Women and Natural Resources
Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant; crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance.
Biomass plays a crucial role in meeting daily survival needs in the vast majority of the rural households in the country : food, fish, fuel (firewood, crop wastes and cowdung, organic manure, green mulch and forest litter), building materials (timber and thatch) and medicines (herbs), are all different forms of biomass. Water is another crucial element in human survival and its availability is definitely related to biomass in a country where rain falls only four months in the year. When the biomass in the surrounding environment disappears, water sources like streams and ponds also tend to disappear soon after the monsoon. An important aspect of this biomass- based subsistence economy is that it is monthly non- monetized. Water, fuel, fodder, building materials and even food to a certain extent are all gathered freely from the immediate environment. Production and processing of biomass agriculture, forestry and village crafts based on biomass as raw materials are also the biggest sources of employment.
Unfortunately industrialization, urbanization and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs (planting of teak or eucalyptus in place of sal or other natural vegetation, for instance) is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within, the non- monetized biomass- based subsistence economy. Marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. But women, not only within these cultures but in all rural cultures, face the maximum threat.
The special difficulties that women face — their extraordinary work burden or lack of access to health care, for instance, do not arise out of ecological deterioration per se. They are located in the sexual division of labour marked by a double work burden (at home and outside) and by the specific nature of tasks they do, and in the unequal distribution of resources like food within the household, which stems from women's inferior status in the household and from a lack of control over cash and productive resources like land. But given this situation, environmental destruction exacerbates women's already acute problems in a way very different from men.
Which group is more affected by environmental destruction ?
● Correct
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Answer: (C) Village poor women group
Explanation
The passage explicitly states in its very first sentence that probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings a long march for these women to find fuel, fodder, and water to meet crucial household needs, and as ecological conditions deteriorate, this burden increases further, stretching their physical endurance to its limits.
2Reading Comprehension
Women and Natural Resources
Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant; crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance.
Biomass plays a crucial role in meeting daily survival needs in the vast majority of the rural households in the country : food, fish, fuel (firewood, crop wastes and cowdung, organic manure, green mulch and forest litter), building materials (timber and thatch) and medicines (herbs), are all different forms of biomass. Water is another crucial element in human survival and its availability is definitely related to biomass in a country where rain falls only four months in the year. When the biomass in the surrounding environment disappears, water sources like streams and ponds also tend to disappear soon after the monsoon. An important aspect of this biomass- based subsistence economy is that it is monthly non- monetized. Water, fuel, fodder, building materials and even food to a certain extent are all gathered freely from the immediate environment. Production and processing of biomass agriculture, forestry and village crafts based on biomass as raw materials are also the biggest sources of employment.
Unfortunately industrialization, urbanization and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs (planting of teak or eucalyptus in place of sal or other natural vegetation, for instance) is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within, the non- monetized biomass- based subsistence economy. Marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. But women, not only within these cultures but in all rural cultures, face the maximum threat.
The special difficulties that women face — their extraordinary work burden or lack of access to health care, for instance, do not arise out of ecological deterioration per se. They are located in the sexual division of labour marked by a double work burden (at home and outside) and by the specific nature of tasks they do, and in the unequal distribution of resources like food within the household, which stems from women's inferior status in the household and from a lack of control over cash and productive resources like land. But given this situation, environmental destruction exacerbates women's already acute problems in a way very different from men.
Which factor does not affect the country's biomass base ?
● Correct
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Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
The passage explicitly states that industrialization, urbanization, and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. Since all three of these processes are actively responsible for affecting the biomass base, they are all incorrect choices for a factor that does not affect it.
3Reading Comprehension
Women and Natural Resources
Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant; crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance.
Biomass plays a crucial role in meeting daily survival needs in the vast majority of the rural households in the country : food, fish, fuel (firewood, crop wastes and cowdung, organic manure, green mulch and forest litter), building materials (timber and thatch) and medicines (herbs), are all different forms of biomass. Water is another crucial element in human survival and its availability is definitely related to biomass in a country where rain falls only four months in the year. When the biomass in the surrounding environment disappears, water sources like streams and ponds also tend to disappear soon after the monsoon. An important aspect of this biomass- based subsistence economy is that it is monthly non- monetized. Water, fuel, fodder, building materials and even food to a certain extent are all gathered freely from the immediate environment. Production and processing of biomass agriculture, forestry and village crafts based on biomass as raw materials are also the biggest sources of employment.
Unfortunately industrialization, urbanization and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs (planting of teak or eucalyptus in place of sal or other natural vegetation, for instance) is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within, the non- monetized biomass- based subsistence economy. Marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. But women, not only within these cultures but in all rural cultures, face the maximum threat.
The special difficulties that women face — their extraordinary work burden or lack of access to health care, for instance, do not arise out of ecological deterioration per se. They are located in the sexual division of labour marked by a double work burden (at home and outside) and by the specific nature of tasks they do, and in the unequal distribution of resources like food within the household, which stems from women's inferior status in the household and from a lack of control over cash and productive resources like land. But given this situation, environmental destruction exacerbates women's already acute problems in a way very different from men.
Which type of people face social destruction ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Aboriginal and nomadic tribes
Explanation
According to the third paragraph of the passage, the destruction of biomass due to deforestation, devegetation, and its shift toward urban and industrial needs has a major impact on those living within non-monetized subsistence economies. The text explicitly states that marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. In this context, tribals and nomads correspond directly to aboriginal and nomadic tribes.
4Reading Comprehension
Women and Natural Resources
Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant; crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance.
Biomass plays a crucial role in meeting daily survival needs in the vast majority of the rural households in the country : food, fish, fuel (firewood, crop wastes and cowdung, organic manure, green mulch and forest litter), building materials (timber and thatch) and medicines (herbs), are all different forms of biomass. Water is another crucial element in human survival and its availability is definitely related to biomass in a country where rain falls only four months in the year. When the biomass in the surrounding environment disappears, water sources like streams and ponds also tend to disappear soon after the monsoon. An important aspect of this biomass- based subsistence economy is that it is monthly non- monetized. Water, fuel, fodder, building materials and even food to a certain extent are all gathered freely from the immediate environment. Production and processing of biomass agriculture, forestry and village crafts based on biomass as raw materials are also the biggest sources of employment.
Unfortunately industrialization, urbanization and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs (planting of teak or eucalyptus in place of sal or other natural vegetation, for instance) is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within, the non- monetized biomass- based subsistence economy. Marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. But women, not only within these cultures but in all rural cultures, face the maximum threat.
The special difficulties that women face — their extraordinary work burden or lack of access to health care, for instance, do not arise out of ecological deterioration per se. They are located in the sexual division of labour marked by a double work burden (at home and outside) and by the specific nature of tasks they do, and in the unequal distribution of resources like food within the household, which stems from women's inferior status in the household and from a lack of control over cash and productive resources like land. But given this situation, environmental destruction exacerbates women's already acute problems in a way very different from men.
Explain the role of biomass of the rural households in the country.
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Biomass plays a crucial role
Explanation
According to the passage, biomass is fundamental to the daily survival of the vast majority of rural households in India. It serves as the primary source for meeting essential daily needs such as food, fuel, building materials, and traditional medicines. Since these resources are gathered freely from the immediate environment, biomass forms the backbone of the non-monetized rural subsistence economy and acts as the largest source of employment through agriculture, forestry, and village crafts.
5Reading Comprehension
Women and Natural Resources
Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant; crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance.
Biomass plays a crucial role in meeting daily survival needs in the vast majority of the rural households in the country : food, fish, fuel (firewood, crop wastes and cowdung, organic manure, green mulch and forest litter), building materials (timber and thatch) and medicines (herbs), are all different forms of biomass. Water is another crucial element in human survival and its availability is definitely related to biomass in a country where rain falls only four months in the year. When the biomass in the surrounding environment disappears, water sources like streams and ponds also tend to disappear soon after the monsoon. An important aspect of this biomass- based subsistence economy is that it is monthly non- monetized. Water, fuel, fodder, building materials and even food to a certain extent are all gathered freely from the immediate environment. Production and processing of biomass agriculture, forestry and village crafts based on biomass as raw materials are also the biggest sources of employment.
Unfortunately industrialization, urbanization and the advance of the cash economy have greatly affected the country's biomass base. The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs (planting of teak or eucalyptus in place of sal or other natural vegetation, for instance) is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within, the non- monetized biomass- based subsistence economy. Marginal cultures like that of tribals and nomads are the first to face total social destruction. But women, not only within these cultures but in all rural cultures, face the maximum threat.
The special difficulties that women face — their extraordinary work burden or lack of access to health care, for instance, do not arise out of ecological deterioration per se. They are located in the sexual division of labour marked by a double work burden (at home and outside) and by the specific nature of tasks they do, and in the unequal distribution of resources like food within the household, which stems from women's inferior status in the household and from a lack of control over cash and productive resources like land. But given this situation, environmental destruction exacerbates women's already acute problems in a way very different from men.
_______ and _______ destruct the biomass.
● Correct
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Answer: (C) Deforestation and devegetation
Explanation
The passage explicitly states in the third paragraph that the destruction of biomass is directly caused by deforestation and devegetation. Specifically, the text reads: "The destruction of biomass with deforestation and devegetation and its transformation away from rural and household needs and towards urban and industrial needs... is having a major impact on the lives of all those who live within...". This directly identifies deforestation and devegetation as the primary factors that destruct the biomass.
6Reading Comprehension
Forest Policy and Impact
In her book Ecology and the Politics of Survival, Vandana Shiva (1991) argues that tropical forest resources are undergoing the world's most severe ecological and economic crisis. The food security of the entire world depends upon linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well- being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World.
Shiva explains the crisis of tropical forestry in the light of the conflicting demands for biomass by the three fundamental economies associated with forests:
1. Nature's economy of essential ecological processes.
2. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction for people.
3. The market economy of industrial-commercial demands.
Nature's economy of essential ecological processes generates a demand on the products of the forest in terms of the maintenance of soil systems and the hydrological balance of the forest ecosystems. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction reflects the requirement of forest biomass (wood fuel, fodder, fruits, nuts, green manure, small timber, etc.) by people living in and around forests. The market economy of industrial- commercial demand converts forest biomass into items of the formal market economy, such as pulpwood, plywood, furniture, housing timber, wood fuel, etc., for the urban market. Nature's economy and survival economy have always overlapped in India. They functioned simultaneously without conflict as the survival needs of local people were satisfied through conservation- oriented utilization.
The colonial rule introduced dramatic breaks in usage. The former perception of the multiple functions of a forest ecosystem was replaced with a one- dimensional scientific forestry whose only objective was maximizing production of commercially valuable timber. Market logging eliminated the utilization of forest resources for ecological or economic objectives. Post- colonial forest policy further aggravated utilization conflicts and forest degradation. The system of clear- cutting (with artificial regeneration) was adopted. Shiva concludes that converting natural forests to pulpwood plantations further eroded biomass needed for fuel, fodder, fertilizers, etc. Monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, pine, etc., severely undermined ecological processes in mountain catchments like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
According to the given passage, food security depends on ______.
(a) food production
(b) ecological stability
(c) monsoon
(d) economic welfare of the people living in tropical region
Answer Options :
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Answer: (C) Only (b) and (d)
Explanation
The passage explicitly states that the food security of the entire world depends upon the linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well-being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World. This directly corresponds to ecological stability, represented by (b), and the economic welfare of the people living in the tropical region, represented by (d).
7Reading Comprehension
Forest Policy and Impact
In her book Ecology and the Politics of Survival, Vandana Shiva (1991) argues that tropical forest resources are undergoing the world's most severe ecological and economic crisis. The food security of the entire world depends upon linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well- being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World.
Shiva explains the crisis of tropical forestry in the light of the conflicting demands for biomass by the three fundamental economies associated with forests:
1. Nature's economy of essential ecological processes.
2. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction for people.
3. The market economy of industrial-commercial demands.
Nature's economy of essential ecological processes generates a demand on the products of the forest in terms of the maintenance of soil systems and the hydrological balance of the forest ecosystems. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction reflects the requirement of forest biomass (wood fuel, fodder, fruits, nuts, green manure, small timber, etc.) by people living in and around forests. The market economy of industrial- commercial demand converts forest biomass into items of the formal market economy, such as pulpwood, plywood, furniture, housing timber, wood fuel, etc., for the urban market. Nature's economy and survival economy have always overlapped in India. They functioned simultaneously without conflict as the survival needs of local people were satisfied through conservation- oriented utilization.
The colonial rule introduced dramatic breaks in usage. The former perception of the multiple functions of a forest ecosystem was replaced with a one- dimensional scientific forestry whose only objective was maximizing production of commercially valuable timber. Market logging eliminated the utilization of forest resources for ecological or economic objectives. Post- colonial forest policy further aggravated utilization conflicts and forest degradation. The system of clear- cutting (with artificial regeneration) was adopted. Shiva concludes that converting natural forests to pulpwood plantations further eroded biomass needed for fuel, fodder, fertilizers, etc. Monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, pine, etc., severely undermined ecological processes in mountain catchments like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Which approach of a community related to forests in India, do you understand from the given passage ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Conservation and use of forests
Explanation
The passage highlights that in India, nature's economy of essential ecological processes and the survival economy of local people have historically overlapped. The survival needs of local communities were met through conservation-oriented utilization, allowing both ecological stability and subsistence needs to be satisfied simultaneously without conflict. This demonstrates a community approach focused on the dual objective of the conservation and use of forests, ensuring that natural resources are sustained while supporting local livelihoods.
8Reading Comprehension
Forest Policy and Impact
In her book Ecology and the Politics of Survival, Vandana Shiva (1991) argues that tropical forest resources are undergoing the world's most severe ecological and economic crisis. The food security of the entire world depends upon linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well- being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World.
Shiva explains the crisis of tropical forestry in the light of the conflicting demands for biomass by the three fundamental economies associated with forests:
1. Nature's economy of essential ecological processes.
2. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction for people.
3. The market economy of industrial-commercial demands.
Nature's economy of essential ecological processes generates a demand on the products of the forest in terms of the maintenance of soil systems and the hydrological balance of the forest ecosystems. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction reflects the requirement of forest biomass (wood fuel, fodder, fruits, nuts, green manure, small timber, etc.) by people living in and around forests. The market economy of industrial- commercial demand converts forest biomass into items of the formal market economy, such as pulpwood, plywood, furniture, housing timber, wood fuel, etc., for the urban market. Nature's economy and survival economy have always overlapped in India. They functioned simultaneously without conflict as the survival needs of local people were satisfied through conservation- oriented utilization.
The colonial rule introduced dramatic breaks in usage. The former perception of the multiple functions of a forest ecosystem was replaced with a one- dimensional scientific forestry whose only objective was maximizing production of commercially valuable timber. Market logging eliminated the utilization of forest resources for ecological or economic objectives. Post- colonial forest policy further aggravated utilization conflicts and forest degradation. The system of clear- cutting (with artificial regeneration) was adopted. Shiva concludes that converting natural forests to pulpwood plantations further eroded biomass needed for fuel, fodder, fertilizers, etc. Monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, pine, etc., severely undermined ecological processes in mountain catchments like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
What are the effects of colonialism ?
(a) Forests considered only for market benefits
(b) Conflicts generated due to forest wealth
(c) Monoculture objectives of forestry were implemented
(d) Loss of biodiversity in the forests
Answer Options :
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Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation
Under colonial rule, traditional conservation-oriented systems were replaced with one-dimensional scientific forestry, which treated forests primarily as a source of commercially valuable timber, reflecting market benefits. By commercializing forest resources and prioritizing industrial demands over ecological stability and local survival needs, colonialism introduced severe utilization conflicts among the different forest economies. Furthermore, this scientific forestry model shifted objectives toward monoculture timber production, replacing diverse natural ecosystems with commercially profitable species, which ultimately led to the loss of biodiversity and severe ecological degradation in catchments like the Himalayas and Western Ghats.
9Reading Comprehension
Forest Policy and Impact
In her book Ecology and the Politics of Survival, Vandana Shiva (1991) argues that tropical forest resources are undergoing the world's most severe ecological and economic crisis. The food security of the entire world depends upon linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well- being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World.
Shiva explains the crisis of tropical forestry in the light of the conflicting demands for biomass by the three fundamental economies associated with forests:
1. Nature's economy of essential ecological processes.
2. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction for people.
3. The market economy of industrial-commercial demands.
Nature's economy of essential ecological processes generates a demand on the products of the forest in terms of the maintenance of soil systems and the hydrological balance of the forest ecosystems. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction reflects the requirement of forest biomass (wood fuel, fodder, fruits, nuts, green manure, small timber, etc.) by people living in and around forests. The market economy of industrial- commercial demand converts forest biomass into items of the formal market economy, such as pulpwood, plywood, furniture, housing timber, wood fuel, etc., for the urban market. Nature's economy and survival economy have always overlapped in India. They functioned simultaneously without conflict as the survival needs of local people were satisfied through conservation- oriented utilization.
The colonial rule introduced dramatic breaks in usage. The former perception of the multiple functions of a forest ecosystem was replaced with a one- dimensional scientific forestry whose only objective was maximizing production of commercially valuable timber. Market logging eliminated the utilization of forest resources for ecological or economic objectives. Post- colonial forest policy further aggravated utilization conflicts and forest degradation. The system of clear- cutting (with artificial regeneration) was adopted. Shiva concludes that converting natural forests to pulpwood plantations further eroded biomass needed for fuel, fodder, fertilizers, etc. Monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, pine, etc., severely undermined ecological processes in mountain catchments like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
What is the central idea of this passage ?
