळकांच्या कल्पनांचा विकास करतील. जवाहरलाल गांधींना पुढे नेतील. ज्ञानाच्या प्रत्येक प्रांतात अशी स्थिती आहे. तेथे अहंकार नाही, नम्र व निष्ठापूर्वक, ज्ञानेश्वरांची पूजा आहे.
निर्मळ विचार व शुद्ध दृष्टी यांची आज नितांत आवश्यकता आहे. येथे अधीरता नको, उतावळी नको, स्वार्थ नको, आळस नको. निर्मळता हवी असेल तर खोल अभ्यासाची आवश्यकता आहे. प्रयत्न व कष्ट यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाबद्दल प्रेम व कळकळ यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाला सुखी कसे करता येईल, ही तळमळ लागली म्हणजे मग तुम्ही विचार करू लागाल मग जो विचार स्फुरेल त्याचा आचार सुरु होईल, आणि या विचाराला व आचाराला 'युगधर्म' असे नाव दिले जाईल.
पुढे दिलेल्या दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते योग्य आहे ?
अ. देवाने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास म्हणजेच युगधर्म.
ब. ज्ञान केवळ सहकार्यानिच मिळते.
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Answer: (D) दोन्ही नाहीत
Explanation
परिच्छेदानुसार, परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म होय, तर युगधर्म म्हणजे समाजाला सुखी करण्याच्या तळमळीतून निर्माण होणारा विचार आणि आचार होय. त्यामुळे विधान अ चुकीचे आहे.
तसेच, परिच्छेदात ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे असे म्हटले आहे, परंतु ज्ञान केवळ सहकार्यानेच मिळते असा मर्यादित किंवा एकमेव पर्याय असलेला निष्कर्ष काढता येत नाही. यामुळे विधान ब देखील चुकीचे ठरते.
45Reading Comprehension
परिच्छेद (प्रश्न क्रमांक 41 ते 45) :
जगात स्वतंत्र बुद्धी फार थोडी असते. सनातनी लोक दहा हजार वर्षांपूर्वीच्या ऋषींचे गुलाम होतात. तर नवीन लोक पाश्चिमात्य पंडितांचे गुलाम होतात ! परंतु भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे. तुमच्या देशाच्या स्थितीचा विचार करा, परंपरेचा विचार करा. आजूबाजूच्या देशांचाही विचार करा, आणि स्वतःच्या समाजाला काय हितकर ते बघा.
बुद्धिवादी मनुष्य निर्भय असतो. तो कोणाचे तुणतुणे वाजवीत बसणार नाही. तो आपल्या विशंकतेने पुढे पाऊल टाकील. जुने लोक कलियुग, कलियुग म्हणतात. नवीन लोक यंत्रयुग, यंत्रयुग म्हणतात. गांधी म्हणतील, "मी माझे युग निर्माण करीन. मी चरख्याचे युग आणीन. ग्रामोद्योगाचे युग आणीन." बुद्धिमान मनुष्य री ओढीत बसणार नाही. तो स्वतःच्या विचारांचे युग आपल्या भोवती निर्माण करू पाहतो.
सत्याची तहान या सत्यकामाच्या भूमीत आज उत्पन्न झाली आहे की नाही ? मानवजातीने जे जे उद्योग सुरु केले आहेत, जे जे विचार प्रांत उत्पन्न केले आहेत, त्या सर्व ठिकाणी आपण गेले पाहिजे. यंत्रशास्त्र, वास्तुशास्त्र, शिल्पशास्त्र, शिक्षणशास्त्र, साहित्य, कला, रसायन, व्यायाम, क्रीडांगणे, समाजशास्त्र, अर्थशास्त्र, मानसशास्त्र या सर्व सत्याच्या साक्षात्कारांच्या क्षेत्रात न थकता, न दमता पुढे घुसणारे लोक भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या उपासकांत निर्माण झाले पाहिजेत. प्रयोग केले पाहिजेत. हीच परमेश्वराची पूजा. देवाने दिलेले वाढविणे म्हणजेच त्याची पूजा. परमेश्वराने दिलेल्या बुद्धीचा विकास करणे म्हणजेच खरा धर्म.
त्या त्या काळातील प्रश्न त्या त्या विचारवंतांना सोडवावयाचे असतात. अर्वाचीन बुद्धीसमोर अर्वाचीन प्रश्न आहेत. भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का ? जगातील राष्ट्रांच्या मांडीला मांडी लावून बसण्याचा हक्क वेद घोकून मिळणार नाही, पूर्वजांची स्तुतीस्तोत्रे गाऊन मिळणार नाही. नवीन प्रश्नांस आपण हात घातला पाहिजे. प्रयोगालये म्हणजे होमशाळा काढल्या पाहिजेत. होऊ देत सुरु प्रयोग-सत्य-देवाचे सर्वांगीण स्वरूप समजून घेण्याचे प्रयोग.
आता कोठेही अडता कामा नये. आपले घोडे सर्वत्र दौडत जाऊ देत. ग्रामसंघटन, खादीशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, नवनीतीवाद, कोणतेही क्षेत्र असो, त्याविषयात आपण घुसू व नवीन ज्ञान निर्मू, ठिकठिकाणी संग्रहालये, प्रयोगालये, ग्रंथालये स्थापू. बौद्धिक व वैचारिक सहकार्य मिळवू. ज्ञान ही सहकार्याची वस्तू आहे. पूर्वीच्या शेकडो विचारवंतांच्या खांद्यावर नवीन विचार उभा राहत असतो. गांधी टिळकांच्या कल्पनांचा विकास करतील. जवाहरलाल गांधींना पुढे नेतील. ज्ञानाच्या प्रत्येक प्रांतात अशी स्थिती आहे. तेथे अहंकार नाही, नम्र व निष्ठापूर्वक, ज्ञानेश्वरांची पूजा आहे.
निर्मळ विचार व शुद्ध दृष्टी यांची आज नितांत आवश्यकता आहे. येथे अधीरता नको, उतावळी नको, स्वार्थ नको, आळस नको. निर्मळता हवी असेल तर खोल अभ्यासाची आवश्यकता आहे. प्रयत्न व कष्ट यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाबद्दल प्रेम व कळकळ यांची जरूर आहे. समाजाला सुखी कसे करता येईल, ही तळमळ लागली म्हणजे मग तुम्ही विचार करू लागाल मग जो विचार स्फुरेल त्याचा आचार सुरु होईल, आणि या विचाराला व आचाराला 'युगधर्म' असे नाव दिले जाईल.
उताऱ्याला शीर्षक द्या.
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Answer: (C) भारतीय संस्कृती
Explanation
हा उतारा साने गुरुजी यांच्या 'भारतीय संस्कृती' या प्रसिद्ध पुस्तकातील एका भागावर आधारित आहे. या संपूर्ण उताऱ्याची मध्यवर्ती कल्पना भारतीय संस्कृती आणि तिचे प्रवाही व पुरोगामी स्वरूप याभोवती फिरते. लेखक उताऱ्याच्या सुरुवातीलाच स्पष्ट करतात की, "भारतीय संस्कृती स्वतंत्र दिवा लावावयास सांगत आहे." संपूर्ण उताऱ्यामध्ये भारतीय संस्कृतीच्या खऱ्या उपासकांची लक्षणे, त्यांचे विचार आणि नवीन ज्ञान निर्मितीची गरज यावर भर देण्यात आला आहे. ज्ञान, विज्ञान, संशोधन आणि विविध क्षेत्रात सतत प्रयोगशील राहणे हेच खऱ्या भारतीय संस्कृतीचे स्वरूप आहे, हे दर्शवण्यासाठी "भारतीय संस्कृती ही हिम्मत नाही का?" असा प्रश्न विचारून लेखकाने समाजमनाला जागे केले आहे. भूतकाळातील विचारांचे केवळ अनुकरण न करता नव्या युगाचे प्रश्न सोडवून प्रयोगांच्या माध्यमातून पुढे जाणे हाच संस्कृतीचा खरा संदेश आहे.
46Reading Comprehension
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next door, who objected to his peace being disturbed in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant for the musicians. I do not know what the law said on the subject. It may be admitted that the annoyances were equal in effect, but they were not the same in motive. In the one case, the motive was the reasonable one of earning an honest living; there was no deliberate intention of being offensive to the neighbours. In the other case, the motive was admittedly to make a demonstration against the neighbours. What is to be done in such circumstances? It is not an offence to play the piano in one's own house even for a living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say that he makes them for a living and without intending to destroy my peace. He does destroy my peace and it is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man may play the trombone in his own house all day if he took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. I find my argument is leading me to the side of the tin can gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my sympathies are with the musicians. And yet
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion altogether and leave the incident to make us generally a little more sensitive about the feelings of our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to play the piano; but the amenities of neighbourliness require that we should mutually avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as we can.
Fill the blank space with the best among the given options:
The probability is strong that the musicians
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Answer: (C) knew they were causing discomfort to their neighbour
Explanation
The passage states that the neighbor reacted to the piano lessons by actively retaliating, specifically by banging on tin cans and deliberately making things unpleasant to make a demonstration against them. Because this retaliatory counter-noise was loud, direct, and explicitly intended as a protest, it is highly probable that the musicians heard these actions and thus understood that their own piano playing was causing discomfort to their neighbor.
47Reading Comprehension
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next door, who objected to his peace being disturbed in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant for the musicians. I do not know what the law said on the subject. It may be admitted that the annoyances were equal in effect, but they were not the same in motive. In the one case, the motive was the reasonable one of earning an honest living; there was no deliberate intention of being offensive to the neighbours. In the other case, the motive was admittedly to make a demonstration against the neighbours. What is to be done in such circumstances? It is not an offence to play the piano in one's own house even for a living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say that he makes them for a living and without intending to destroy my peace. He does destroy my peace and it is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man may play the trombone in his own house all day if he took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. I find my argument is leading me to the side of the tin can gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my sympathies are with the musicians. And yet
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion altogether and leave the incident to make us generally a little more sensitive about the feelings of our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to play the piano; but the amenities of neighbourliness require that we should mutually avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as we can.