● Correct
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Answer: (B) Wrong environment policy and reduction in forest wealth
Explanation
The passage highlights how the introduction of flawed forest policies during the colonial and post-colonial periods transformed the perception of forest ecosystems from multi-functional systems into one-dimensional commercial resources. By prioritizing the market economy through clear-cutting and the promotion of monoculture plantations like eucalyptus and pine, these policies severely disrupted nature's economy and the survival economy of local communities. Consequently, this focus on maximizing commercial timber production at the expense of ecological stability and basic needs satisfaction led directly to widespread forest degradation, the erosion of essential biomass, and a significant reduction in overall forest wealth.
10Reading Comprehension
Forest Policy and Impact
In her book Ecology and the Politics of Survival, Vandana Shiva (1991) argues that tropical forest resources are undergoing the world's most severe ecological and economic crisis. The food security of the entire world depends upon linkages between the ecological stability and the economic well- being of the majority of the world's people who live in the tropics or the Third World.
Shiva explains the crisis of tropical forestry in the light of the conflicting demands for biomass by the three fundamental economies associated with forests:
1. Nature's economy of essential ecological processes.
2. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction for people.
3. The market economy of industrial-commercial demands.
Nature's economy of essential ecological processes generates a demand on the products of the forest in terms of the maintenance of soil systems and the hydrological balance of the forest ecosystems. The survival economy of basic needs satisfaction reflects the requirement of forest biomass (wood fuel, fodder, fruits, nuts, green manure, small timber, etc.) by people living in and around forests. The market economy of industrial- commercial demand converts forest biomass into items of the formal market economy, such as pulpwood, plywood, furniture, housing timber, wood fuel, etc., for the urban market. Nature's economy and survival economy have always overlapped in India. They functioned simultaneously without conflict as the survival needs of local people were satisfied through conservation- oriented utilization.
The colonial rule introduced dramatic breaks in usage. The former perception of the multiple functions of a forest ecosystem was replaced with a one- dimensional scientific forestry whose only objective was maximizing production of commercially valuable timber. Market logging eliminated the utilization of forest resources for ecological or economic objectives. Post- colonial forest policy further aggravated utilization conflicts and forest degradation. The system of clear- cutting (with artificial regeneration) was adopted. Shiva concludes that converting natural forests to pulpwood plantations further eroded biomass needed for fuel, fodder, fertilizers, etc. Monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, pine, etc., severely undermined ecological processes in mountain catchments like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Which conclusions can be derived from the passage ?
(a) Conservation of forests and use of forests are interdependent processes.
(b) We should not cultivate more Pine and Nilgiri trees.
(c) Colonial policy has caused the reduction of forests.
(d) Market economy based on trade demand does not depend on forests.
Answer Options :
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Answer: (C) Only (a), (b) and (c)
Explanation
The passage highlights that in India, nature's economy and survival economy functioned simultaneously and overlapped without conflict because local people satisfied their needs through conservation-oriented utilization. This demonstrates that the conservation of forests and their utilization are interdependent processes, validating statement (a).
Regarding statement (b), the passage notes that monoculture plantations of pine and eucalyptus (known locally as Nilgiri) have severely undermined critical ecological processes in mountain catchments such as the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Since these monoculture plantations cause severe ecological degradation, the clear implication is that further cultivation of pine and Nilgiri trees should be avoided.
For statement (c), the passage explains that colonial rule introduced a major break in forest usage. The colonizers replaced multi-dimensional ecosystem management with one-dimensional scientific forestry aimed solely at maximizing commercial timber production. This market logging and commercial exploitation initiated the process of forest degradation and the reduction of natural forest cover.
11Quantitative Aptitude
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = mv. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity.
Suppose an object of mass 'm' has an initial velocity 'u'. When a force 'F' is applied in the direction of its velocity for time 't', its velocity becomes 'v'.
∴ The initial momentum of the object = mu
Its final momentum after time, 't' is mv
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = Change in momentum / Time
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = (mv − mu) / t = m(v − u) / t = ma
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F = kma (k = constant of proportionality and its value is 1)
∴ F = ma
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose an object A has mass m₁ and its initial velocity is u₁ . An object B has mass m₂ and initial velocity u₂ . According to the formula for momentum, the initial momentum of A is m₁u₁ and that of B is m₂u₂ . Suppose these two objects collide. Let the force on A due to B be F₁ . This force will cause acceleration in A and its velocity will become v₁ .
Momentum of A after collision = m₁v₁
According to Newton's third law of motion, A also exerts an equal force on B, but in the opposite direction. This will cause a change in the momentum of B. If its velocity after collision is v₂ , the momentum of B after collision = m₂v₂ . If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,
F₂ = -F₁.
∴ m₂a₂ = -m₁a₁… as, F = ma
∴ m₂ × (v₂ - u₂) / t = -m₁ × (v₁ - u₁) / t … a = (v - u) / t
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂) = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)
∴ m₂v₂ - m₂u₂ = -m₁v₁ + m₁u₁
∴ m₂v₂ + m₁v₁ = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂
The magnitude of total final momentum = The magnitude of total initial momentum
Thus, if no external force is acting on two objects, then their total initial momentum is equal to their total final momentum. This statement is true for any number of objects. "When no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. This is a corollary to Newton's third law of motion. The momentum is unchanged after the collision. The momentum gets redistributed between the colliding objects. "The momentum of one of the objects decreases while that of the other increases." Thus, we can also state this corollary as follows. "When two objects collide, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision." In order to understand this principle, let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun.
When a bullet of mass m₁ is fired from a gun of mass m₂ , its velocity becomes v₁ , and its momentum becomes m₁v₁ . Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest and hence the total initial momentum is zero. According to the above law, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing. This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂ , is such that,
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0.
Two objects having masses 200 gm and 300 gm, are moving along the same line in the same direction with velocities 8 m/s and 4 m/s, respectively. After the collision of the two objects, the first object moves with a velocity of 5 m/s. After collision, the velocity of the other object is :
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Answer: (C) 6 m/s
Explanation
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision:
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂
Given:
m₁ = 200 g
m₂ = 300 g
u₁ = 8 m/s
u₂ = 4 m/s
v₁ = 5 m/s
Substituting these values into the conservation of momentum formula:
200 × 8 + 300 × 4 = 200 × 5 + 300 × v₂
1600 + 1200 = 1000 + 300 × v₂
2800 = 1000 + 300 × v₂
1800 = 300 × v₂
v₂ = 6 m/s
12Reading Comprehension
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = mv. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity.
Suppose an object of mass 'm' has an initial velocity 'u'. When a force 'F' is applied in the direction of its velocity for time 't', its velocity becomes 'v'.
∴ The initial momentum of the object = mu
Its final momentum after time, 't' is mv
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = Change in momentum / Time
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = (mv − mu) / t = m(v − u) / t = ma
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F = kma (k = constant of proportionality and its value is 1)
∴ F = ma
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose an object A has mass m₁ and its initial velocity is u₁ . An object B has mass m₂ and initial velocity u₂ . According to the formula for momentum, the initial momentum of A is m₁u₁ and that of B is m₂u₂ . Suppose these two objects collide. Let the force on A due to B be F₁ . This force will cause acceleration in A and its velocity will become v₁ .
Momentum of A after collision = m₁v₁
According to Newton's third law of motion, A also exerts an equal force on B, but in the opposite direction. This will cause a change in the momentum of B. If its velocity after collision is v₂ , the momentum of B after collision = m₂v₂ . If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,
F₂ = -F₁.
∴ m₂a₂ = -m₁a₁… as,F = ma
∴ m₂× (v₂ - u₂){t} = -m₁× (v₁ - u₁){t}… a = ((v - u))/(t)
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂) = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)
∴ m₂v₂ - m₂u₂ = -m₁v₁ + m₁u₁
∴ m₂v₂ + m₁v₁ = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂
The magnitude of total final momentum = The magnitude of total initial momentum
Thus, if no external force is acting on two objects, then their total initial momentum is equal to their total final momentum. This statement is true for any number of objects. "When no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. This is a corollary to Newton's third law of motion. The momentum is unchanged after the collision. The momentum gets redistributed between the colliding objects. "The momentum of one of the objects decreases while that of the other increases." Thus, we can also state this corollary as follows. "When two objects collide, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision." In order to understand this principle, let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun.
When a bullet of mass m₁ is fired from a gun of mass m₂ , its velocity becomes v₁ , and its momentum becomes m₁v₁ . Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest and hence the total initial momentum is zero. According to the above law, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing. This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂ , is such that,
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0.
The two objects are interacting without external force, their total momentum
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Answer: (B) does not change
Explanation
According to the Law of Conservation of Momentum, when no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. During an interaction or collision, the internal forces exerted by the objects on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, satisfying Newton's third law of motion. As a result, any change in momentum of one object is equal and opposite to the change in momentum of the other, meaning the total momentum of the closed system does not change.
13Quantitative Aptitude
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = mv. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity.
Suppose an object of mass 'm' has an initial velocity 'u'. When a force 'F' is applied in the direction of its velocity for time 't', its velocity becomes 'v'.
∴ The initial momentum of the object = mu
Its final momentum after time, 't' is mv
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = Change in momentum / Time
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = (mv − mu) / t = m(v − u) / t = ma
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F = kma (k = constant of proportionality and its value is 1)
∴ F = ma
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose an object A has mass m₁ and its initial velocity is u₁. An object B has mass m₂ and initial velocity u₂. According to the formula for momentum, the initial momentum of A is m₁u₁ and that of B is m₂u₂. Suppose these two objects collide. Let the force on A due to B be F₁. This force will cause acceleration in A and its velocity will become v₁.
Momentum of A after collision = m₁v₁
According to Newton's third law of motion, A also exerts an equal force on B, but in the opposite direction. This will cause a change in the momentum of B. If its velocity after collision is v₂, the momentum of B after collision = m₂v₂. If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,
F₂ = -F₁.
∴ m₂a₂ = -m₁a₁… as, F = ma
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂)/t = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)/t… a = (v - u)/t
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂) = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)
∴ m₂v₂ - m₂u₂ = -m₁v₁ + m₁u₁
∴ m₂v₂ + m₁v₁ = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂
The magnitude of total final momentum = The magnitude of total initial momentum
Thus, if no external force is acting on two objects, then their total initial momentum is equal to their total final momentum. This statement is true for any number of objects. "When no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. This is a corollary to Newton's third law of motion. The momentum is unchanged after the collision. The momentum gets redistributed between the colliding objects. "The momentum of one of the objects decreases while that of the other increases." Thus, we can also state this corollary as follows. "When two objects collide, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision." In order to understand this principle, let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun.
When a bullet of mass m₁ is fired from a gun of mass m₂, its velocity becomes v₁, and its momentum becomes m₁v₁. Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest and hence the total initial momentum is zero. According to the above law, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing. This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂, is such that,
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0.
The mass of a gun is 6 kg and it recoils with a speed 170 cm/s. What is the momentum of the gun ?
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Answer: (A) 10.2 kg m/s
Explanation
The momentum of an object is calculated as the product of its mass and velocity.
Momentum = mass × velocity
Given:
Mass of the gun = 6 kg
Recoil speed of the gun = 170 cm/s
First, convert the recoil speed from cm/s to m/s:
Recoil speed = 170 / 100 = 1.7 m/s
Now, substitute these values into the momentum formula:
Momentum = 6 kg × 1.7 m/s = 10.2 kg m/s
14Quantitative Aptitude
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = mv. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity.
Suppose an object of mass 'm' has an initial velocity 'u'. When a force 'F' is applied in the direction of its velocity for time 't', its velocity becomes 'v'.
∴ The initial momentum of the object = mu
Its final momentum after time, 't' is mv
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = Change in momentum / Time
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = (mv − mu) / t = m(v − u) / t = ma
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F = kma (k = constant of proportionality and its value is 1)
∴ F = ma
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose an object A has mass m₁ and its initial velocity is u₁. An object B has mass m₂ and initial velocity u₂. According to the formula for momentum, the initial momentum of A is m₁u₁ and that of B is m₂u₂. Suppose these two objects collide. Let the force on A due to B be F₁. This force will cause acceleration in A and its velocity will become v₁.
Momentum of A after collision = m₁v₁
According to Newton's third law of motion, A also exerts an equal force on B, but in the opposite direction. This will cause a change in the momentum of B. If its velocity after collision is v₂, the momentum of B after collision = m₂v₂. If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,
F₂ = -F₁.
∴ m₂a₂ = -m₁a₁… as, F = ma
∴ m₂ × (v₂ - u₂) / t = -m₁ × (v₁ - u₁) / t … a = (v - u) / t
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂) = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)
∴ m₂v₂ - m₂u₂ = -m₁v₁ + m₁u₁
∴ m₂v₂ + m₁v₁ = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂
The magnitude of total final momentum = The magnitude of total initial momentum
Thus, if no external force is acting on two objects, then their total initial momentum is equal to their total final momentum. This statement is true for any number of objects. "When no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. This is a corollary to Newton's third law of motion. The momentum is unchanged after the collision. The momentum gets redistributed between the colliding objects. "The momentum of one of the objects decreases while that of the other increases." Thus, we can also state this corollary as follows. "When two objects collide, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision." In order to understand this principle, let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun.
When a bullet of mass m₁ is fired from a gun of mass m₂, its velocity becomes v₁, and its momentum becomes m₁v₁. Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest and hence the total initial momentum is zero. According to the above law, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing. This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂, is such that,
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0.
Two objects, A and B have masses m₁ and m₂, respectively. According to Newton's third law of motion, the force exerted by A on B is:
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Answer: (A) equal and in opposite direction
Explanation
According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Therefore, the force exerted by object A on object B is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by object B on object A.
15Quantitative Aptitude
Momentum (P)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = mv. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity.
Suppose an object of mass 'm' has an initial velocity 'u'. When a force 'F' is applied in the direction of its velocity for time 't', its velocity becomes 'v'.
∴ The initial momentum of the object = mu
Its final momentum after time, 't' is mv
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = Change in momentum / Time
∴ Rate of change of Momentum = (mv − mu) / t = m(v − u) / t = ma
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F = kma (k = constant of proportionality and its value is 1)
∴ F = ma
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose an object A has mass m₁ and its initial velocity is u₁. An object B has mass m₂ and initial velocity u₂. According to the formula for momentum, the initial momentum of A is m₁u₁ and that of B is m₂u₂. Suppose these two objects collide. Let the force on A due to B be F₁. This force will cause acceleration in A and its velocity will become v₁.
Momentum of A after collision = m₁v₁
According to Newton's third law of motion, A also exerts an equal force on B, but in the opposite direction. This will cause a change in the momentum of B. If its velocity after collision is v₂, the momentum of B after collision = m₂v₂. If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,
F₂ = -F₁.
∴ m₂a₂ = -m₁a₁… as, F = ma
∴ m₂ × (v₂ - u₂)/t = -m₁ × (v₁ - u₁)/t… a = (v - u)/t
∴ m₂(v₂ - u₂) = -m₁(v₁ - u₁)
∴ m₂v₂ - m₂u₂ = -m₁v₁ + m₁u₁
∴ m₂v₂ + m₁v₁ = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂
The magnitude of total final momentum = The magnitude of total initial momentum
Thus, if no external force is acting on two objects, then their total initial momentum is equal to their total final momentum. This statement is true for any number of objects. "When no external force acts on two interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. This is a corollary to Newton's third law of motion. The momentum is unchanged after the collision. The momentum gets redistributed between the colliding objects. "The momentum of one of the objects decreases while that of the other increases." Thus, we can also state this corollary as follows. "When two objects collide, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision." In order to understand this principle, let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun.
When a bullet of mass m₁ is fired from a gun of mass m₂, its velocity becomes v₁, and its momentum becomes m₁v₁. Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest and hence the total initial momentum is zero. According to the above law, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing. This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂, is such that,
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0.
The rate of change of momentum is :
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Answer: (A) directly proportional to the applied force
Explanation
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the applied force and occurs in the direction in which the force acts. As detailed in the passage, the rate of change of momentum is given by m(v − u) / t, which simplifies to mass times acceleration (ma). Since Newton's second law establishes that ma ∝ F, this rate is directly proportional to the applied force F. This direct proportional relationship is mathematically defined as F = ma, where the constant of proportionality is equal to 1.
16Quantitative Aptitude
Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition is of unique importance in the biosphere as well as in the affairs of man. All organisms consist of atoms of chemical elements which remain preserved in the rock, the oceans and the atmosphere. Only the green plants and certain microorganisms can primarily extract simple inorganic compounds and ions from the environment without being dependent on other living organisms. These inorganic requirements are minerals and are called mineral nutrients. An element is considered as essential, if without it the plant cannot complete its life cycle and no element can be replaced by any other element. The elements known to be essential for higher plants are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron and chlorine. The elements which are required comparatively in greater amounts are termed as macroelements and the elements which are of very small requirements are termed as micronutrients. The mineral elements may be detected by plant analysis, solution culture or hydroponics and solid- medium culture. Plant analysis is of two types, wet digestion and ash analysis. The essential elements perform many functions in plant life. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the framework elements. Nitrogen is a constituent of many important biomolecules like protein, DNA, RNA, Chlorophyll, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, etc. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, etc. Potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. Calcium functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Magnesium, like calcium, also serves as a structural component and is evolved as a cofactor in many enzymatic transfer reactions. It is a component of the chlorophyll structure. It is required to maintain the structural integrity of ribosomes and chromatin fibres. Being a constituent of certain amino acids like cystein, cystein and methionine, sulphur participates in protein structure. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism. Manganese plays an important role in photosynthesis. Boron is essential for sugar transport. It is also concerned with the cell wall metabolism and pollen grain germination. Molybdenum is important in nitrogen metabolism.