Fill the blank space with the best among the given options:
"... or perhaps even more if you do ..." in the last sentence of the first paragraph suggests that ______.
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Answer: (A) the piano is not being played well
Explanation
The phrase in question highlights the particular annoyance of listening to a neighbor practicing scales all day on the piano. When someone is practicing scales, they are not performing a beautiful, complete piece of music, but are instead engaged in repetitive, monotonous practice exercises. If you do not like music, any such noise is generally bothersome. If you actually like and appreciate music, hearing endless, repetitive scales is even more distressing because you are forced to listen to tedious exercises rather than actual, well-played music. This implies that the instrument is being used for basic learning drills rather than being played well or artistically. Therefore, the phrase suggests that the piano is not being played well.
48Reading Comprehension
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next door, who objected to his peace being disturbed in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant for the musicians. I do not know what the law said on the subject. It may be admitted that the annoyances were equal in effect, but they were not the same in motive. In the one case, the motive was the reasonable one of earning an honest living; there was no deliberate intention of being offensive to the neighbours. In the other case, the motive was admittedly to make a demonstration against the neighbours. What is to be done in such circumstances? It is not an offence to play the piano in one's own house even for a living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say that he makes them for a living and without intending to destroy my peace. He does destroy my peace and it is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man may play the trombone in his own house all day if he took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. I find my argument is leading me to the side of the tin can gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my sympathies are with the musicians. And yet
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion altogether and leave the incident to make us generally a little more sensitive about the feelings of our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to play the piano; but the amenities of neighbourliness require that we should mutually avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as we can.
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
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Answer: (C) Hazlitt had little idea about the loudness of the trombone.
Explanation
The author notes that Hazlitt insisted a person could play the trombone all day in their own house as long as they took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to neighbors. However, the author immediately counters this by stating that Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. This remark implies that Hazlitt was unaware of how loud and intrusive a trombone actually is, and that its sound cannot be easily contained or limited. Hence, Hazlitt had little idea about the loudness of the trombone.
49Reading Comprehension
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next door, who objected to his peace being disturbed in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant for the musicians. I do not know what the law said on the subject. It may be admitted that the annoyances were equal in effect, but they were not the same in motive. In the one case, the motive was the reasonable one of earning an honest living; there was no deliberate intention of being offensive to the neighbours. In the other case, the motive was admittedly to make a demonstration against the neighbours. What is to be done in such circumstances? It is not an offence to play the piano in one's own house even for a living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say that he makes them for a living and without intending to destroy my peace. He does destroy my peace and it is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man may play the trombone in his own house all day if he took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. I find my argument is leading me to the side of the tin can gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my sympathies are with the musicians. And yet
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion altogether and leave the incident to make us generally a little more sensitive about the feelings of our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to play the piano; but the amenities of neighbourliness require that we should mutually avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as we can.
Fill the blank space with the best among the given options:
The writer is suggesting that ______.
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Answer: (C) motive is immaterial not the concern
Explanation
The writer explicitly states in the second paragraph that the question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If a neighbor's actions make life intolerable, the underlying reason, whether earning an honest living or acting out of malice, does not alter the physical disruption experienced. The impact of the disturbance remains the same regardless of the intent, making the motive immaterial to the actual experience of the nuisance.
50Reading Comprehension
Two musicians dwelling in one house gave lessons to pupils on the piano, and the man next door, who objected to his peace being disturbed in this way, took his revenge by banging on tin cans, and otherwise making things unpleasant for the musicians. I do not know what the law said on the subject. It may be admitted that the annoyances were equal in effect, but they were not the same in motive. In the one case, the motive was the reasonable one of earning an honest living; there was no deliberate intention of being offensive to the neighbours. In the other case, the motive was admittedly to make a demonstration against the neighbours. What is to be done in such circumstances? It is not an offence to play the piano in one's own house even for a living. On the other hand, it is hard, especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do, to hear the scales going on, on the piano next door, all day.
The question of motive does not seem to be relevant. If my neighbour makes noises which render my life intolerable, it is no answer to say that he makes them for a living and without intending to destroy my peace. He does destroy my peace and it is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to. Hazlitt insisted that a man may play the trombone in his own house all day if he took reasonable measures to limit the annoyance to his neighbours; but Hazlitt has probably never lived beside a trombone. I find my argument is leading me to the side of the tin can gentleman, and I don't want it to do that, for my sympathies are with the musicians. And yet
Well, let us avoid a definite conclusion altogether and leave the incident to make us generally a little more sensitive about the feelings of our neighbours. They cannot expect us never to play the piano; but the amenities of neighbourliness require that we should mutually avoid being a nuisance to each other as much as we can.