What are macroelements ?
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Answer: (C) Elements required in large amounts
Explanation
Macroelements, also known as macronutrients, are the essential plant nutrients that are required by plants in comparatively larger amounts, typically exceeding 10 millimole per kilogram of dry matter. These elements, which include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, play key structural and metabolic roles in plant life, such as building biomolecules, maintaining osmotic balance, and acting as cofactors in enzymatic reactions.
17Quantitative Aptitude
Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition is of unique importance in the biosphere as well as in the affairs of man. All organisms consist of atoms of chemical elements which remain preserved in the rock, the oceans and the atmosphere. Only the green plants and certain microorganisms can primarily extract simple inorganic compounds and ions from the environment without being dependent on other living organisms. These inorganic requirements are minerals and are called mineral nutrients. An element is considered as essential, if without it the plant cannot complete its life cycle and no element can be replaced by any other element. The elements known to be essential for higher plants are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron and chlorine. The elements which are required comparatively in greater amounts are termed as macroelements and the elements which are of very small requirements are termed as micronutrients. The mineral elements may be detected by plant analysis, solution culture or hydroponics and solid- medium culture. Plant analysis is of two types, wet digestion and ash analysis. The essential elements perform many functions in plant life. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the framework elements. Nitrogen is a constituent of many important biomolecules like protein, DNA, RNA, Chlorophyll, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, etc. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, etc. Potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. Calcium functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Magnesium, like calcium, also serves as a structural component and is evolved as a cofactor in many enzymatic transfer reactions. It is a component of the chlorophyll structure. It is required to maintain the structural integrity of ribosomes and chromatin fibres. Being a constituent of certain amino acids like cystein, cystein and methionine, sulphur participates in protein structure. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism. Manganese plays an important role in photosynthesis. Boron is essential for sugar transport. It is also concerned with the cell wall metabolism and pollen grain germination. Molybdenum is important in nitrogen metabolism.
Which element is required in higher amounts for normal plant growth ?
(a) Potassium (b) Boron
(c) Chlorine (d) Magnesium
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Answer Options :
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Answer: (A) Only (a)
Explanation
According to the provided passage, potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. It is classified as a macroelement because plants require it in larger quantities to sustain essential physiological and developmental processes.
18Quantitative Aptitude
Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition is of unique importance in the biosphere as well as in the affairs of man. All organisms consist of atoms of chemical elements which remain preserved in the rock, the oceans and the atmosphere. Only the green plants and certain microorganisms can primarily extract simple inorganic compounds and ions from the environment without being dependent on other living organisms. These inorganic requirements are minerals and are called mineral nutrients. An element is considered as essential, if without it the plant cannot complete its life cycle and no element can be replaced by any other element. The elements known to be essential for higher plants are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron and chlorine. The elements which are required comparatively in greater amounts are termed as macroelements and the elements which are of very small requirements are termed as micronutrients. The mineral elements may be detected by plant analysis, solution culture or hydroponics and solid- medium culture. Plant analysis is of two types, wet digestion and ash analysis. The essential elements perform many functions in plant life. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the framework elements. Nitrogen is a constituent of many important biomolecules like protein, DNA, RNA, Chlorophyll, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, etc. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, etc. Potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. Calcium functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Magnesium, like calcium, also serves as a structural component and is evolved as a cofactor in many enzymatic transfer reactions. It is a component of the chlorophyll structure. It is required to maintain the structural integrity of ribosomes and chromatin fibres. Being a constituent of certain amino acids like cystein, cystein and methionine, sulphur participates in protein structure. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism. Manganese plays an important role in photosynthesis. Boron is essential for sugar transport. It is also concerned with the cell wall metabolism and pollen grain germination. Molybdenum is important in nitrogen metabolism.
Which are the framework elements in plant life ?
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Answer: (D) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Explanation
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are designated as the framework elements because they construct the primary structural backbone of all organic molecules and plant tissues. They are the chief constituents of carbohydrates, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, which make up the cell wall and provide mechanical support and structural integrity to the plant body. These three elements represent the vast majority of the dry weight of plants and are assimilated primarily from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water in the soil during photosynthesis.
19Quantitative Aptitude
Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition is of unique importance in the biosphere as well as in the affairs of man. All organisms consist of atoms of chemical elements which remain preserved in the rock, the oceans and the atmosphere. Only the green plants and certain microorganisms can primarily extract simple inorganic compounds and ions from the environment without being dependent on other living organisms. These inorganic requirements are minerals and are called mineral nutrients. An element is considered as essential, if without it the plant cannot complete its life cycle and no element can be replaced by any other element. The elements known to be essential for higher plants are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron and chlorine. The elements which are required comparatively in greater amounts are termed as macroelements and the elements which are of very small requirements are termed as micronutrients. The mineral elements may be detected by plant analysis, solution culture or hydroponics and solid- medium culture. Plant analysis is of two types, wet digestion and ash analysis. The essential elements perform many functions in plant life. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the framework elements. Nitrogen is a constituent of many important biomolecules like protein, DNA, RNA, Chlorophyll, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, etc. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, etc. Potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. Calcium functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Magnesium, like calcium, also serves as a structural component and is evolved as a cofactor in many enzymatic transfer reactions. It is a component of the chlorophyll structure. It is required to maintain the structural integrity of ribosomes and chromatin fibres. Being a constituent of certain amino acids like cystein, cystein and methionine, sulphur participates in protein structure. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism. Manganese plays an important role in photosynthesis. Boron is essential for sugar transport. It is also concerned with the cell wall metabolism and pollen grain germination. Molybdenum is important in nitrogen metabolism.
In plants which element is essential for sugar transport ?
(a) Calcium (b) Iron
(c) Boron (d) Magnesium
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Answer Options :
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Answer: (C) Only (c)
Explanation
Boron is highly essential for the translocation of sugars in plants. It facilitates the movement of carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, across cell membranes by forming reversible borate-sugar complexes. These complexes are more polar than uncomplexed sugar molecules, allowing them to pass through the cell membranes much more easily, which plays a critical role in sugar transport, cell wall synthesis, and pollen germination.
20Quantitative Aptitude
Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition is of unique importance in the biosphere as well as in the affairs of man. All organisms consist of atoms of chemical elements which remain preserved in the rock, the oceans and the atmosphere. Only the green plants and certain microorganisms can primarily extract simple inorganic compounds and ions from the environment without being dependent on other living organisms. These inorganic requirements are minerals and are called mineral nutrients. An element is considered as essential, if without it the plant cannot complete its life cycle and no element can be replaced by any other element. The elements known to be essential for higher plants are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron and chlorine. The elements which are required comparatively in greater amounts are termed as macroelements and the elements which are of very small requirements are termed as micronutrients. The mineral elements may be detected by plant analysis, solution culture or hydroponics and solid- medium culture. Plant analysis is of two types, wet digestion and ash analysis. The essential elements perform many functions in plant life. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the framework elements. Nitrogen is a constituent of many important biomolecules like protein, DNA, RNA, Chlorophyll, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, etc. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, etc. Potassium is required in high amounts by plants for normal growth as it provides the necessary ionic environment for the proteins inside the plant cell. Calcium functions both as a structural component and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Magnesium, like calcium, also serves as a structural component and is evolved as a cofactor in many enzymatic transfer reactions. It is a component of the chlorophyll structure. It is required to maintain the structural integrity of ribosomes and chromatin fibres. Being a constituent of certain amino acids like cystein, cystein and methionine, sulphur participates in protein structure. Iron performs a number of important functions in the overall plant metabolism. Manganese plays an important role in photosynthesis. Boron is essential for sugar transport. It is also concerned with the cell wall metabolism and pollen grain germination. Molybdenum is important in nitrogen metabolism.
Magnesium is essential for which structure ?
(a) Chlorophyll
(b) Nitrogen metabolism
(c) Photosynthesis
(d) Sugar transport
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Answer Options :
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Answer: (A) Only (a)
Explanation
Magnesium is the central coordinating metal atom in the chlorophyll molecule, which is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. In the chemical structure of chlorophyll, a single magnesium ion is located at the center of the porphyrin ring, coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole groups. As noted in the passage, magnesium serves as a structural component and is a key constituent of the chlorophyll structure, making it indispensable for the synthesis and function of chlorophyll in green plants and photosynthetic organisms.
21Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 21 to 25.
When uranium isotope- 235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, ²³⁶⁄₉₂U is formed by capturing a neutron. The ²³⁶⁄₉₂U being unstable, breaks into two fragments besides releasing two or more neutrons ²³⁶⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ¹⁴⁰⁄₅₆Ba + ⁹⁴⁄₃₆Kr + 2¹⁄₀n .
The above is a typical fission reaction. During a nuclear fission, a large amount of energy is released due to mass defect, i.e., the sum of masses of the two fragments and the neutrons set free, is less than the sum of the (given) masses of the reactants. This mass defect, for a particular amount, in uranium fission is of the order of 0- 2 a.m.u. which corresponds to the production of 186 million electron volts (MeV) per uranium atom fissioning or about 4· 3× 10⁹k cal per mole (235 g) of uranium atoms fissioning.
The fission process is complicated. Over thirty pairs are known. Let us now consider the most famous nuclear fission, that of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U brought about by neutron capture. Although this fission process occurs in a large number of ways, in each case a large amount of energy is released and more than one secondary neutron emitted.
²³⁵⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ⁹⁰⁄₃₇Rb + ¹⁴⁴⁄₅₅Cs + 2¹⁄₀n.
Two neutrons are emitted for every neutron that initiates the fission process. The neutron emitted during fission may be further absorbed by other ²³⁵⁄₉₂U nuclei thus causing further fission and emission of more neutrons. In this way, a chain reaction starts releasing tremendous amounts of energy. However, if the amount of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U is small, most of the neutrons will escape from the surface and the reactions will stop. Therefore, a critical mass of metallic uranium is necessary in order to start and sustain a chain reaction. The critical mass of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U has been found to be between one to hundred kg.
The basic principle of atomic bomb is the chain reaction. At the time of explosion, the two radioactive samples of each subcritical mass, but whose total mass exceeds the critical mass, are brought together by the use of ordinary explosives. Once these subcritical masses come together, a chain reaction starts releasing a large amount of energy.
The principle underlying such nuclear fission has also been employed in harnessing vast amounts of energy in nuclear reactors. In these reactors, the fission reaction is made to occur at controlled rate. Essentially, a reactor consists of lumps of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U separated from each other by blocks of graphite or heavy water (neutron moderators) which by slowing the neutrons, help in controlling the chain reaction. The large- amount of heat which is released during the reaction is converted into electrical energy.
In fission processes, the amount of energy released depends on which of the following factor/s ?
(a) The mass of the reactant
(b) The mass of the product
(c) The mass of the reactant and product
(d) The loss in mass during fission
Answer Options :
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Answer: (C) Only (d)
Explanation
According to the passage, a large amount of energy is released during nuclear fission due to the mass defect. This mass defect is the difference in mass showing that the total mass of the products is less than the total mass of the reactants. Since this difference represents the loss in mass during fission, the amount of energy released depends directly on this mass defect, which is the loss in mass during the fission process.
22Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 21 to 25.
When uranium isotope- 235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, ²³⁶⁄₉₂U is formed by capturing a neutron. The ²³⁶⁄₉₂U being unstable, breaks into two fragments besides releasing two or more neutrons ²³⁶⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ¹⁴⁰⁄₅₆Ba + ⁹⁴⁄₃₆Kr + 2¹⁄₀n .
The above is a typical fission reaction. During a nuclear fission, a large amount of energy is released due to mass defect, i.e., the sum of masses of the two fragments and the neutrons set free, is less than the sum of the (given) masses of the reactants. This mass defect, for a particular amount, in uranium fission is of the order of 0- 2 a.m.u. which corresponds to the production of 186 million electron volts (MeV) per uranium atom fissioning or about 4· 3× 10⁹k cal per mole (235 g) of uranium atoms fissioning.
The fission process is complicated. Over thirty pairs are known. Let us now consider the most famous nuclear fission, that of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U brought about by neutron capture. Although this fission process occurs in a large number of ways, in each case a large amount of energy is released and more than one secondary neutron emitted.
²³⁵⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ⁹⁰⁄₃₇Rb + ¹⁴⁴⁄₅₅Cs + 2¹⁄₀n.
Two neutrons are emitted for every neutron that initiates the fission process. The neutron emitted during fission may be further absorbed by other ²³⁵⁄₉₂U nuclei thus causing further fission and emission of more neutrons. In this way, a chain reaction starts releasing tremendous amounts of energy. However, if the amount of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U is small, most of the neutrons will escape from the surface and the reactions will stop. Therefore, a critical mass of metallic uranium is necessary in order to start and sustain a chain reaction. The critical mass of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U has been found to be between one to hundred kg.
The basic principle of atomic bomb is the chain reaction. At the time of explosion, the two radioactive samples of each subcritical mass, but whose total mass exceeds the critical mass, are brought together by the use of ordinary explosives. Once these subcritical masses come together, a chain reaction starts releasing a large amount of energy.
The principle underlying such nuclear fission has also been employed in harnessing vast amounts of energy in nuclear reactors. In these reactors, the fission reaction is made to occur at controlled rate. Essentially, a reactor consists of lumps of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U separated from each other by blocks of graphite or heavy water (neutron moderators) which by slowing the neutrons, help in controlling the chain reaction. The large- amount of heat which is released during the reaction is converted into electrical energy.
In nuclear reactors, why is moderator (heavy water) used ?
(a) To cool the nuclear reactor
(b) To enhance the energy of neutrons
(c) To reduce the energy and hence the speed of neutron so that it slows down and gets captured
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Answer: (B) Only (c)
Explanation
According to the passage, neutron moderators such as heavy water or graphite are used to slow down the neutrons, which helps in controlling the chain reaction. Fast-moving neutrons produced during fission must have their kinetic energy and speed reduced so they can be effectively captured by the uranium-235 nuclei to sustain the controlled nuclear fission process.
23Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 21 to 25.
When uranium isotope- 235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, ²³⁶⁄₉₂U is formed by capturing a neutron. The ²³⁶⁄₉₂U being unstable, breaks into two fragments besides releasing two or more neutrons ²³⁶⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ¹⁴⁰⁄₅₆Ba + ⁹⁴⁄₃₆Kr + 2¹⁄₀n .
The above is a typical fission reaction. During a nuclear fission, a large amount of energy is released due to mass defect, i.e., the sum of masses of the two fragments and the neutrons set free, is less than the sum of the (given) masses of the reactants. This mass defect, for a particular amount, in uranium fission is of the order of 0- 2 a.m.u. which corresponds to the production of 186 million electron volts (MeV) per uranium atom fissioning or about 4· 3× 10⁹k cal per mole (235 g) of uranium atoms fissioning.
The fission process is complicated. Over thirty pairs are known. Let us now consider the most famous nuclear fission, that of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U brought about by neutron capture. Although this fission process occurs in a large number of ways, in each case a large amount of energy is released and more than one secondary neutron emitted.
²³⁵⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ⁹⁰⁄₃₇Rb + ¹⁴⁴⁄₅₅Cs + 2¹⁄₀n.
Two neutrons are emitted for every neutron that initiates the fission process. The neutron emitted during fission may be further absorbed by other ²³⁵⁄₉₂U nuclei thus causing further fission and emission of more neutrons. In this way, a chain reaction starts releasing tremendous amounts of energy. However, if the amount of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U is small, most of the neutrons will escape from the surface and the reactions will stop. Therefore, a critical mass of metallic uranium is necessary in order to start and sustain a chain reaction. The critical mass of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U has been found to be between one to hundred kg.
The basic principle of atomic bomb is the chain reaction. At the time of explosion, the two radioactive samples of each subcritical mass, but whose total mass exceeds the critical mass, are brought together by the use of ordinary explosives. Once these subcritical masses come together, a chain reaction starts releasing a large amount of energy.
The principle underlying such nuclear fission has also been employed in harnessing vast amounts of energy in nuclear reactors. In these reactors, the fission reaction is made to occur at controlled rate. Essentially, a reactor consists of lumps of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U separated from each other by blocks of graphite or heavy water (neutron moderators) which by slowing the neutrons, help in controlling the chain reaction. The large- amount of heat which is released during the reaction is converted into electrical energy.
Complete the following hypothetical reaction :
²³⁵⁄₉₂ U + ¹⁄₀ n → ˣ⁄₅₄ Xe + ʸ⁄₃₈ Sr + 4 ¹⁄₀ n
(a) x = 141, y = 91 (b) x = 139, y = 93
(c) x = 141, y = 93 (d) x = 139, y = 95
Answer Options :
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Answer: (C) Only (a) and (b)
Explanation
By the law of conservation of mass number, the total mass number of the reactants must equal the total mass number of the products in a nuclear reaction.
Reactant side total mass number = 235 + 1 = 236
Product side total mass number = x + y + 4 × 1 = x + y + 4
Equating both sides:
x + y + 4 = 236
x + y = 232
In case (a), x = 141 and y = 91, which gives x + y = 141 + 91 = 232.
In case (b), x = 139 and y = 93, which gives x + y = 139 + 93 = 232.
Both (a) and (b) satisfy the law of conservation of mass number.
24Logical Reasoning
Read the following passage and answer the questions 21 to 25.