Fill the blank space with the best among the given alternatives:
"It is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to" can be re-written as ______.
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Answer: (B) The assurance does not help
Explanation
The phrase "It is no comfort to be assured that he does not mean to" expresses that knowing the neighbour does not intend to cause a disturbance does not make the noise any less intolerable. The actual physical discomfort remains unchanged despite their lack of bad intentions. Therefore, the assurance provides no relief, solution, or comfort, meaning that the assurance does not help.
51Quantitative Aptitude
Each play kit is packed in a separate box and these small boxes are again packed in the transport boxes. How many transport boxes of play kits will fit into the cargo area of the lorry ?
Fact 1 - Each transport box is cubical in shape and one of its sides is 50 centimetres in length.
Fact 2 - Cargo area of the lorry is thirty square metres.
Select the appropriate option that describes the role of facts 1 and 2 with respect to answering the question asked.
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Answer: (C) Both facts together are not sufficient.
Explanation
To determine how many transport boxes will fit into the cargo area of the lorry, we need to know the specific three-dimensional measurements (length, width, and height) of both the boxes and the lorry's cargo area.
Fact 1 gives the dimensions of the transport box, indicating it is a cube with a side of 50 cm. This allows us to calculate the volume of a single box as 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m = 0.125 m³.
Fact 2 gives only the floor area of the cargo space, which is 30 m². It does not provide the height of the cargo area, which is necessary to find its total volume. Additionally, the exact length and width of the cargo floor are not specified, meaning we cannot account for how the boxes would physically fit along the boundaries of the floor space.
Since the height and exact linear dimensions of the cargo area remain unknown, the total number of boxes that can fit cannot be calculated.
52Logical Reasoning
A person wants to offer lotus flowers to three temples that were around the pond. As he was about to pluck the flowers he heard a voice of the pond deity. She announced following conditions for plucking flowers. “Before going to each temple you should wash all the flowers that you have in the pond. Remember that when you wash flowers in this pond their quantity is doubled. You should offer equal number of flowers to each deity without wasting any flower. There should not be any flower left with you when you leave the last temple. You are allowed to pluck flowers only once.”
Select the minimum number of flowers the person should pluck to begin with and the minimum number flowers that he offers to each deity.
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Answer: (B) 7, 8
Explanation
Let x be the initial number of flowers plucked, and let y be the number of flowers offered to each deity.
When the person washes the flowers in the pond before visiting the first temple, the quantity of flowers doubles to 2x. After offering y flowers at the first temple, the remaining number of flowers is 2x - y.
Before visiting the second temple, the remaining flowers are washed and doubled, becoming 2(2x - y) = 4x - 2y. After offering y flowers at this temple, the remaining quantity is 4x - 3y.
Before entering the third temple, the remaining flowers are washed again to double the quantity to 2(4x - 3y) = 8x - 6y. After offering y flowers at this final temple, the number of remaining flowers is 8x - 7y.
Since there are no flowers left when leaving the last temple, we set the final remaining amount to zero:
8x - 7y = 0
8x = 7y
x/y = 7/8
To find the minimum number of flowers to begin with (x) and to offer (y), we take the smallest positive integer solution for this ratio, which yields x = 7 and y = 8.
53Logical Reasoning
Statements :
All teachers are doctors.
All doctors are engineers.
All engineers are students.
If all above statements are true then which of the following conclusions is/are true ?
Conclusions :
I. Some students are teachers. II. All doctors are students.
III. Some engineers are teachers. IV. All doctors are teachers.
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Answer: (D) Except IV, all the conclusions follow
Explanation
The statements establish a nested relationship among the four categories where Teachers are a subset of Doctors, Doctors are a subset of Engineers, and Engineers are a subset of Students. This chain of subsets can be written as Teachers ⊂ Doctors ⊂ Engineers ⊂ Students.
Based on this relation, since Teachers is a subset of Students, there is a portion of Students that are Teachers, making conclusion I correct. Because Doctors is a subset of Students through the chain, all Doctors are indeed Students, making conclusion II correct. Since Teachers is a subset of Engineers, there is an overlap between the two, making conclusion III correct. Lastly, while all Teachers are Doctors, the reverse is not necessarily true, which means conclusion IV does not follow. Thus, conclusions I, II, and III follow, whereas IV does not.
54Logical Reasoning
Ravi was born on Monday 5th May, 1992. He goes for a movie on his every birthday. However, he does not go for movie if his birthday comes on Tuesday or Wednesday. How many times does he not go for a movie until his 10th birthday ?
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Answer: (C) 3
Explanation
The day of the week shifts by 1 day for each ordinary year and by 2 days for each leap year, provided February 29th is crossed. Since May 5th is after February, the leap year shift of 2 days applies to birthdays falling in leap years. Starting from Ravi's birth on Monday, May 5th, 1992, we can determine the days for his subsequent birthdays:
His 1st birthday in 1993 shifts by 1 day to Tuesday, meaning he does not watch a movie.
His 2nd birthday in 1994 shifts by 1 day to Wednesday, meaning he does not watch a movie.
His 3rd birthday in 1995 shifts by 1 day to Thursday.
His 4th birthday in 1996 shifts by 2 days (leap year) to Saturday.
His 5th birthday in 1997 shifts by 1 day to Sunday.
His 6th birthday in 1998 shifts by 1 day to Monday.
His 7th birthday in 1999 shifts by 1 day to Tuesday, meaning he does not watch a movie.
His 8th birthday in 2000 shifts by 2 days (leap year) to Thursday.
His 9th birthday in 2001 shifts by 1 day to Friday.
His 10th birthday in 2002 shifts by 1 day to Saturday.
Counting the birthdays that fall on a Tuesday or Wednesday up to his 10th birthday, we find three instances: his 1st birthday (Tuesday), his 2nd birthday (Wednesday), and his 7th birthday (Tuesday).
55Logical Reasoning
Ali is brother of Bala. Kallu is father of Ali. Damu is brother of Nila. Nila is daughter of Bala. Then select the option that indicates Damu's paternal uncle.
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Answer: (D) One needs to know Bala's sex
Explanation
Since Nila is the daughter of Bala, and Damu is Nila's brother, Damu must also be a child of Bala. Ali is Bala's sibling. If Bala is male (Damu's father), Ali becomes Damu's paternal uncle; if Bala is female (Damu's mother), Ali becomes Damu's maternal uncle instead. Because the puzzle never specifies Bala's gender, the relationship of Ali to Damu as specifically 'paternal' cannot be determined without that information, making the answer dependent on knowing Bala's sex.
56Logical Reasoning
Some code numbers are given in Column II for the words of Column I. After studying them choose the correct alternative for the word given.
Column I Column II
CED 248
FEIH 4316
BEGI 5419
CAAJ 0877
DHEBF 96432
Then DECG = ?
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Answer: (A) 2485
Explanation
By analyzing the repeating letters in the word CAAJ, which maps to the digits 0877, the repeating letter A must correspond to the repeating digit 7. Therefore, A = 7, and the remaining letters C and J map to the digits 0 and 8.
Comparing this with CED, which maps to 248, the common letter C must be 8, leaving J = 0. This also means the remaining letters E and D map to the digits 2 and 4.
The word BEGI maps to 5419 and contains the letter E. Since the digits for E and D are 2 and 4, and only 4 is present in 5419, E must be 4, which means D must be 2.
For the remaining letters in BEGI, since E = 4, the letters B, G, and I map to the digits 1, 5, and 9.
The word FEIH maps to 4316. Since E = 4, the letters F, I, and H map to 1, 3, and 6. The common letter between B, G, I and F, I, H is I, and the common digit between their sets is 1, which means I = 1. This leaves the pair B and G mapping to 5 and 9.
The word DHEBF maps to 96432. Since D = 2 and E = 4, the letters H, B, and F map to the digits 3, 6, and 9. Since F and H map to 3 and 6, the letter B must map to 9. Consequently, G must map to 5.
Substituting these values for the letters in DECG:
D = 2
E = 4
C = 8
G = 5
This gives the code 2485.
57Logical Reasoning
Eli, Janu, Mila, Deu and Eku are friends and live in padas Ker, Ter, Ner, Ser and Mer, but not necessarily in that order. Each one lives in a different pada. Janu and Mila are not from Ter. Janu and Eku are not from Ker and Ner. Eli and Mila are not from Ner, Ser and Mer, Deu and Eku are not from Ter and Mer.
Select false statement from options given
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Answer: (A) Janu is from Ser
Explanation
By using the method of elimination, we can determine the exact pada for each person:
Mila is not from Ter, Ner, Ser, or Mer. Therefore, Mila must be from Ker.
Eli is not from Ner, Ser, or Mer. Since Mila is already from Ker, Eli must be from Ter.
Eku is not from Ker, Ner, Ter, or Mer. Therefore, Eku must be from Ser.
Since Eku is from Ser and Janu is not from Ker, Ner, or Ter, Janu must be from Mer.
This leaves Deu, who must be from Ner.
Comparing these results, Janu is from Mer, which makes the statement "Janu is from Ser" false.
58Logical Reasoning
On planet K, a day as a unit consists of 36 hours and each hour is divided into 120 minutes. For persons on this planet the degrees around a point are 720 instead of 360 that are noted on the earth. The dial of their clock shows 36 hours. Select the number that indicates the number of degrees between the hour and minute hands of K-planet clock when time is 9:48.