When uranium isotope- 235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, ²³⁶⁄₉₂U is formed by capturing a neutron. The ²³⁶⁄₉₂U being unstable, breaks into two fragments besides releasing two or more neutrons ²³⁶⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ¹⁴⁰⁄₅₆Ba + ⁹⁴⁄₃₆Kr + 2¹⁄₀n .
The above is a typical fission reaction. During a nuclear fission, a large amount of energy is released due to mass defect, i.e., the sum of masses of the two fragments and the neutrons set free, is less than the sum of the (given) masses of the reactants. This mass defect, for a particular amount, in uranium fission is of the order of 0- 2 a.m.u. which corresponds to the production of 186 million electron volts (MeV) per uranium atom fissioning or about 4· 3× 10⁹k cal per mole (235 g) of uranium atoms fissioning.
The fission process is complicated. Over thirty pairs are known. Let us now consider the most famous nuclear fission, that of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U brought about by neutron capture. Although this fission process occurs in a large number of ways, in each case a large amount of energy is released and more than one secondary neutron emitted.
²³⁵⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ⁹⁰⁄₃₇Rb + ¹⁴⁴⁄₅₅Cs + 2¹⁄₀n.
Two neutrons are emitted for every neutron that initiates the fission process. The neutron emitted during fission may be further absorbed by other ²³⁵⁄₉₂U nuclei thus causing further fission and emission of more neutrons. In this way, a chain reaction starts releasing tremendous amounts of energy. However, if the amount of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U is small, most of the neutrons will escape from the surface and the reactions will stop. Therefore, a critical mass of metallic uranium is necessary in order to start and sustain a chain reaction. The critical mass of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U has been found to be between one to hundred kg.
The basic principle of atomic bomb is the chain reaction. At the time of explosion, the two radioactive samples of each subcritical mass, but whose total mass exceeds the critical mass, are brought together by the use of ordinary explosives. Once these subcritical masses come together, a chain reaction starts releasing a large amount of energy.
The principle underlying such nuclear fission has also been employed in harnessing vast amounts of energy in nuclear reactors. In these reactors, the fission reaction is made to occur at controlled rate. Essentially, a reactor consists of lumps of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U separated from each other by blocks of graphite or heavy water (neutron moderators) which by slowing the neutrons, help in controlling the chain reaction. The large- amount of heat which is released during the reaction is converted into electrical energy.
For the chain reaction, why is it necessary to have critical mass ?
(a) For neutrons to escape from the surface of the fission material
(b) For neutrons to scatter from the surface of the fission material
(c) To capture neutrons to start and sustain the fission reaction
(d) For neutrons to reflect from the surface of the fission material
Answer Options :
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Answer: (D) Only (c)
Explanation
A critical mass of fissionable material is required to sustain a nuclear chain reaction because it ensures that neutrons produced in each fission event are captured by other uranium nuclei to trigger further fissions. If the mass is subcritical, the surface-area-to-volume ratio is too high, causing most of the neutrons to escape from the surface without interacting. Having at least the critical mass ensures that enough neutrons are captured within the bulk of the material to start and sustain the self-supporting chain reaction.
25Quantitative Aptitude
Read the following passage and answer the questions 21 to 25.
When uranium isotope- 235 is bombarded with slow neutrons, ²³⁶⁄₉₂U is formed by capturing a neutron. The ²³⁶⁄₉₂U being unstable, breaks into two fragments besides releasing two or more neutrons ²³⁶⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ¹⁴⁰⁄₅₆Ba + ⁹⁴⁄₃₆Kr + 2¹⁄₀n .
The above is a typical fission reaction. During a nuclear fission, a large amount of energy is released due to mass defect, i.e., the sum of masses of the two fragments and the neutrons set free, is less than the sum of the (given) masses of the reactants. This mass defect, for a particular amount, in uranium fission is of the order of 0- 2 a.m.u. which corresponds to the production of 186 million electron volts (MeV) per uranium atom fissioning or about 4· 3× 10⁹k cal per mole (235 g) of uranium atoms fissioning.
The fission process is complicated. Over thirty pairs are known. Let us now consider the most famous nuclear fission, that of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U brought about by neutron capture. Although this fission process occurs in a large number of ways, in each case a large amount of energy is released and more than one secondary neutron emitted.
²³⁵⁄₉₂U + ¹⁄₀n→ ²³⁶⁄₉₂U→ ⁹⁰⁄₃₇Rb + ¹⁴⁴⁄₅₅.Cs} + 2¹⁄₀n.
Two neutrons are emitted for every neutron that initiates the fission process. The neutron emitted during fission may be further absorbed by other ²³⁵⁄₉₂U nuclei thus causing further fission and emission of more neutrons. In this way, a chain reaction starts releasing tremendous amounts of energy. However, if the amount of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U is small, most of the neutrons will escape from the surface and the reactions will stop. Therefore, a critical mass of metallic uranium is necessary in order to start and sustain a chain reaction. The critical mass of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U has been found to be between one to hundred kg.
The basic principle of atomic bomb is the chain reaction. At the time of explosion, the two radioactive samples of each subcritical mass, but whose total mass exceeds the critical mass, are brought together by the use of ordinary explosives. Once these subcritical masses come together, a chain reaction starts releasing a large amount of energy.
The principle underlying such nuclear fission has also been employed in harnessing vast amounts of energy in nuclear reactors. In these reactors, the fission reaction is made to occur at controlled rate. Essentially, a reactor consists of lumps of ²³⁵⁄₉₂U separated from each other by blocks of graphite or heavy water (neutron moderators) which by slowing the neutrons, help in controlling the chain reaction. The large- amount of heat which is released during the reaction is converted into electrical energy.
From 1000 g of ²³⁵⁄₉₂ U, by the given nuclear fission process, the amount of energy released is ______.
(a) 4 · 3 × 10⁹ k cal
(b) 186 million electron volts (MeV)
(c) 2 × 10⁷ k cal
(d) 1 · 83 × 10¹⁰ k cal
Answer Options :
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Answer: (A) Only (d)
Explanation
According to the passage, the fission of one mole (235 g) of ²³⁵U releases 4.3 × 10⁹ k cal of energy.
To find the energy released from 1000 g of ²³⁵U, we use the proportional relation:
Energy released = (Energy per mole / Molar mass) × given mass
Substituting the values from the passage:
Energy released = (4.3 × 10⁹ k cal / 235 g) × 1000 g
Energy released = 1.83 × 10¹⁰ k cal
This matches the value given in statement (d).
26Reading Comprehension
Money Bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. If a dispute arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. The Rajya Sabha has no power to reject a Money Bill. It can only make recommendations, i.e., suggestions. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House. In case of disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses. It seems that the two Houses have been placed on an equal footing in this regard. Really speaking, the Rajya Sabha is in a weaker position in the matter. Since the total membership of the Rajya Sabha is less than even half of the total strength of the Lok Sabha, the will of the Lok Sabha would naturally prevail at a joint sitting. Moreover, a joint session is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, the Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a motion expressing No- Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
The Constitution puts the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in these matters : the election and impeachment of the President, removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Proclamation of Emergency, Promulgation of Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments.
The fact remains that the Rajya Sabha is not at par with the Lok Sabha. It does not, however, mean that the Rajya Sabha has no important role to play in the Governmental machinery. Neither House by itself constitutes the Parliament. It is the two Houses together that are the Parliament in India. The Parliament can create new All India Services only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.
Moreover, the Rajya Sabha is a 'Continuing House', a Parliament chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It has to play a major role during the periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. All this helps to show that the Rajya Sabha is an influential and useful body.
Money Bill originates only in the
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Lok Sabha
Explanation
According to the provided passage and Article 109 of the Constitution of India, a Money Bill can only be introduced or originated in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of Parliament. A Money Bill cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha on the prior recommendation of the President of India. Once passed by the Lok Sabha, the bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations, which the Lok Sabha is free to accept or reject. Thus, the sole authority to initiate a Money Bill lies with the Lok Sabha.
27Decision Making
Money Bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. If a dispute arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. The Rajya Sabha has no power to reject a Money Bill. It can only make recommendations, i.e., suggestions. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House. In case of disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses. It seems that the two Houses have been placed on an equal footing in this regard. Really speaking, the Rajya Sabha is in a weaker position in the matter. Since the total membership of the Rajya Sabha is less than even half of the total strength of the Lok Sabha, the will of the Lok Sabha would naturally prevail at a joint sitting. Moreover, a joint session is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, the Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a motion expressing No- Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
The Constitution puts the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in these matters : the election and impeachment of the President, removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Proclamation of Emergency, Promulgation of Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments.
The fact remains that the Rajya Sabha is not at par with the Lok Sabha. It does not, however, mean that the Rajya Sabha has no important role to play in the Governmental machinery. Neither House by itself constitutes the Parliament. It is the two Houses together that are the Parliament in India. The Parliament can create new All India Services only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.
Moreover, the Rajya Sabha is a 'Continuing House', a Parliament chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It has to play a major role during the periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. All this helps to show that the Rajya Sabha is an influential and useful body.
Who decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not ?
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Answer: (D) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Explanation
Under Article 110(3) of the Constitution of India, if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. When a Money Bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for recommendation and when it is presented to the President for assent, the Speaker endorses it with a certificate signed by him/her that it is a Money Bill. This decision cannot be challenged in any court of law, in either House of Parliament, or even by the President.
28Reading Comprehension
Money Bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. If a dispute arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. The Rajya Sabha has no power to reject a Money Bill. It can only make recommendations, i.e., suggestions. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House. In case of disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses. It seems that the two Houses have been placed on an equal footing in this regard. Really speaking, the Rajya Sabha is in a weaker position in the matter. Since the total membership of the Rajya Sabha is less than even half of the total strength of the Lok Sabha, the will of the Lok Sabha would naturally prevail at a joint sitting. Moreover, a joint session is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, the Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a motion expressing No- Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
The Constitution puts the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in these matters : the election and impeachment of the President, removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Proclamation of Emergency, Promulgation of Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments.
The fact remains that the Rajya Sabha is not at par with the Lok Sabha. It does not, however, mean that the Rajya Sabha has no important role to play in the Governmental machinery. Neither House by itself constitutes the Parliament. It is the two Houses together that are the Parliament in India. The Parliament can create new All India Services only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.
Moreover, the Rajya Sabha is a 'Continuing House', a Parliament chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It has to play a major role during the periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. All this helps to show that the Rajya Sabha is an influential and useful body.
Ordinary Bills can originate only in ______.
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Answer: (C) Any House of the Parliament
Explanation
Under Article 107 of the Constitution of India, an ordinary bill can originate in either House of Parliament, meaning it can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. Unlike money bills, which can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, ordinary bills do not require the prior recommendation of the President for introduction and can be initiated by any member in either chamber of Parliament.
29Reading Comprehension
Money Bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. If a dispute arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. The Rajya Sabha has no power to reject a Money Bill. It can only make recommendations, i.e., suggestions. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House. In case of disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses. It seems that the two Houses have been placed on an equal footing in this regard. Really speaking, the Rajya Sabha is in a weaker position in the matter. Since the total membership of the Rajya Sabha is less than even half of the total strength of the Lok Sabha, the will of the Lok Sabha would naturally prevail at a joint sitting. Moreover, a joint session is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, the Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a motion expressing No- Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
The Constitution puts the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in these matters : the election and impeachment of the President, removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Proclamation of Emergency, Promulgation of Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments.
The fact remains that the Rajya Sabha is not at par with the Lok Sabha. It does not, however, mean that the Rajya Sabha has no important role to play in the Governmental machinery. Neither House by itself constitutes the Parliament. It is the two Houses together that are the Parliament in India. The Parliament can create new All India Services only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.
Moreover, the Rajya Sabha is a 'Continuing House', a Parliament chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It has to play a major role during the periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. All this helps to show that the Rajya Sabha is an influential and useful body.
Which of the following is not a reason of weaker position of the Rajya Sabha ?
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Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
All the provided statements are explicitly mentioned in the passage as factors contributing to the weaker position of the Rajya Sabha compared to the Lok Sabha. Specifically, the passage highlights that the lower membership of the Rajya Sabha ensures the will of the Lok Sabha prevails during joint sittings, that joint sessions are presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and that the Council of Ministers is responsible solely to the Lok Sabha. Since all these options represent actual reasons for the weaker position of the Rajya Sabha, none of them can be excluded, making "None of the above" the correct choice.
30Reading Comprehension
Members of both the Houses can put questions to ministers about the work of their departments. They discuss all matters of public importance. But here again, the Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a motion expressing No- Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
The Constitution puts the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in these matters : the election and impeachment of the President, removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Proclamation of Emergency, Promulgation of Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments.
The fact remains that the Rajya Sabha is not at par with the Lok Sabha. It does not, however, mean that the Rajya Sabha has no important role to play in the Governmental machinery. Neither House by itself constitutes the Parliament. It is the two Houses together that are the Parliament in India. The Parliament can create new All India Services only if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to this effect.
Moreover, the Rajya Sabha is a 'Continuing House', a Parliament chamber. It is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha. It has to play a major role during the periods when the Lok Sabha is dissolved. All this helps to show that the Rajya Sabha is an influential and useful body.
In which of the following cases is the Rajya Sabha not equal to the Lok Sabha ?
● Correct
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Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
Based on the passage, the Constitution places the Rajya Sabha on an equal footing with the Lok Sabha in matters concerning the election of the President, the removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the Proclamation of Emergency. Since both houses possess equal powers in each of these scenarios, none of the individual cases listed represents an area of inequality between the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
31Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 31 to 35.
In the election of 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President. The Republican Manifesto had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. Steps were taken to fulfil the pledge taken during the Civil War, and a number of Constitutional Amendments were done so as to give more political freedom to the Blacks. For example, the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1863 by the Republican government was about the Abolition of Slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 ordered that the right to vote should not be denied to anybody on the criteria of race, colour or a history of slavery.
These three Constitutional Amendments set a powerful precedent. The political diplomats who had vowed to reconstruct the Southern States during 1865 - 1876, began to strive towards securing the complete citizenship rights for the Blacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 opened a number of fields for them where they would not be discriminated against. The success, however, was limited; because towards the end of the period of Reconstruction, the erstwhile slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery. The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
Their voting rights were snatched away during the decade of 1890's using the trap of literacy tests. Other provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting the racial discrimination were not implemented properly. Consequently, processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States. Jim Crow Laws and other such traditions supported segregation and discrimination against the Blacks in all walks of their life. The Supreme Court validated segregation in a number of related cases. This meant that it became legally very easy to entrench prohibition, segregation and denial of voting rights by the implementation of the Mississippi Plan and the Negros lost their voting rights. The Government Act which took away their voting rights and legalized segregation was declared to be constitutional and legal by the Supreme Court. This put the Blacks in an ironical situation. Technically, they were declared to be of the same status as others, but they were compelled to stay separately.
Booker T. Washington wanted to solve the problems of the Blacks by peaceful negotiations and self- support initiatives. However, W.E.B. Du Bois could not agree with Washington. Du Bois gave a radical, nationalist and separatist stand to the Black Movement.
Read the statements.
(a) The Republican Manifesto of 1860 had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks.
(b) The Thirteenth Amendment provided for Abolition of Slavery.
(c) The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
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Answer: (A) (b) is the effect of (a).
Explanation
According to the passage, the Republican Manifesto of 1860 included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. To fulfill this pledge, the Republican government took steps, which included enacting several Constitutional Amendments. The passage explicitly states that, as an example of these steps, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed to abolish slavery. Therefore, the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment is a direct result or effect of the promise made in the Republican Manifesto of 1860, making statement (b) the effect of statement (a).
32Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 31 to 35.
In the election of 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President. The Republican Manifesto had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. Steps were taken to fulfil the pledge taken during the Civil War, and a number of Constitutional Amendments were done so as to give more political freedom to the Blacks. For example, the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1863 by the Republican government was about the Abolition of Slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 ordered that the right to vote should not be denied to anybody on the criteria of race, colour or a history of slavery.
These three Constitutional Amendments set a powerful precedent. The political diplomats who had vowed to reconstruct the Southern States during 1865 - 1876, began to strive towards securing the complete citizenship rights for the Blacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 opened a number of fields for them where they would not be discriminated against. The success, however, was limited; because towards the end of the period of Reconstruction, the erstwhile slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery. The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
Their voting rights were snatched away during the decade of 1890's using the trap of literacy tests. Other provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting the racial discrimination were not implemented properly. Consequently, processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States. Jim Crow Laws and other such traditions supported segregation and discrimination against the Blacks in all walks of their life. The Supreme Court validated segregation in a number of related cases. This meant that it became legally very easy to entrench prohibition, segregation and denial of voting rights by the implementation of the Mississippi Plan and the Negros lost their voting rights. The Government Act which took away their voting rights and legalized segregation was declared to be constitutional and legal by the Supreme Court. This put the Blacks in an ironical situation. Technically, they were declared to be of the same status as others, but they were compelled to stay separately.
Booker T. Washington wanted to solve the problems of the Blacks by peaceful negotiations and self- support initiatives. However, W.E.B. Du Bois could not agree with Washington. Du Bois gave a radical, nationalist and separatist stand to the Black Movement.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 had limited success because
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Answer: (C) the slaves had become too poor to exercise their choice.
Explanation
According to the provided passage, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 achieved limited success because the former slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery towards the end of the Reconstruction period. This state of severe economic deprivation meant that they were too poor to exercise their newly granted rights and make independent choices, effectively trapping them in a cycle of financial dependency that undermined the political and civil advancements promised by the Act.
33Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 31 to 35.