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Answer: (A) 100
Explanation
Total degrees around a point on planet K = 720°
Total hours on the clock dial = 36 hours
Minutes in each hour = 120 minutes
Angle covered by the hour hand in 1 hour = 720° / 36 = 20°
Angle covered by the hour hand in 1 minute = 20° / 120 = (1/6)°
Angle covered by the minute hand in 1 minute = 720° / 120 = 6°
At 9:48, the position of the hour hand from the 0-hour mark is:
(9 × 20°) + (48 × (1/6)°) = 180° + 8° = 188°
The position of the minute hand from the 0-minute mark is:
48 × 6° = 288°
The number of degrees between the hour hand and the minute hand is:
288° - 188° = 100°
59Logical Reasoning
Study the information given and select the appropriate option as an answer to the question
- Benin is to the west of Nigeria and to the south of Niger.
- Ghana is to the west of Benin and to the south of Mali.
- Cameroon is to the south of Benin and to the east of Mali.
- Nigeria is to the south of Mali and to the west of Cameroon.
- Mali is to the west of Cameroon and to the north of Benin.
- Niger is to the south of Mali and to the west of Cameroon.
Which of the following nations is located in both north and east of at least one another nation ?
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Answer: (C) Both Mali and Niger
Explanation
To determine the relative positioning of the nations, we can represent their locations on a standard 2D coordinate grid where the horizontal x-axis represents the West-to-East direction and the vertical y-axis represents the South-to-North direction.
Ghana is to the west of Benin, which means the x-coordinate of Benin is greater than the x-coordinate of Ghana: x(Benin) > x(Ghana).
Mali is to the north of Benin, which means the y-coordinate of Mali is greater than the y-coordinate of Benin, and they lie on a similar longitudinal line: x(Mali) = x(Benin). Since x(Benin) > x(Ghana), it follows that x(Mali) > x(Ghana), meaning Mali is to the east of Ghana. Additionally, Ghana is to the south of Mali, meaning Mali is to the north of Ghana. Thus, Mali is located both north and east of Ghana.
Benin is to the south of Niger, which means Niger is to the north of Benin: y(Niger) > y(Benin), and they lie on a similar longitudinal line: x(Niger) = x(Benin). Since x(Benin) > x(Ghana), it follows that x(Niger) > x(Ghana), meaning Niger is to the east of Ghana. Since Niger is to the north of Benin and Benin is to the north of Ghana, Niger is also to the north of Ghana. Thus, Niger is located both north and east of Ghana.
60Logical Reasoning
X is a joint family of some community. In this community polyandry or polygamy is not allowed. Marrying a sibling or to a direct descendant of self and siblings is forbidden. In this family no person is married more than once and no child is born out of wedlock. Study the relations between different persons and choose the option that indicates person(s) with whom D can marry according to community rules.
O is mother of L, who is married to V, is sister of D's mother H. G and E have two children; M who is of the same sex as that of G, and K who is of the same sex as that of E. O and O's spouse Y, have two children, Q and R, who are of the same sex as that to Y. O is the same sex that of D. E is G's spouse. P is the father of two children, G and D who are of different sexes.
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Answer: (C) Only Q or R
Explanation
To determine whom D can marry according to the community rules, we must trace the family tree and identify the sexes and relationships of the members involved:
O is female (mother of L and sister of H).
H is female (D's mother).
D is female, as she is of the same sex as O.
P is male (father of G and D). Since G and D are of different sexes, G must be male. Thus, G is D's brother.
G is married to E (female). They have two children: M (male, same sex as G) and K (female, same sex as E).
Y is male (spouse of O). They have children Q and R, who are both male (same sex as Y).
According to the community rules:
Polyandry or polygamy is not allowed.
Marrying a sibling is forbidden. Since G is D's brother, D cannot marry G.
Marrying a direct descendant of oneself or one's siblings is forbidden. Since M is the son of D's brother G (a direct descendant of D's sibling), D cannot marry M.
Marrying cousins is not forbidden under the given rules. Since Q and R are the sons of D's maternal aunt O, they are D's maternal first cousins and do not fall under any forbidden category.
Thus, D can marry either Q or R.
61Quantitative Aptitude
Taps, A, B and C independently fill or empty a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively. If simultaneously B and C fill and A empties the tank, in how many hours will the tank be completely filled ?
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Answer: (C) 30
Explanation
Let the total capacity of the tank be the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the individual times taken by taps A, B, and C, which are 12, 15, and 20 hours respectively.
LCM(12, 15, 20) = 60 units
The hourly efficiency or rate of work of each tap is calculated by dividing the total capacity by its individual time:
Efficiency of Tap A (emptying) = -60 ÷ 12 = -5 units per hour
Efficiency of Tap B (filling) = 60 ÷ 15 = 4 units per hour
Efficiency of Tap C (filling) = 60 ÷ 20 = 3 units per hour
When taps B and C fill the tank while tap A simultaneously empties it, the net efficiency per hour is:
Net rate = 4 + 3 - 5 = 2 units per hour
The total time required to completely fill the 60-unit tank at this combined rate is:
Time = Total capacity ÷ Net rate = 60 ÷ 2 = 30 hours
62Quantitative Aptitude
A five-member committee is to be formed from the group comprising of 6 men and 5 women. In how many different ways can the committee be formed with 3 men and 2 women ?
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Answer: (D) 200
Explanation
The number of ways to form the committee is found by multiplying the number of ways to select the men by the number of ways to select the women.
To choose 3 men out of 6, we use the combination formula ⁿCᵣ = n! / (r! × (n - r)!):
⁶C₃ = (6 × 5 × 4) / (3 × 2 × 1) = 20
To choose 2 women out of 5, we use:
⁵C₂ = (5 × 4) / (2 × 1) = 10
The total number of different ways to form the committee is:
⁶C₃ × ⁵C₂ = 20 × 10 = 200
63Quantitative Aptitude
Select the option that gives appropriate pair of mathematical signs that need to be interchanged to make the following numerical expression correct.
4 + 2 - 4 × 9 + 12 = -22
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Answer: (D) ÷ and +
Explanation
In the mathematical expression 4 + 2 - 4 × 9 ÷ 12 = -22, interchanging the signs ÷ and + yields:
4 ÷ 2 - 4 × 9 + 12 = -22
Applying the BODMAS rule, first perform the division and multiplication operations:
4 ÷ 2 = 2
4 × 9 = 36
Substitute these values back into the expression:
2 - 36 + 12
Now, perform the subtraction and addition from left to right:
2 - 36 = -34
-34 + 12 = -22
Since the left-hand side evaluates to -22, which is equal to the right-hand side, interchanging ÷ and + makes the numerical expression correct.
64Logical Reasoning
Below are given two true statements followed by two conclusions based on them. Choose the option that describes the conclusion(s) appropriately.
Statements :
1. All residents of the village, who do not own four wheelers, do not have two wheelers either.
2. Those who do not have two wheelers have only three wheelers
Conclusions :
I. No villager has both, the four wheeler and the three wheeler.
II. Some villagers have only two wheelers.
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Answer: (D) None of the conclusions follow
Explanation
Statement 1 states that residents without four-wheelers do not have two-wheelers either. The contrapositive of this statement means that anyone who has a two-wheeler must also have a four-wheeler. Consequently, no villager can have only a two-wheeler, which invalidates Conclusion II.
Statement 2 states that those without two-wheelers have only three-wheelers. This defines the vehicle ownership of individuals without two-wheelers but does not place any restriction on those who do have two-wheelers. Since residents with two-wheelers also own four-wheelers, there is no statement preventing them from also owning three-wheelers. Therefore, Conclusion I does not definitely follow.
65Logical Reasoning
Choose the correct option to replace the question mark.
JEWQR : ? : : ? : OYQFR
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Answer: (A) LCYOT, MAOHP
Explanation
The relationship between the terms in each pair is based on an alternating shift of +2 and -2 in the alphabetical positions of their letters.
For the first pair, applying this pattern to JEWQR gives:
J + 2 = L
E - 2 = C
W + 2 = Y
Q - 2 = O
R + 2 = T
This yields LCYOT.
For the second pair, applying this pattern to MAOHP gives:
M + 2 = O
A - 2 = Y
O + 2 = Q
H - 2 = F
P + 2 = R
This yields OYQFR.
66Quantitative Aptitude
Using any four digits at a time out of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 only once, how many different numbers can be made ?
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Answer: (A) 120
Explanation
To find the number of different four-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 only once, we use the permutation formula for selecting and arranging r distinct objects from a pool of n distinct objects:
ⁿPᵣ = n! / (n - r)!
In this problem, the total number of available digits is n = 5, and we need to select and arrange r = 4 digits at a time. Substituting these values into the formula:
⁵P₄ = 5! / (5 - 4)!
= 120 / 1
= 120
67Logical Reasoning
Select the option that indicates the number that is odd in the series
2, 4, 3· 5, 6· 5, 5· 0, 9· 0, 6· 5, 12· 5, 8· 0, 14, …
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Answer: (D) 12·5
Explanation
The given sequence is an alternating series consisting of two separate sub-sequences interleaved together.
The first sub-sequence consists of the terms at the odd positions: 2, 3.5, 5.0, 6.5, 8.0. Here, each term increases by a constant difference of 1.5.
The second sub-sequence consists of the terms at the even positions: 4, 6.5, 9.0, 12.5, 14. Here, each term should increase by a constant difference of 2.5. Following this pattern:
4 + 2.5 = 6.5
6.5 + 2.5 = 9.0
9.0 + 2.5 = 11.5
11.5 + 2.5 = 14
The actual term at the eighth position in the series is 12.5 instead of 11.5. This breaks the pattern of adding 2.5 in the even-positioned sub-sequence. Hence, 12.5 is the odd number in the series.
68Decision Making
In your area people are not caring for court orders related to noise pollution or air pollution under the pretext of culture and traditions. As a lay person you will
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Answer: (D) start assisting people in general to become aware of health problems related to noise and air pollution through virtual and real events.