In the election of 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President. The Republican Manifesto had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. Steps were taken to fulfil the pledge taken during the Civil War, and a number of Constitutional Amendments were done so as to give more political freedom to the Blacks. For example, the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1863 by the Republican government was about the Abolition of Slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 ordered that the right to vote should not be denied to anybody on the criteria of race, colour or a history of slavery.
These three Constitutional Amendments set a powerful precedent. The political diplomats who had vowed to reconstruct the Southern States during 1865 - 1876, began to strive towards securing the complete citizenship rights for the Blacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 opened a number of fields for them where they would not be discriminated against. The success, however, was limited; because towards the end of the period of Reconstruction, the erstwhile slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery. The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
Their voting rights were snatched away during the decade of 1890's using the trap of literacy tests. Other provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting the racial discrimination were not implemented properly. Consequently, processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States. Jim Crow Laws and other such traditions supported segregation and discrimination against the Blacks in all walks of their life. The Supreme Court validated segregation in a number of related cases. This meant that it became legally very easy to entrench prohibition, segregation and denial of voting rights by the implementation of the Mississippi Plan and the Negros lost their voting rights. The Government Act which took away their voting rights and legalized segregation was declared to be constitutional and legal by the Supreme Court. This put the Blacks in an ironical situation. Technically, they were declared to be of the same status as others, but they were compelled to stay separately.
Booker T. Washington wanted to solve the problems of the Blacks by peaceful negotiations and self- support initiatives. However, W.E.B. Du Bois could not agree with Washington. Du Bois gave a radical, nationalist and separatist stand to the Black Movement.
Processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States because
● Correct
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Answer: (B) the provisions of the Civil Rights Act were not implemented properly.
Explanation
According to the text of the passage, the provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting racial discrimination were not implemented properly. The passage directly states that consequently, as a result of this improper implementation of the Civil Rights Act, the processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States.
34Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 31 to 35.
In the election of 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President. The Republican Manifesto had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. Steps were taken to fulfil the pledge taken during the Civil War, and a number of Constitutional Amendments were done so as to give more political freedom to the Blacks. For example, the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1863 by the Republican government was about the Abolition of Slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 ordered that the right to vote should not be denied to anybody on the criteria of race, colour or a history of slavery.
These three Constitutional Amendments set a powerful precedent. The political diplomats who had vowed to reconstruct the Southern States during 1865 - 1876, began to strive towards securing the complete citizenship rights for the Blacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 opened a number of fields for them where they would not be discriminated against. The success, however, was limited; because towards the end of the period of Reconstruction, the erstwhile slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery. The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
Their voting rights were snatched away during the decade of 1890's using the trap of literacy tests. Other provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting the racial discrimination were not implemented properly. Consequently, processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States. Jim Crow Laws and other such traditions supported segregation and discrimination against the Blacks in all walks of their life. The Supreme Court validated segregation in a number of related cases. This meant that it became legally very easy to entrench prohibition, segregation and denial of voting rights by the implementation of the Mississippi Plan and the Negros lost their voting rights. The Government Act which took away their voting rights and legalized segregation was declared to be constitutional and legal by the Supreme Court. This put the Blacks in an ironical situation. Technically, they were declared to be of the same status as others, but they were compelled to stay separately.
Booker T. Washington wanted to solve the problems of the Blacks by peaceful negotiations and self- support initiatives. However, W.E.B. Du Bois could not agree with Washington. Du Bois gave a radical, nationalist and separatist stand to the Black Movement.
Which of the statements about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois is incorrect ?
● Correct
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Answer: (A) Both were American Presidents.
Explanation
Neither Booker T. Washington nor W.E.B. Du Bois served as the President of the United States. Booker T. Washington was an influential educator, orator, author, and advisor to several American presidents, while W.E.B. Du Bois was a pioneering sociologist, historian, writer, and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). While both were highly prominent leaders of the African American community during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, neither of them ever held the office of the US Presidency.
35Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 31 to 35.
In the election of 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President. The Republican Manifesto had included a promise of political freedom to the Blacks. Steps were taken to fulfil the pledge taken during the Civil War, and a number of Constitutional Amendments were done so as to give more political freedom to the Blacks. For example, the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1863 by the Republican government was about the Abolition of Slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 ordered that the right to vote should not be denied to anybody on the criteria of race, colour or a history of slavery.
These three Constitutional Amendments set a powerful precedent. The political diplomats who had vowed to reconstruct the Southern States during 1865 - 1876, began to strive towards securing the complete citizenship rights for the Blacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 opened a number of fields for them where they would not be discriminated against. The success, however, was limited; because towards the end of the period of Reconstruction, the erstwhile slaves had fallen into the grave situation of economic slavery. The Supreme Court in 1883 declared that the Civil Rights conferred upon the Blacks were unconstitutional.
Their voting rights were snatched away during the decade of 1890's using the trap of literacy tests. Other provisions of the Act that aimed at fighting the racial discrimination were not implemented properly. Consequently, processes of segregation and discrimination became deeply entrenched in most of the institutions in the United States. Jim Crow Laws and other such traditions supported segregation and discrimination against the Blacks in all walks of their life. The Supreme Court validated segregation in a number of related cases. This meant that it became legally very easy to entrench prohibition, segregation and denial of voting rights by the implementation of the Mississippi Plan and the Negros lost their voting rights. The Government Act which took away their voting rights and legalized segregation was declared to be constitutional and legal by the Supreme Court. This put the Blacks in an ironical situation. Technically, they were declared to be of the same status as others, but they were compelled to stay separately.
Booker T. Washington wanted to solve the problems of the Blacks by peaceful negotiations and self- support initiatives. However, W.E.B. Du Bois could not agree with Washington. Du Bois gave a radical, nationalist and separatist stand to the Black Movement.
Identify the incorrect statement.
● Correct
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Answer: (D) The Supreme Court always provided Civil Rights to the Blacks.
Explanation
According to the passage, the Supreme Court of the United States did not consistently uphold or provide civil rights to Black Americans. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared that the civil rights conferred upon Black people were unconstitutional. Furthermore, the Supreme Court validated segregation in several related cases and ruled that the government act taking away their voting rights and legalizing segregation was constitutional and legal.
36Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 36 to 40.
El Nino and La Nina Ocean Currents
El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean. The invention of El Nino is useful for the prediction of global change in annual climate and monsoon rainfall. But the generation, extension, period of El Nino is not yet predicted accurately. El Nino is a cyclic incidence which happens at the interval of a few years. The temperature of the Peruvian coast does not fall considerably because of this current. El Nino is considered as Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas. El Nino is a warm water ocean current which creates tropical type of ocean climate along the Peruvian coast which gives good rainfall to the desert area.
The strong El Nino brings heavy rainfall exceeding normal rainfall resulting in lush greenery in the otherwise dry coastal land of Peru. Sometimes the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life (death of fishes due to loss of plankton). The good rainfall from El Nino makes the coastal Peruvian desert green and there is rich harvest of cotton, coconut and bananas. The strong El Nino gives four to six times more rainfall than the normal amount to the tropical eastern Pacific area but dry conditions prevail in the tropical western Pacific resulting in severe drought in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, etc. The widespread fire in the forests of Indonesia in 1997 - 98 was related to drought resulting from a strong El Nino event.
La Nina is a cold ocean current that flows in the Pacific Ocean which is the opposite of El Nino. Due to La Nina the temperature is reduced in equatorial areas of the Pacific Ocean. When it is generated the trade winds increase their speed. It reduces temperature of the west coast of South America and increases it in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It decreases the air pressure and causes heavy rainfall. La Nina is responsible for additional rainfall in south eastern Asia and the desert in Peru of east Pacific becomes drier. The La Nina is considered as the younger sister of El Nino. When La Nina becomes effective in the tropical western Pacific, then El Nino becomes ineffective in the tropical eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and wet condition is introduced in the tropical western Pacific by La Nina.
In which countries did severe drought occur due to El Nino ?
(a) Indonesia
(b) Peru
(c) Bangladesh
(d) India
Answer Options :
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Answer: (D) (a), (c), (d)
Explanation
According to the provided passage, a strong El Nino event causes dry conditions to prevail in the tropical western Pacific, resulting in severe drought in countries such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India. This matches the statements (a), (c), and (d) perfectly.
37Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 36 to 40.
El Nino and La Nina Ocean Currents
El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean. The invention of El Nino is useful for the prediction of global change in annual climate and monsoon rainfall. But the generation, extension, period of El Nino is not yet predicted accurately. El Nino is a cyclic incidence which happens at the interval of a few years. The temperature of the Peruvian coast does not fall considerably because of this current. El Nino is considered as Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas. El Nino is a warm water ocean current which creates tropical type of ocean climate along the Peruvian coast which gives good rainfall to the desert area.
The strong El Nino brings heavy rainfall exceeding normal rainfall resulting in lush greenery in the otherwise dry coastal land of Peru. Sometimes the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life (death of fishes due to loss of plankton). The good rainfall from El Nino makes the coastal Peruvian desert green and there is rich harvest of cotton, coconut and bananas. The strong El Nino gives four to six times more rainfall than the normal amount to the tropical eastern Pacific area but dry conditions prevail in the tropical western Pacific resulting in severe drought in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, etc. The widespread fire in the forests of Indonesia in 1997 - 98 was related to drought resulting from a strong El Nino event.
La Nina is a cold ocean current that flows in the Pacific Ocean which is the opposite of El Nino. Due to La Nina the temperature is reduced in equatorial areas of the Pacific Ocean. When it is generated the trade winds increase their speed. It reduces temperature of the west coast of South America and increases it in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It decreases the air pressure and causes heavy rainfall. La Nina is responsible for additional rainfall in south eastern Asia and the desert in Peru of east Pacific becomes drier. The La Nina is considered as the younger sister of El Nino. When La Nina becomes effective in the tropical western Pacific, then El Nino becomes ineffective in the tropical eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and wet condition is introduced in the tropical western Pacific by La Nina.
What information do we get about La Nina from the given paragraph ?
(a) It is a cold ocean current.
(b) It is opposite to El Nino.
(c) The La Nina is considered to be the younger sister of El Nino.
(d) After the occurrence of La Nina, trade winds increase their speed.
Answer Options :
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Answer: (D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Explanation
According to the third paragraph of the passage, all four statements about La Nina are directly mentioned and correct. The text explicitly states that La Nina is a cold ocean current, making statement (a) correct. It also states that La Nina is the opposite of El Nino, which validates statement (b). Further, the passage mentions that when La Nina is generated, the trade winds increase their speed, confirming statement (d). Finally, the passage explicitly refers to La Nina as the younger sister of El Nino, validating statement (c). All four statements are accurately described in the passage.
38Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 36 to 40.
El Nino and La Nina Ocean Currents
El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean. The invention of El Nino is useful for the prediction of global change in annual climate and monsoon rainfall. But the generation, extension, period of El Nino is not yet predicted accurately. El Nino is a cyclic incidence which happens at the interval of a few years. The temperature of the Peruvian coast does not fall considerably because of this current. El Nino is considered as Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas. El Nino is a warm water ocean current which creates tropical type of ocean climate along the Peruvian coast which gives good rainfall to the desert area.
The strong El Nino brings heavy rainfall exceeding normal rainfall resulting in lush greenery in the otherwise dry coastal land of Peru. Sometimes the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life (death of fishes due to loss of plankton). The good rainfall from El Nino makes the coastal Peruvian desert green and there is rich harvest of cotton, coconut and bananas. The strong El Nino gives four to six times more rainfall than the normal amount to the tropical eastern Pacific area but dry conditions prevail in the tropical western Pacific resulting in severe drought in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, etc. The widespread fire in the forests of Indonesia in 1997 - 98 was related to drought resulting from a strong El Nino event.
La Nina is a cold ocean current that flows in the Pacific Ocean which is the opposite of El Nino. Due to La Nina the temperature is reduced in equatorial areas of the Pacific Ocean. When it is generated the trade winds increase their speed. It reduces temperature of the west coast of South America and increases it in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It decreases the air pressure and causes heavy rainfall. La Nina is responsible for additional rainfall in south eastern Asia and the desert in Peru of east Pacific becomes drier. The La Nina is considered as the younger sister of El Nino. When La Nina becomes effective in the tropical western Pacific, then El Nino becomes ineffective in the tropical eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and wet condition is introduced in the tropical western Pacific by La Nina.
El Nino is called Christ's child because ______.
● Correct
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Answer: (A) it occurs after Christmas
Explanation
According to the passage, El Nino is considered Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas, typically around late December. The term El Nino translates to the little boy or the Christ child in Spanish, a name originally given by Spanish-speaking fishermen of South America to refer to the warm ocean current that regularly appears along their coastlines during the Christmas season.
39Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 36 to 40.
El Nino and La Nina Ocean Currents
El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean. The invention of El Nino is useful for the prediction of global change in annual climate and monsoon rainfall. But the generation, extension, period of El Nino is not yet predicted accurately. El Nino is a cyclic incidence which happens at the interval of a few years. The temperature of the Peruvian coast does not fall considerably because of this current. El Nino is considered as Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas. El Nino is a warm water ocean current which creates tropical type of ocean climate along the Peruvian coast which gives good rainfall to the desert area.
The strong El Nino brings heavy rainfall exceeding normal rainfall resulting in lush greenery in the otherwise dry coastal land of Peru. Sometimes the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life (death of fishes due to loss of plankton). The good rainfall from El Nino makes the coastal Peruvian desert green and there is rich harvest of cotton, coconut and bananas. The strong El Nino gives four to six times more rainfall than the normal amount to the tropical eastern Pacific area but dry conditions prevail in the tropical western Pacific resulting in severe drought in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, etc. The widespread fire in the forests of Indonesia in 1997 - 98 was related to drought resulting from a strong El Nino event.
La Nina is a cold ocean current that flows in the Pacific Ocean which is the opposite of El Nino. Due to La Nina the temperature is reduced in equatorial areas of the Pacific Ocean. When it is generated the trade winds increase their speed. It reduces temperature of the west coast of South America and increases it in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It decreases the air pressure and causes heavy rainfall. La Nina is responsible for additional rainfall in south eastern Asia and the desert in Peru of east Pacific becomes drier. The La Nina is considered as the younger sister of El Nino. When La Nina becomes effective in the tropical western Pacific, then El Nino becomes ineffective in the tropical eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and wet condition is introduced in the tropical western Pacific by La Nina.
The marine life is destroyed on the Peruvian coast due to ______.
● Correct
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Answer: (C) Strong El Nino
Explanation
According to the passage, the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life by causing the death of fishes due to the loss of plankton.
40Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions 36 to 40.
El Nino and La Nina Ocean Currents
El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean. The invention of El Nino is useful for the prediction of global change in annual climate and monsoon rainfall. But the generation, extension, period of El Nino is not yet predicted accurately. El Nino is a cyclic incidence which happens at the interval of a few years. The temperature of the Peruvian coast does not fall considerably because of this current. El Nino is considered as Christ's child on the Peruvian coast because it arrives after Christmas. El Nino is a warm water ocean current which creates tropical type of ocean climate along the Peruvian coast which gives good rainfall to the desert area.
The strong El Nino brings heavy rainfall exceeding normal rainfall resulting in lush greenery in the otherwise dry coastal land of Peru. Sometimes the strong El Nino causes heavy rainfall along the Peruvian coast and destroys the marine life (death of fishes due to loss of plankton). The good rainfall from El Nino makes the coastal Peruvian desert green and there is rich harvest of cotton, coconut and bananas. The strong El Nino gives four to six times more rainfall than the normal amount to the tropical eastern Pacific area but dry conditions prevail in the tropical western Pacific resulting in severe drought in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, etc. The widespread fire in the forests of Indonesia in 1997 - 98 was related to drought resulting from a strong El Nino event.
La Nina is a cold ocean current that flows in the Pacific Ocean which is the opposite of El Nino. Due to La Nina the temperature is reduced in equatorial areas of the Pacific Ocean. When it is generated the trade winds increase their speed. It reduces temperature of the west coast of South America and increases it in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It decreases the air pressure and causes heavy rainfall. La Nina is responsible for additional rainfall in south eastern Asia and the desert in Peru of east Pacific becomes drier. The La Nina is considered as the younger sister of El Nino. When La Nina becomes effective in the tropical western Pacific, then El Nino becomes ineffective in the tropical eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and wet condition is introduced in the tropical western Pacific by La Nina.
Observe the following statements :
(a) The Peruvian coast becomes green due to good rainfall from La Nina.
(b) There is a rich harvest of cotton, coconut, banana in the Peruvian desert due to good rainfall from La Nina.
(c) El Nino is an irregular warm ocean current in the Pacific Ocean.
Answer Options :
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Answer: (D) Only statement (c) is correct.
Explanation
According to the provided passage, El Nino is a warm ocean current which occurs irregularly in the Pacific Ocean, which directly supports the validity of statement (c). Furthermore, the passage specifies that the greening of the Peruvian coast and the rich harvest of crops like cotton, coconut, and bananas are due to the good rainfall brought by El Nino, while La Nina actually makes the Peruvian desert drier. Therefore, statements (a) and (b) are incorrect, and only statement (c) is correct.
41Reading Comprehension
खालील उतारा वाचून 41 ते 45 प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या.
नव्हे पिंडज्ञाने नव्हे तत्वज्ञानें ।
समाधान कांही नव्हे तानमानें ।
नव्हे योगयागें नव्हे भोगत्यागें ।
समाधान ते सज्जनाचेनि योगें ।।१५३।।
जीवनामध्ये प्रत्येकजण समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी झटत असतो. समाधानाच्या माध्यमातून त्याला आनंद मिळवायचा असतो. आणि आनंद कायम टिकणारा असावा यासाठी त्याला शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास असतो. अशा तऱ्हेचे समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी काय केले पाहिजे याचा मार्ग, श्रीसमर्थांनी या श्लोकात सांगितला आहे. तो स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी असे चिरंतन समाधान मिळावे म्हणून प्रपंची माणसे कोणत्या साधनांचा अवलंब करतात हे त्यांनी प्रथम वर्णन केले आहे. ते मार्ग म्हणजे ज्ञान, तत्त्वज्ञान, कला, योग, याग व त्याग हे होत.
सृष्टीच्या बाह्य व्यापाराचे ज्ञान मनुष्य पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत ग्रहण करतो. या ज्ञानामधून त्याला सुख मिळेल अशी कल्पना असते. पण जे ज्ञान पंचेंद्रियांवर अवलंबून आहे त्याचे स्थैर्यही त्या पंचेंद्रियांच्यावरच अवलंबून आहे. इंद्रिये ही वयोमानाने क्षीण होत जाणारी असल्याने त्यापासून प्राप्त होणारे समाधानही क्षीण होणारे असते. ज्ञानमार्ग किंवा तत्त्वज्ञान चिंतनामुळे मनुष्यप्राणी काही काळ तरी चिरंतन सत्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल व त्याला तेवढ्या काळात तरी समाधान मिळू शकेल. त्याचप्रमाणे गायनादि कलांच्या माध्यमातून ज्याला येथे श्रीसमर्थांनी 'तानमाने' असा गमतीशीर शब्द वापरला आहे, तो काही वेळ परमात्म्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल. एखादा श्रेष्ठ गायक मनःपूर्वक गाताना किंवा चित्रकार उत्कटतेने चित्र रंगवितांना तेवढ्यापुरते देहभान किंवा 'मी' पणा विसरून जाईल. त्या विशिष्ट वेळी जरी काही तो परमात्म्यांच्या जवळ असेल आणि पूर्ण समाधानांत, निखळ आनंदांत राहील. परंतु कलासाधनेतो तो परमोच्च क्षण संपला की त्याचे समाधानही भंग पावेल.
योगाभ्यासाने मनुष्य समाधी अवस्थेपर्यंत प्रगती करू शकेल. समाधी अवस्थेत असताना त्याचे जगाशी भान तुटेल व ईश्वराशी नाते जोडले जाईल. पण ही समाधी उतरली की ते नाते संपेल व तो आनंद आणि ती समाधानही नष्ट होईल. त्याचप्रमाणे यज्ञयाग करताना उत्कट भावनेने आणि पवित्र आचारणाने यज्ञीय व्रतस्थ राहील. तेथपर्यंतच त्याचे समाधान टिकेल. भोगत्याग म्हणजे सुखोपभोगाचा त्याग करण्यावरी देश, काळ, समाज यांच्या मर्यादा असतात आणि त्या मर्यादाच त्याच्या समाधानावरील मर्यादा बनतात.
अशा तऱ्हेने वरील सर्व मार्गांनी चिंतनक समाधान मिळणार नाही हे सांगून मग श्रीसमर्थ ते समाधान केवळ 'सज्जनांचेनि योगें' म्हणजे संतसज्जनांचा सहवास ठेवल्यानेच मिळू शकेल असे सांगतात. येथे त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेला संतसहवास म्हणजे केवळ देहाने संतांच्या सहवासात राहणे हा नाही. त्यांच्या संगतीत असताना आपले मनोपणे त्यांच्याशी नाते जोडून तो संतसंगती संतांच्या मनाची म्हणजे त्यांच्या सद्विचारांचीच त्यांना अभिप्रेत आहे. केवळ देहाने संतांबरोबर राहाणारे शिष्य अनेकदा सामान्य माणसाहूनही हीन मनाचे झालेले आपण अनुभवतो कारण त्यांचा संतसहवास मनाने नाही तर फक्त देहाने घडलेला असतो. संतसहवासात साधक जर मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने राहिला तरच त्याचा 'मी' पण त्या संतांच्या मोठेपणात विलीन होऊन जातो. त्याचा अभिमान संपतो. संतसहवासामुळे त्याच्यात अमूलाग्र सुधारणा होते. तो सत्संग कसा असतो याचे वर्णन श्रीसमर्थांनी एके ठिकाणी 'सुखरूप संग सज्जनांचा' असे केले आहे. ते यथार्थच आहे. तो सहवास प्रत्यक्ष सुखाचेच रूप आहे. म्हणून साधकाने मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने संतसमागम करावा आणि खरे चिरंजीव समाधान मिळवावे !
समर्थ रामदासांच्या मते प्रपंची माणसाला शाश्वत समाधान केव्हा प्राप्त होते ?
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● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
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Answer: (D) संत सहवासात 'मी' पणाचा त्याग केल्यावर मनाने व श्रद्धेने संताच्या मोठेपणात विलीन झाल्यावर प्रपंची माणसाला शाश्वत समाधान प्राप्त होते.
Explanation
उताऱ्यात स्पष्ट केल्यानुसार, पंचेंद्रियांचे ज्ञान, कला, योगाभ्यास, यज्ञ आणि भोगत्याग यांसारख्या साधनांमुळे मिळणारे समाधान हे क्षणभंगुर असते. शाश्वत समाधान मिळवण्यासाठी संतसज्जनांचा सहवास आवश्यक असतो. संतसहवासात केवळ देहाने राहणे पुरेसे नसून, साधक जेव्हा मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने राहतो, तेव्हा त्याचा अहंकार म्हणजेच 'मी' पणा संतांच्या मोठेपणात विलीन होऊन जातो. त्याचा अभिमान संपून त्याच्यात अमूलाग्र बदल होतो आणि याच निखळ भावनेतून व आत्मसमर्पणातून प्रपंची माणसाला खरे चिरंजीव किंवा शाश्वत समाधान प्राप्त होते.
42Reading Comprehension
खालील उतारा वाचून 41 ते 45 प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या.
नव्हे पिंडज्ञाने नव्हे तत्वज्ञानें ।
समाधान कांही नव्हे तानमानें ।
नव्हे योगयागें नव्हे भोगत्यागें ।
समाधान ते सज्जनाचेनि योगें ।।१५३।।
जीवनामध्ये प्रत्येकजण समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी झटत असतो. समाधानाच्या माध्यमातून त्याला आनंद मिळवायचा असतो. आणि आनंद कायम टिकणारा असावा यासाठी त्याला शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास असतो. अशा तऱ्हेचे समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी काय केले पाहिजे याचा मार्ग, श्रीसमर्थांनी या श्लोकात सांगितला आहे. तो स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी असे चिरंतन समाधान मिळावे म्हणून प्रपंची माणसे कोणत्या साधनांचा अवलंब करतात हे त्यांनी प्रथम वर्णन केले आहे. ते मार्ग म्हणजे ज्ञान, तत्त्वज्ञान, कला, योग, याग व त्याग हे होत.
सृष्टीच्या बाह्य व्यापाराचे ज्ञान मनुष्य पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत ग्रहण करतो. या ज्ञानामधून त्याला सुख मिळेल अशी कल्पना असते. पण जे ज्ञान पंचेंद्रियांवर अवलंबून आहे त्याचे स्थैर्यही त्या पंचेंद्रियांच्यावरच अवलंबून आहे. इंद्रिये ही वयोमानाने क्षीण होत जाणारी असल्याने त्यापासून प्राप्त होणारे समाधानही क्षीण होणारे असते. ज्ञानमार्ग किंवा तत्त्वज्ञान चिंतनामुळे मनुष्यप्राणी काही काळ तरी चिरंतन सत्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल व त्याला तेवढ्या काळात तरी समाधान मिळू शकेल. त्याचप्रमाणे गायनादि कलांच्या माध्यमातून ज्याला येथे श्रीसमर्थांनी 'तानमाने' असा गमतीशीर शब्द वापरला आहे, तो काही वेळ परमात्म्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल. एखादा श्रेष्ठ गायक मनःपूर्वक गाताना किंवा चित्रकार उत्कटतेने चित्र रंगवितांना तेवढ्यापुरते देहभान किंवा 'मी' पणा विसरून जाईल. त्या विशिष्ट वेळी जरी काही तो परमात्म्यांच्या जवळ असेल आणि पूर्ण समाधानांत, निखळ आनंदांत राहील. परंतु कलासाधनेतो तो परमोच्च क्षण संपला की त्याचे समाधानही भंग पावेल.
योगाभ्यासाने मनुष्य समाधी अवस्थेपर्यंत प्रगती करू शकेल. समाधी अवस्थेत असताना त्याचे जगाशी भान तुटेल व ईश्वराशी नाते जोडले जाईल. पण ही समाधी उतरली की ते नाते संपेल व तो आनंद आणि ती समाधानही नष्ट होईल. त्याचप्रमाणे यज्ञयाग करताना उत्कट भावनेने आणि पवित्र आचारणाने यज्ञीय व्रतस्थ राहील. तेथपर्यंतच त्याचे समाधान टिकेल. भोगत्याग म्हणजे सुखोपभोगाचा त्याग करण्यावरी देश, काळ, समाज यांच्या मर्यादा असतात आणि त्या मर्यादाच त्याच्या समाधानावरील मर्यादा बनतात.
अशा तऱ्हेने वरील सर्व मार्गांनी चिंतनक समाधान मिळणार नाही हे सांगून मग श्रीसमर्थ ते समाधान केवळ 'सज्जनांचेनि योगें' म्हणजे संतसज्जनांचा सहवास ठेवल्यानेच मिळू शकेल असे सांगतात. येथे त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेला संतसहवास म्हणजे केवळ देहाने संतांच्या सहवासात राहणे हा नाही. त्यांच्या संगतीत असताना आपले मनोपणे त्यांच्याशी नाते जोडून तो संतसंगती संतांच्या मनाची म्हणजे त्यांच्या सद्विचारांचीच त्यांना अभिप्रेत आहे. केवळ देहाने संतांबरोबर राहाणारे शिष्य अनेकदा सामान्य माणसाहूनही हीन मनाचे झालेले आपण अनुभवतो कारण त्यांचा संतसहवास मनाने नाही तर फक्त देहाने घडलेला असतो. संतसहवासात साधक जर मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने राहिला तरच त्याचा 'मी' पण त्या संतांच्या मोठेपणात विलीन होऊन जातो. त्याचा अभिमान संपतो. संतसहवासामुळे त्याच्यात अमूलाग्र सुधारणा होते. तो सत्संग कसा असतो याचे वर्णन श्रीसमर्थांनी एके ठिकाणी 'सुखरूप संग सज्जनांचा' असे केले आहे. ते यथार्थच आहे. तो सहवास प्रत्यक्ष सुखाचेच रूप आहे. म्हणून साधकाने मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने संतसमागम करावा आणि खरे चिरंजीव समाधान मिळवावे !
समाधानाचा आनंद कायम टिकविण्यासाठी प्रत्येकाचा प्रयत्न कोणता असतो ?
● Correct
● Not quite — the correct answer is highlighted
Show answer & explanationHide answer⌄
Answer: (B) स्वप्रयत्नातून शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास तो अंगिकारतो.
Explanation
उताऱ्याच्या पहिल्या परिच्छेदानुसार, मानवी जीवनात प्रत्येक जण समाधान मिळवण्यासाठी प्रयत्नशील असतो. या समाधानाच्या माध्यमातून मिळणारा आनंद चिरंतन किंवा कायम टिकणारा असावा यासाठी व्यक्तीला शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास लागलेला असतो. त्यामुळे समाधानाचा आनंद कायम टिकवून ठेवण्यासाठी व्यक्ती स्वप्रयत्नाने शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास अंगीकारते हे स्पष्ट होते.
43Reading Comprehension
खालील उतारा वाचून 41 ते 45 प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या.
नव्हे पिंडज्ञाने नव्हे तत्वज्ञानें ।
समाधान कांही नव्हे तानमानें ।
नव्हे योगयागें नव्हे भोगत्यागें ।
समाधान ते सज्जनाचेनि योगें ।।१५३।।
जीवनामध्ये प्रत्येकजण समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी झटत असतो. समाधानाच्या माध्यमातून त्याला आनंद मिळवायचा असतो. आणि आनंद कायम टिकणारा असावा यासाठी त्याला शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास असतो. अशा तऱ्हेचे समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी काय केले पाहिजे याचा मार्ग, श्रीसमर्थांनी या श्लोकात सांगितला आहे. तो स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी असे चिरंतन समाधान मिळावे म्हणून प्रपंची माणसे कोणत्या साधनांचा अवलंब करतात हे त्यांनी प्रथम वर्णन केले आहे. ते मार्ग म्हणजे ज्ञान, तत्त्वज्ञान, कला, योग, याग व त्याग हे होत.
सृष्टीच्या बाह्य व्यापाराचे ज्ञान मनुष्य पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत ग्रहण करतो. या ज्ञानामधून त्याला सुख मिळेल अशी कल्पना असते. पण जे ज्ञान पंचेंद्रियांवर अवलंबून आहे त्याचे स्थैर्यही त्या पंचेंद्रियांच्यावरच अवलंबून आहे. इंद्रिये ही वयोमानाने क्षीण होत जाणारी असल्याने त्यापासून प्राप्त होणारे समाधानही क्षीण होणारे असते. ज्ञानमार्ग किंवा तत्त्वज्ञान चिंतनामुळे मनुष्यप्राणी काही काळ तरी चिरंतन सत्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल व त्याला तेवढ्या काळात तरी समाधान मिळू शकेल. त्याचप्रमाणे गायनादि कलांच्या माध्यमातून ज्याला येथे श्रीसमर्थांनी 'तानमाने' असा गमतीशीर शब्द वापरला आहे, तो काही वेळ परमात्म्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल. एखादा श्रेष्ठ गायक मनःपूर्वक गाताना किंवा चित्रकार उत्कटतेने चित्र रंगवितांना तेवढ्यापुरते देहभान किंवा 'मी' पणा विसरून जाईल. त्या विशिष्ट वेळी जरी काही तो परमात्म्यांच्या जवळ असेल आणि पूर्ण समाधानांत, निखळ आनंदांत राहील. परंतु कलासाधनेतो तो परमोच्च क्षण संपला की त्याचे समाधानही भंग पावेल.
योगाभ्यासाने मनुष्य समाधी अवस्थेपर्यंत प्रगती करू शकेल. समाधी अवस्थेत असताना त्याचे जगाशी भान तुटेल व ईश्वराशी नाते जोडले जाईल. पण ही समाधी उतरली की ते नाते संपेल व तो आनंद आणि ती समाधानही नष्ट होईल. त्याचप्रमाणे यज्ञयाग करताना उत्कट भावनेने आणि पवित्र आचारणाने यज्ञीय व्रतस्थ राहील. तेथपर्यंतच त्याचे समाधान टिकेल. भोगत्याग म्हणजे सुखोपभोगाचा त्याग करण्यावरी देश, काळ, समाज यांच्या मर्यादा असतात आणि त्या मर्यादाच त्याच्या समाधानावरील मर्यादा बनतात.
अशा तऱ्हेने वरील सर्व मार्गांनी चिंतनक समाधान मिळणार नाही हे सांगून मग श्रीसमर्थ ते समाधान केवळ 'सज्जनांचेनि योगें' म्हणजे संतसज्जनांचा सहवास ठेवल्यानेच मिळू शकेल असे सांगतात. येथे त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेला संतसहवास म्हणजे केवळ देहाने संतांच्या सहवासात राहणे हा नाही. त्यांच्या संगतीत असताना आपले मनोपणे त्यांच्याशी नाते जोडून तो संतसंगती संतांच्या मनाची म्हणजे त्यांच्या सद्विचारांचीच त्यांना अभिप्रेत आहे. केवळ देहाने संतांबरोबर राहाणारे शिष्य अनेकदा सामान्य माणसाहूनही हीन मनाचे झालेले आपण अनुभवतो कारण त्यांचा संतसहवास मनाने नाही तर फक्त देहाने घडलेला असतो. संतसहवासात साधक जर मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने राहिला तरच त्याचा 'मी' पण त्या संतांच्या मोठेपणात विलीन होऊन जातो. त्याचा अभिमान संपतो. संतसहवासामुळे त्याच्यात अमूलाग्र सुधारणा होते. तो सत्संग कसा असतो याचे वर्णन श्रीसमर्थांनी एके ठिकाणी 'सुखरूप संग सज्जनांचा' असे केले आहे. ते यथार्थच आहे. तो सहवास प्रत्यक्ष सुखाचेच रूप आहे. म्हणून साधकाने मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने संतसमागम करावा आणि खरे चिरंजीव समाधान मिळवावे !
प्रपंची माणूस कोणत्या पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत ज्ञान ग्रहण करतो ?
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Answer: (D) श्रोत्र, त्वचा, नेत्र, जिव्हा, नाक.
Explanation
मनुष्य बाह्य जगाचे ज्ञान मिळवण्यासाठी ज्या पाच ज्ञानेंद्रियांचा म्हणजेच पंचेंद्रियांचा वापर करतो, ती म्हणजे श्रोत्र म्हणजे कान, त्वचा म्हणजे कातडी, नेत्र म्हणजे डोळे, जिव्हा म्हणजे जीभ आणि नाक ही होत. या पाच इंद्रियांच्या माध्यमातूनच बाह्य सृष्टीचे ज्ञान मेंदूपर्यंत पोहोचवले जाते आणि मनुष्य ज्ञान ग्रहण करतो.