Explanation
As a layperson, you do not have administrative or legal powers to enforce judicial orders directly. Therefore, the most proactive and constructive approach is to address the root cause of the community's resistance, which is a lack of awareness about the immediate and long-term health hazards of noise and air pollution. Organizing and assisting in virtual and real events provides a structured, scalable, and non-confrontational platform to systematically educate the public. This helps shift public perception, encouraging community members to voluntarily adopt healthier and eco-friendly cultural practices while ensuring compliance with court orders.
69Decision Making
You are working as a teacher and researcher in one institute. You are heading a research project that is funded by a large industrial group on the basis of your proposal. Many junior researchers are working under you for their doctoral degrees in this project. One female researcher asks you to help her get the degree. She threatens to put you behind bars under the pretext of sexual harassment if you don't fulfil her demand. You will
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Answer: (B) discuss the matter with seniors and colleagues and then take viable action against this student.
Explanation
Facing a threat of a false accusation of sexual harassment is a serious institutional and legal challenge that cannot be resolved through avoidance or capitulation. The most appropriate and professional course of action is to immediately report the situation to the institute's administration, seniors, and the relevant grievance or internal complaints committee. By documenting the blackmail and discussing the matter with colleagues and seniors, the supervisor ensures transparency, protects their own professional reputation, and creates an official record of the event before any false complaint can be filed. This enables the institute to initiate a formal inquiry and take appropriate disciplinary or legal action against the student for academic misconduct and extortion, upholding the integrity of both the research project and the institution.
70Decision Making
You are a district collector and receive a complaint under the RTE Act from a group of parents who admitted their children to a private school. These parents are from minorities, dalits and poor families. Though the school management admitted these children to their school, other children are bullying them constantly. As a result these young children are not ready to attend the school. You will,
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Answer: (D) organise workshops for teachers and parents for helping them to understand the importance of RTE Act with the help of NGOs and develop unconditional respect towards each other.
Explanation
Organizing workshops for teachers and parents with the help of non-governmental organizations to understand the significance of the Right to Education Act and cultivate unconditional respect addresses the root cause of systemic discrimination and bullying. As a district administrator, this approach promotes a collaborative, inclusive, and sensitive educational ecosystem where adults are sensitized to guide children towards embracing diversity. This sustainable intervention ensures the effective implementation of the law, fosters social integration, and protects the dignity and mental well-being of vulnerable students from minority, Dalit, and underprivileged backgrounds.
71Decision Making
You are visiting a friend who is living in the remote rural place during a five-day vacation. While taking a stroll you came across a residential ashram school managed by the MLA of the area. Your friend is an employee of some other institution headed by the same MLA. School is away from the main road and from the village dwellings. You go to the school premises and find that six children are sitting in the verandah, all other rooms are locked and no one is around. On inquiry you find that they are students of the school and are waiting for their parents to take them home. They are there without food for two days. They are from Korku tribe that is docile by nature, and lacks courage to visit villagers and request for help. Your friend requests you to leave the children to their fate and leave the premises immediately as he is worried about his job. You would
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Answer: (B) collect villagers, request them to see the plight of the children and help them with food till their parents come to take them to avoid any trouble relating to employment of your friend.
Explanation
This action successfully balances immediate humanitarian relief, systemic accountability, and administrative pragmatism.
First, the immediate survival and well-being of the six starved children from the vulnerable Korku tribe is the highest priority. Mobilizing the villagers to provide immediate food and care ensures their safety, as these children are docile and unable to seek help on their own.
Second, the situation reveals severe administrative negligence in a state-supported ashram school. Involving the local youth to invite media attention ensures that this systemic failure is exposed, leading to long-term accountability, investigation, and corrective measures to prevent future occurrences.
Third, by keeping both you and your friend anonymous, the friend's livelihood and job security are preserved, addressing their practical concerns without compromising on the ethical duty to rescue the children.
72Decision Making
You are appearing for a competitive examination, for admitting students to post-graduate courses, The ratio of seats to that of applicants is 1 : 256. You have high hopes of getting selected.
Suddenly some students writing the examination in your class started arguing with the supervisor when she spotted them using unfair means. Some other students complained against these students and the head of the center came to investigate the problem. You find it very difficult to concentrate on writing answers. You will
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Answer: (D) just remain calm, concentrate on reading the paper and wait for the completion of interrogation.
Explanation
In a highly competitive examination with an extremely low selection ratio of 1 in 256, time management and mental composure are the most critical factors determining success. Since you have high hopes of getting selected, your primary responsibility is to secure your own performance. The duty of addressing the use of unfair means, managing student conduct, and restoring order lies strictly with the invigilators and the center head. Getting involved in the disturbance or protesting would consume your precious examination time and break your concentration, which would directly jeopardize your chances of selection. Remaining calm, maintaining focus on the questions, and ignoring the distraction ensures that you utilize the remaining time productively while the authorities handle the administration and resolution of the incident.