44Quantitative Aptitude
Let 'X' be the median of the data 13, 8, 15, 14, 17, 9, 14, 16, 13, 17, 14, 15, 16, 15, 14. If 8 is replaced by 18, then median of the data is 'Y'. What is the sum of values of 'X' and 'Y'?
खालील संख्यांचा मध्यांक 'X' आहे असे मातू 13, 8, 15, 14, 17, 9, 14, 16, 13, 17, 14, 15, 16, 15, 14. जर 8 ऐवजी 18 ही संख्या घेतली, तर येणारा मध्यांक 'Y' येतो. तर 'X' आणि 'Y' यांची बेरीज किती ?
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Answer: (D) 29
Explanation
The given original data set has 15 observations: 13, 8, 15, 14, 17, 9, 14, 16, 13, 17, 14, 15, 16, 15, 14.
Since the number of observations (n) is 15, which is odd, the median X is the (n + 1)/2-th observation, which is the 8th observation.
X = 14
If 8 is replaced by 18, the new data set arranged in ascending order becomes:
9, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18
The median Y of this new set is the 8th observation in the sorted list.
Y = 15
The sum of the values of X and Y is:
X + Y = 14 + 15 = 29
45Reading Comprehension
खालील उतारा वाचून 41 ते 45 प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या.
नव्हे पिंडज्ञाने नव्हे तत्वज्ञानें ।
समाधान कांही नव्हे तानमानें ।
नव्हे योगयागें नव्हे भोगत्यागें ।
समाधान ते सज्जनाचेनि योगें ।।१५३।।
जीवनामध्ये प्रत्येकजण समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी झटत असतो. समाधानाच्या माध्यमातून त्याला आनंद मिळवायचा असतो. आणि आनंद कायम टिकणारा असावा यासाठी त्याला शाश्वत समाधानाचा ध्यास असतो. अशा तऱ्हेचे समाधान मिळविण्यासाठी काय केले पाहिजे याचा मार्ग, श्रीसमर्थांनी या श्लोकात सांगितला आहे. तो स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी असे चिरंतन समाधान मिळावे म्हणून प्रपंची माणसे कोणत्या साधनांचा अवलंब करतात हे त्यांनी प्रथम वर्णन केले आहे. ते मार्ग म्हणजे ज्ञान, तत्त्वज्ञान, कला, योग, याग व त्याग हे होत.
सृष्टीच्या बाह्य व्यापाराचे ज्ञान मनुष्य पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत ग्रहण करतो. या ज्ञानामधून त्याला सुख मिळेल अशी कल्पना असते. पण जे ज्ञान पंचेंद्रियांवर अवलंबून आहे त्याचे स्थैर्यही त्या पंचेंद्रियांच्यावरच अवलंबून आहे. इंद्रिये ही वयोमानाने क्षीण होत जाणारी असल्याने त्यापासून प्राप्त होणारे समाधानही क्षीण होणारे असते. ज्ञानमार्ग किंवा तत्त्वज्ञान चिंतनामुळे मनुष्यप्राणी काही काळ तरी चिरंतन सत्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल व त्याला तेवढ्या काळात तरी समाधान मिळू शकेल. त्याचप्रमाणे गायनादि कलांच्या माध्यमातून ज्याला येथे श्रीसमर्थांनी 'तानमाने' असा गमतीशीर शब्द वापरला आहे, तो काही वेळ परमात्म्याच्या जवळ जाऊ शकेल. एखादा श्रेष्ठ गायक मनःपूर्वक गाताना किंवा चित्रकार उत्कटतेने चित्र रंगवितांना तेवढ्यापुरते देहभान किंवा 'मी' पणा विसरून जाईल. त्या विशिष्ट वेळी जरी काही तो परमात्म्यांच्या जवळ असेल आणि पूर्ण समाधानांत, निखळ आनंदांत राहील. परंतु कलासाधनेतो तो परमोच्च क्षण संपला की त्याचे समाधानही भंग पावेल.
योगाभ्यासाने मनुष्य समाधी अवस्थेपर्यंत प्रगती करू शकेल. समाधी अवस्थेत असताना त्याचे जगाशी भान तुटेल व ईश्वराशी नाते जोडले जाईल. पण ही समाधी उतरली की ते नाते संपेल व तो आनंद आणि ती समाधानही नष्ट होईल. त्याचप्रमाणे यज्ञयाग करताना उत्कट भावनेने आणि पवित्र आचारणाने यज्ञीय व्रतस्थ राहील. तेथपर्यंतच त्याचे समाधान टिकेल. भोगत्याग म्हणजे सुखोपभोगाचा त्याग करण्यावरी देश, काळ, समाज यांच्या मर्यादा असतात आणि त्या मर्यादाच त्याच्या समाधानावरील मर्यादा बनतात.
अशा तऱ्हेने वरील सर्व मार्गांनी चिंतनक समाधान मिळणार नाही हे सांगून मग श्रीसमर्थ ते समाधान केवळ 'सज्जनांचेनि योगें' म्हणजे संतसज्जनांचा सहवास ठेवल्यानेच मिळू शकेल असे सांगतात. येथे त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेला संतसहवास म्हणजे केवळ देहाने संतांच्या सहवासात राहणे हा नाही. त्यांच्या संगतीत असताना आपले मनोपणे त्यांच्याशी नाते जोडून तो संतसंगती संतांच्या मनाची म्हणजे त्यांच्या सद्विचारांचीच त्यांना अभिप्रेत आहे. केवळ देहाने संतांबरोबर राहाणारे शिष्य अनेकदा सामान्य माणसाहूनही हीन मनाचे झालेले आपण अनुभवतो कारण त्यांचा संतसहवास मनाने नाही तर फक्त देहाने घडलेला असतो. संतसहवासात साधक जर मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने राहिला तरच त्याचा 'मी' पण त्या संतांच्या मोठेपणात विलीन होऊन जातो. त्याचा अभिमान संपतो. संतसहवासामुळे त्याच्यात अमूलाग्र सुधारणा होते. तो सत्संग कसा असतो याचे वर्णन श्रीसमर्थांनी एके ठिकाणी 'सुखरूप संग सज्जनांचा' असे केले आहे. ते यथार्थच आहे. तो सहवास प्रत्यक्ष सुखाचेच रूप आहे. म्हणून साधकाने मनापासून आणि श्रद्धेने संतसमागम करावा आणि खरे चिरंजीव समाधान मिळवावे !
प्रपंची माणूस अवलंब करीत असलेली साधने व त्यांची वैशिष्ट्ये यांच्या जोड्या लावा.
साधने
(a) पिंडज्ञान
(b) तत्वज्ञान
(c) तानमाने
(d) योगयाग
(e) भोगत्याग
वैशिष्ट्ये
(i) पिंडज्ञादि कलेद्वारा प्राप्त होणारे ज्ञान
(ii) समाधी अवस्थेत ईश्वराशी नाते जोडणे व यज्ञादि कर्मात व्रतस्थ राहण्याचे ज्ञान
(iii) ऐहिक व भौतिक सुखाचा त्याग
(iv) पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत मिळणारे ज्ञान
(v) चिंतनातून ईशशक्तीच्या जवळ जाणारे ज्ञान
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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Answer: (A) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii)
Explanation
उताऱ्यातील वर्णनानुसार प्रपंची माणसाच्या साधनांची आणि त्यांच्या वैशिष्ट्यांची योग्य सांगड खालीलप्रमाणे घातली जाते.
पिंडज्ञान हे मानवाला पंचेंद्रियांमार्फत प्राप्त होते, त्यामुळे (a) ची जोडी (iv) शी जुळते. तत्वज्ञान चिंतनामुळे मनुष्य चिरंतन सत्य किंवा ईशशक्तीच्या जवळ जाऊ शकतो, ज्यामुळे (b) ची जोडी (v) शी जुळते. तानमाने हे गायनादी कलांच्या माध्यमातून मिळणारे ज्ञान असल्याने (c) ची जोडी (i) शी जुळते. योगयाग या साधनेमध्ये समाधी अवस्थेत ईश्वराशी नाते जोडणे आणि यज्ञीय कर्मात व्रतस्थ राहणे समाविष्ट आहे, त्यामुळे (d) ची जोडी (ii) शी जुळते. शेवटी, भोगत्याग म्हणजे ऐहिक व भौतिक सुखांचा त्याग करणे होय, ज्यामुळे (e) ची जोडी (iii) शी जुळते.
46Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions 46 to 50.
Among the natural resources that can be called upon in national plans for development, possibly the most important is human labour. Since the English language suffers from a certain- weakness in its ability to describe groups composed of both male and female members, this is usually described as manpower. Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. The manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents. But we are not sure that they will be equal to the task. Will they have the health, the education, the skills, the socio- cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development?
For far too many of them the answer is no. The reason is basic. A child's most critical years, with regard to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development, are those before he reaches five years of age. During those critical, formative years he is cared for almost exclusively by his mother, and in many parts of the world the mother may not have the capacity to raise a superior child. She is incapable of doing so because of her own poor health, her ignorance and her lack of status and recognition of social and legal rights, of economic parity of independence.
One essential factor has been overlooked or ignored. The forgotten factor is the role of women. Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second- class citizens, uneducated, without any voice in family or community decisions, without legal or economic status, married when they are still practically children, and thereafter producing one baby after another, often only to see half of them die before they reach school age.
We can enhance development by improving women power, by giving women the opportunity to develop themselves. Statistics show that the average family size increase is in inverse ratio to the mother's years of education. It is lowest among college graduates, highest among those with only primary school training or no education. Malnutrition is most frequent in large families, and increases in frequency with each additional sibling.
The principle seems established that an educated mother has healthier and more intelligent children, and that this is related to the fact that she has fewer children. The tendency of educated, upper- class mothers to have fewer children operates even without access to contraceptive services.
The educational level of women is significant also because it has a direct influence upon their chances of employment, and the number of employed women in a country's total labour force has a direct bearing on both the Gross. National Product and the disposable income of the individual family. Disposable income, especially in the hands of women, influences food purchasing and therefore the nutritional status of the family. The fact that this additional income derives from the paid employment of women provides a logical incentive to restrict the size of the family.
Manpower development during the next quarter century ______.
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Answer: (B) will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents
Explanation
According to the first paragraph of the passage, the manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children, and adolescents. This direct textual reference establishes the accuracy of this option.
47Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions 46 to 50.
Among the natural resources that can be called upon in national plans for development, possibly the most important is human labour. Since the English language suffers from a certain- weakness in its ability to describe groups composed of both male and female members, this is usually described as manpower. Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. The manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents. But we are not sure that they will be equal to the task. Will they have the health, the education, the skills, the socio- cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development?
For far too many of them the answer is no. The reason is basic. A child's most critical years, with regard to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development, are those before he reaches five years of age. During those critical, formative years he is cared for almost exclusively by his mother, and in many parts of the world the mother may not have the capacity to raise a superior child. She is incapable of doing so because of her own poor health, her ignorance and her lack of status and recognition of social and legal rights, of economic parity of independence.
One essential factor has been overlooked or ignored. The forgotten factor is the role of women. Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second- class citizens, uneducated, without any voice in family or community decisions, without legal or economic status, married when they are still practically children, and thereafter producing one baby after another, often only to see half of them die before they reach school age.
We can enhance development by improving women power, by giving women the opportunity to develop themselves. Statistics show that the average family size increase is in inverse ratio to the mother's years of education. It is lowest among college graduates, highest among those with only primary school training or no education. Malnutrition is most frequent in large families, and increases in frequency with each additional sibling.
The principle seems established that an educated mother has healthier and more intelligent children, and that this is related to the fact that she has fewer children. The tendency of educated, upper- class mothers to have fewer children operates even without access to contraceptive services.
The educational level of women is significant also because it has a direct influence upon their chances of employment, and the number of employed women in a country's total labour force has a direct bearing on both the Gross. National Product and the disposable income of the individual family. Disposable income, especially in the hands of women, influences food purchasing and therefore the nutritional status of the family. The fact that this additional income derives from the paid employment of women provides a logical incentive to restrict the size of the family.
The writer directly or indirectly made three of the following statements. Indicate the one he didn't make.
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Answer: (D) In the advanced countries of the world, women are regarded as first-class citizens, but in developing countries they are third-rate citizens.
Explanation
The author never compares the status of women in advanced countries with those in developing countries, nor does the text make any reference to women being regarded as first-class citizens in some regions and third-rate citizens in others. The author discusses the status of women generally as second-class citizens globally without making such geographic or economic classifications.
48Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions 46 to 50.
Among the natural resources that can be called upon in national plans for development, possibly the most important is human labour. Since the English language suffers from a certain- weakness in its ability to describe groups composed of both male and female members, this is usually described as manpower. Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. The manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents. But we are not sure that they will be equal to the task. Will they have the health, the education, the skills, the socio- cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development?
For far too many of them the answer is no. The reason is basic. A child's most critical years, with regard to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development, are those before he reaches five years of age. During those critical, formative years he is cared for almost exclusively by his mother, and in many parts of the world the mother may not have the capacity to raise a superior child. She is incapable of doing so because of her own poor health, her ignorance and her lack of status and recognition of social and legal rights, of economic parity of independence.
One essential factor has been overlooked or ignored. The forgotten factor is the role of women. Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second- class citizens, uneducated, without any voice in family or community decisions, without legal or economic status, married when they are still practically children, and thereafter producing one baby after another, often only to see half of them die before they reach school age.
We can enhance development by improving women power, by giving women the opportunity to develop themselves. Statistics show that the average family size increase is in inverse ratio to the mother's years of education. It is lowest among college graduates, highest among those with only primary school training or no education. Malnutrition is most frequent in large families, and increases in frequency with each additional sibling.
The principle seems established that an educated mother has healthier and more intelligent children, and that this is related to the fact that she has fewer children. The tendency of educated, upper- class mothers to have fewer children operates even without access to contraceptive services.
The educational level of women is significant also because it has a direct influence upon their chances of employment, and the number of employed women in a country's total labour force has a direct bearing on both the Gross. National Product and the disposable income of the individual family. Disposable income, especially in the hands of women, influences food purchasing and therefore the nutritional status of the family. The fact that this additional income derives from the paid employment of women provides a logical incentive to restrict the size of the family.
From the alternatives given, select the word closest in meaning to the underlined word.
They are carrying out a charade of negotiations with the government.
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Answer: (C) absurd pretence
Explanation
The word 'charade' denotes an absurd or transparent pretence, a show put on to create a false impression while lacking real substance or sincerity. In the phrase 'carrying out a charade of negotiations,' it conveys that the negotiations were not genuine but merely a sham performance, making 'absurd pretence' the closest synonym among the given choices.
49Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions 46 to 50.
Among the natural resources that can be called upon in national plans for development, possibly the most important is human labour. Since the English language suffers from a certain- weakness in its ability to describe groups composed of both male and female members, this is usually described as manpower. Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. The manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents. But we are not sure that they will be equal to the task. Will they have the health, the education, the skills, the socio- cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development?
For far too many of them the answer is no. The reason is basic. A child's most critical years, with regard to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development, are those before he reaches five years of age. During those critical, formative years he is cared for almost exclusively by his mother, and in many parts of the world the mother may not have the capacity to raise a superior child. She is incapable of doing so because of her own poor health, her ignorance and her lack of status and recognition of social and legal rights, of economic parity of independence.
One essential factor has been overlooked or ignored. The forgotten factor is the role of women. Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second- class citizens, uneducated, without any voice in family or community decisions, without legal or economic status, married when they are still practically children, and thereafter producing one baby after another, often only to see half of them die before they reach school age.
We can enhance development by improving women power, by giving women the opportunity to develop themselves. Statistics show that the average family size increase is in inverse ratio to the mother's years of education. It is lowest among college graduates, highest among those with only primary school training or no education. Malnutrition is most frequent in large families, and increases in frequency with each additional sibling.
The principle seems established that an educated mother has healthier and more intelligent children, and that this is related to the fact that she has fewer children. The tendency of educated, upper- class mothers to have fewer children operates even without access to contraceptive services.
The educational level of women is significant also because it has a direct influence upon their chances of employment, and the number of employed women in a country's total labour force has a direct bearing on both the Gross. National Product and the disposable income of the individual family. Disposable income, especially in the hands of women, influences food purchasing and therefore the nutritional status of the family. The fact that this additional income derives from the paid employment of women provides a logical incentive to restrict the size of the family.
Choose the correct antonym from the options given.
"Termagant"
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Answer: (A) Charming
Explanation
The word termagant refers to a harsh-tempered, overbearing, noisy, or shrewish woman. Since it describes someone who is quarrelsome, unpleasant, and difficult to get along with, the word charming, which describes someone who is delightful, pleasant, and highly attractive in manner, serves as its direct antonym.
50Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions 46 to 50.
Among the natural resources that can be called upon in national plans for development, possibly the most important is human labour. Since the English language suffers from a certain- weakness in its ability to describe groups composed of both male and female members, this is usually described as manpower. Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. The manpower for development during the next quarter century will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents. But we are not sure that they will be equal to the task. Will they have the health, the education, the skills, the socio- cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development?
For far too many of them the answer is no. The reason is basic. A child's most critical years, with regard to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development, are those before he reaches five years of age. During those critical, formative years he is cared for almost exclusively by his mother, and in many parts of the world the mother may not have the capacity to raise a superior child. She is incapable of doing so because of her own poor health, her ignorance and her lack of status and recognition of social and legal rights, of economic parity of independence.
One essential factor has been overlooked or ignored. The forgotten factor is the role of women. Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second- class citizens, uneducated, without any voice in family or community decisions, without legal or economic status, married when they are still practically children, and thereafter producing one baby after another, often only to see half of them die before they reach school age.
We can enhance development by improving women power, by giving women the opportunity to develop themselves. Statistics show that the average family size increase is in inverse ratio to the mother's years of education. It is lowest among college graduates, highest among those with only primary school training or no education. Malnutrition is most frequent in large families, and increases in frequency with each additional sibling.
The principle seems established that an educated mother has healthier and more intelligent children, and that this is related to the fact that she has fewer children. The tendency of educated, upper- class mothers to have fewer children operates even without access to contraceptive services.
The educational level of women is significant also because it has a direct influence upon their chances of employment, and the number of employed women in a country's total labour force has a direct bearing on both the Gross. National Product and the disposable income of the individual family. Disposable income, especially in the hands of women, influences food purchasing and therefore the nutritional status of the family. The fact that this additional income derives from the paid employment of women provides a logical incentive to restrict the size of the family.
Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, ______.
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Answer: (D) no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation
Explanation
The passage explicitly states that among all natural resources for national development, human labour is the most crucial. It directly specifies that without a productive labour force, which encompasses both effective leadership and intelligent middle management, no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation. This highlights that human resource development is the fundamental prerequisite for a nation's modernization and growth, and external aid or physical resources cannot substitute for it.
51Quantitative Aptitude
A bag contains 3 white, 2 blue and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is not red ?
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Answer: (D) ½
Explanation
The total number of balls in the bag is the sum of the white, blue, and red balls, which is 3 + 2 + 5 = 10.
The number of balls that are not red is the sum of the white and blue balls, which is 3 + 2 = 5.
The probability of drawing a ball that is not red is given by the ratio of the number of non-red balls to the total number of balls:
Probability = 5/10 = ½
52Logical Reasoning
Study the information and select the definitely true statement with respect to it.
Colony C is located to the south of colonies F, D and G. Colonies C and A are located to the east of E and colony B is located to the west of colonies C and A. Colonies A and B are located to the south of C.
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Answer: (C) Colony G is located to the north of colony B.
Explanation
From the given information, colony C is located to the south of colony G, which means colony G is located to the north of colony C. Additionally, colony B is located to the south of colony C. Since colony G is to the north of colony C and colony B is to the south of colony C, it logically follows that colony G is located to the north of colony B. This makes the statement definitely true.
53Quantitative Aptitude
5 children are collecting flowers in the garden for making 5 garlands using 25 flowers each. They decided that at the end of the collecting time, they are going to ensure that they all have equal number of flowers. Four of them are only 2 short of making their garland as was decided and the youngest child was not able to collect the required number of flowers. So each of the others gave 3 flowers from their collection in order to equalise the number of flowers.
Choose the option that indicates the number of flowers that the youngest child had collected.
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Answer: (C) 8
Explanation
The four older children collected 2 short of 25 flowers, meaning they collected 25 - 2 = 23 flowers each.
Each of these four children gave 3 flowers to the youngest child to equalize the distribution. This leaves each of the four older children with 23 - 3 = 20 flowers.
Since the flowers are equalized, the youngest child must also end up with 20 flowers.
The youngest child received 3 flowers from each of the other 4 children, making a total of 4 × 3 = 12 flowers received.
Subtracting the received flowers from the final equal share, the initial number of flowers collected by the youngest child is 20 - 12 = 8.
54Quantitative Aptitude
Let 'X' be the median of the data 13, 8, 15, 14, 17, 9, 14, 16, 13, 17, 14, 15, 16, 15, 14. If 8 is replaced by 18, then median of the data is 'Y'. What is the sum of values of 'X' and 'Y'?
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Answer: (D) 29
Explanation
To find the median X of the given data set with 15 observations, we first arrange the numbers in ascending order:
The number of observations remains 15. The new median is the 8th observation in this updated list, which is 15. Thus, Y = 15.
The sum of the values of X and Y is:
X + Y = 14 + 15 = 29
55Logical Reasoning
Study the following expressions and recognise structure of the unfamiliar language. Use two assumptions that : there are no exceptions to the rule, and only those rules apply which may be derived from the given expressions.
napu pelkeui = The girl is coming from the hut.
napu tipkeu = The dog is going to the hut.
lam mirkeui = The farmer is walking from the field.
dowl pelkeu = The girl is running to the meadow.
Select the option that expresses “The dog is walking to the meadow” in this language.
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Answer: (A) dowl tipkeu
Explanation
Analyzing the given expressions reveals the structure of this language.
First, we identify the words for locations by comparing the sentences. The word napu corresponds to hut, lam corresponds to field, and dowl corresponds to meadow.
Second, the suffix at the end of the second word indicates the direction. The suffix -ui represents from, as seen in coming from (pelkeui) and walking from (mirkeui). The suffix -u represents to, as seen in going to (tipkeu) and running to (pelkeu).
Third, the root of the second word represents the subject and their action. The root pel corresponds to the girl, mir corresponds to the farmer walking, and tip corresponds to the dog.
To translate the sentence The dog is walking to the meadow, we use the word for meadow which is dowl. We then combine the root for the dog, tip, with the suffix for direction to, which is -u, resulting in tipkeu. Thus, the correct translation is dowl tipkeu.
56Quantitative Aptitude
Rina, Tina and Hina are starting at the same time from the same point in the same direction to run around the circular playground. Rina completes a round in 70 seconds, Tina in 105 seconds and Hina in 175 seconds. After how much time will they meet again at the starting point ?
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Answer: (D) 17 minutes 30 seconds.
Explanation
To find the time when they will meet again at the starting point, we need to calculate the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of their individual running times: 70 seconds, 105 seconds, and 175 seconds.
The prime factorization of each number is:
70 = 2 × 5 × 7
105 = 3 × 5 × 7
175 = 5² × 7
The LCM is obtained by taking the highest power of each prime factor involved:
LCM = 2¹ × 3¹ × 5² × 7¹ = 2 × 3 × 25 × 7 = 1050 seconds
Converting 1050 seconds into minutes and seconds:
1050 seconds = 1050 ÷ 60 = 17 minutes and 30 seconds
57Quantitative Aptitude
Train 'M' leaves Meerut at 5.00 a.m. and reaches Delhi at 9.00 a.m. Train 'N' leaves Delhi at 7.00 a.m. and reaches Meerut at 10.30 a.m. At what exact time do the two trains cross each other ?
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Answer: (B) 7.56 a.m.
Explanation
Let the distance between Meerut and Delhi be D.
Train M travels from 5.00 a.m. to 9.00 a.m., taking 4 hours.
Speed of Train M = D/4
Train N travels from 7.00 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., taking 3.5 hours, which is 7/2 hours.
Speed of Train N = 2D/7
Train M starts 2 hours before Train N. During this time (from 5.00 a.m. to 7.00 a.m.), the distance covered by Train M is:
Distance = Speed × Time = (D/4) × 2 = D/2
At 7.00 a.m., the remaining distance between the two trains is:
D - D/2 = D/2
Since they are moving towards each other, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds:
Relative Speed = D/4 + 2D/7 = 15D/28
The time taken for them to meet after 7.00 a.m. is:
Time = Remaining Distance / Relative Speed
Time = (D/2) / (15D/28) = 14/15 hours
All persons of a certain community are in a habit of answering any question in two sentences and one of these is always true and other one is always false. A visitor came across three persons of this community : one of them is a doctor, another one is a lawyer and third one is a farmer. Study the reply of these persons to a question about their professions and select the true statement from the given options.
X : I am not a farmer. Z is not a farmer.
Y : X is not a lawyer. Z is a farmer.
Z : X is not a doctor. I am not a farmer.
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Answer: (C) Z is a farmer.
Explanation
To find the correct professions, assume Z is the farmer. Under this assumption:
For X, the first statement ("I am not a farmer") is true because Z is the farmer, which means X is not. The second statement ("Z is not a farmer") is false because Z is the farmer. Thus, X has exactly one true and one false statement.
For Y, the second statement ("Z is a farmer") is true. To satisfy the condition of having one true and one false statement, Y's first statement ("X is not a lawyer") must be false, which means X is the lawyer. Since X is the lawyer and Z is the farmer, Y must be the doctor.
For Z, the first statement ("X is not a doctor") is true because X is the lawyer. The second statement ("I am not a farmer") is false because Z is the farmer. Thus, Z also has exactly one true and one false statement.
This assignment of professions (X as the lawyer, Y as the doctor, and Z as the farmer) is completely consistent with the rule that every person makes one true and one false statement.
59Logical Reasoning
There are equal number of men and women in a family of six. There are two fathers and two sons. Additional information about these family members is as given below. Ram is eldest and Nita is youngest of the family. The farmer is the father of the writer and also of the doctor. Nita is Sameer's sister and both are teenagers. Their mother is a teacher. The only couple in the family is Jayesh and Nadira. Anna is not married and is the daughter of Ram.
Select the option that describes the relationship between Ram and the writer.
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Answer: (A) Ram is the father of the person who is the writer.
Explanation
Based on the given information, we can reconstruct the family tree of the six members as follows:
The family consists of six members: Ram, Jayesh, Nadira, Anna, Sameer, and Nita.
Since Nita is Sameer's sister, both are teenagers, and their mother is a teacher, and Jayesh and Nadira are the only married couple, it follows that Nadira is their mother (the teacher) and Jayesh is their father.
Ram is the eldest member, and Anna is the unmarried daughter of Ram. To satisfy the condition of two fathers and two sons, Jayesh must be Ram's son. Thus, the two fathers are Ram and Jayesh, and the two sons are Jayesh and Sameer.
The family consists of three males (Ram, Jayesh, Sameer) and three females (Nadira, Anna, Nita), maintaining an equal gender ratio.
We are told that the farmer is the father of the writer and the doctor. Since Sameer and Nita are teenagers, they cannot be the writer and the doctor. Thus, the father who is a farmer must be Ram. His children, Jayesh and Anna, are the writer and the doctor in some order.
Consequently, Ram is the father of the person who is the writer.
60Logical Reasoning
Daya, Maya, Saya, Jia, and Nia are housewives and their team takes care of the garden in their colony. They wanted to visit places Shela, Kota, Moha, Heta and Vela for vacation. They choose to take these holidays in the month of March, June, September, November and December. Following are some additional, related facts.
Jia took holiday in December but did not visit Moha or Heta. Maya went to Shela in June. Daya went to Kota but not in March or September. Nia went for holiday in March but as she had visited Heta, she did not go there.
Select the person who went on holiday in November.
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Answer: (A) Daya
Explanation
The five vacation months are March, June, September, November, and December. We can determine the holiday month for each person by elimination.
Maya went on holiday in June.
Nia went on holiday in March.
Jia went on holiday in December.
This leaves only September and November for Daya and Saya. Since Daya did not go on holiday in September, she must have gone in November. This also leaves September for Saya. Thus, Daya went on holiday in November.
61Logical Reasoning
Given below is the main statement that is followed by statements labelled (a), (b), (c) and (d). Select the ordered pair of statements where the 1ˢᵗ statement implies 2ⁿᵈ and the two statements together are logically consistent with the main statement.
You can watch a drama only if you have a ticket.
(a) You watched a drama.
(b) You had a ticket.
(c) You did not watch a drama.
(d) You did not have a ticket.
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Answer: (B) (a) and (b)
Explanation
The main statement is in the form of P only if Q, where P is watching a drama and Q is having a ticket. In formal logic, the statement P only if Q translates to the conditional implication If P, then Q (P → Q).
This means that if you watched a drama (statement a), it logically implies that you had a ticket (statement b). Therefore, the ordered pair (a) and (b) is logically consistent with the main statement.
62Logical Reasoning
Two teams are to be compiled from health workers M, N, O, P, Q, R, S and T selected from all over the State for executing health related programmes. Each worker will be in either of the teams and one of the teams can accommodate at the most five or at least four workers. Given below is some more information about the workers.
(a) Being best friends O and M would be in the same team.
(b) Being rivals M and T will not be in the same team.
(c) R and N will not be selected along with O.
(d) Q will be selected with M and P but not with S.
If P and M are selected for a team, then select the true statement from the given options.
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Answer: (D) S is not the member of this team.
Explanation
If health workers P and M are selected for Team 1, the composition of the teams is determined directly by the given conditions.
According to condition (a), O and M must be in the same team, which places O in Team 1.
According to condition (d), Q is selected with M and P, which places Q in Team 1. Thus, Team 1 contains M, P, O, and Q.
Condition (d) also states that Q is not selected with S. Since Q is in Team 1, S cannot be in Team 1 and must be placed in Team 2.
The remaining workers T (who cannot be with M by condition b), R, and N (who cannot be with O by condition c) are placed in Team 2. This results in Team 1 having four members (M, P, O, Q) and Team 2 having four members (T, R, N, S), which satisfies the rule that each team must accommodate at least four and at most five workers.
Therefore, S is not a member of the team containing P and M.
63Logical Reasoning
All 36 pupils of the Zilla Parishad School planted in all 48 plants, a mixture of jambhul and chiku varieties, in their locality. Every boy planted three jambhul varieties and the each group of two girls planted one chiku variety between them.
Select the statement that is not true with respect to the above information.
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Answer: (C) There are 14 boys in this school.
Explanation
Let B represent the number of boys and G represent the number of girls.
Based on the information provided, we can set up a system of linear equations:
B + G = 36
3B + G/2 = 48
To find the number of boys, we can express G as 36 - B and substitute it into the second equation:
3B + (36 - B)/2 = 48
Multiplying the entire equation by 2 to clear the fraction:
6B + 36 - B = 96
5B + 36 = 96
5B = 60
B = 12
Solving the equations shows that the actual number of boys in the school is 12. Consequently, the statement claiming there are 14 boys in the school is incorrect.
64Quantitative Aptitude
If the number 357*25* is divisible by both 3 and 5, then select the appropriate pair of digits in units and thousandth place respectively.
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Answer: (C) 5, 6
Explanation
Let the given number be represented as 357T25U, where U is the units digit and T is the thousands digit.
For a number to be divisible by 5, its units digit U must be either 0 or 5.
For a number to be divisible by 3, the sum of all its digits must be a multiple of 3.
Substituting the pair U = 5 and T = 6 into the number yields 3576255.
The units digit of 3576255 is 5, which satisfies the divisibility rule for 5.
The sum of the digits of 3576255 is:
3 + 5 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 5 + 5 = 33
Since 33 is a multiple of 3, the number is divisible by 3.
65Logical Reasoning
During the discussion one speaker said, "As claimed by some researchers, it is not reasonable to attribute complex reasoning ability to reptiles on the basis of simple stimulus-response explanations of some reptiles' behaviours like searching prey, caring for their eggs and engaging in various other life processes. But since, as observed during experiments, reptiles are not capable of making changes in their behaviour when they are made to face major changes in their surroundings, this leads one to conclude that reptiles are not capable of complex reasoning."
Which one of the following is an assumption required by the speaker's conclusion ?
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Answer: (B) If reptiles were capable of complex reasoning, then they would exhibit capability of altering their behaviour as per the changes in their natural habitat.
Explanation
The speaker's argument is structured as follows:
Premise: Reptiles do not alter their behavior when faced with major changes in their surroundings.
Conclusion: Reptiles are not capable of complex reasoning.
To bridge the gap between the premise and the conclusion, the speaker must assume a conditional relationship between complex reasoning and behavioral adaptation. Specifically, the argument relies on the assumption that if an organism possesses complex reasoning, it will adapt its behavior in response to environmental changes. Therefore, since reptiles fail to adapt, they must lack complex reasoning. The assumption that reptiles with complex reasoning would exhibit the capability to alter their behavior under changing conditions is essential to make the speaker's conclusion logically sound.
66Logical Reasoning
Study the following argument and then choose from the options given, the argument that most closely parallels the reasoning of it.
The farmer's family had an option of planting gram or soyabeans. Last year gram received a better market price as compared to soyabeans. But in order to ensure high yields, quality organic fertilisers and eco-friendly pest controlling inputs are required for gram. Since they could not get credit required for this additional care, in spite of the crop being likely to earn less profit, the family planted soyabeans.
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Answer: (C) It is possible for tourists to exchange currency through bank or for poorer exchange rate, they can use the hotel where they stay. There was not sufficient time for finding a bank so they had to use the hotel for exchange.
Explanation
The original argument follows a specific logical structure of decision-making under a constraint. First, a choice must be made between two alternatives, where one alternative is more desirable but requires a specific prerequisite condition. Second, this prerequisite condition cannot be met due to a constraint. Third, because the prerequisite is unfulfilled, the decision-maker is forced to choose the less desirable alternative.
This structure directly parallels the reasoning in Option 3. Here, the tourists must choose between exchanging currency at a bank, which is the superior option, or at a hotel, which offers a poorer exchange rate. Choosing the bank has a prerequisite condition of having sufficient time to locate one. Since this time constraint cannot be met, the tourists are forced to choose the less desirable alternative of exchanging their currency at the hotel. Both arguments illustrate a situation where a practical constraint prevents the selection of a preferred option, leading to the selection of a less beneficial alternative.
67Reading Comprehension
Scientists at the Berlin's Institute of Pharmacy have recommended that Edcysterone, a hormone found in spinach, be included in the list of prohibited substances for athletes. Scientists conducted a study for testing their hypothesis, 'there would be an increase in performance of athletes.' They found, 'significantly higher increase in muscle mass observed in those participants who were dosed with Edcysterone.'
Popeye was definitely into something when he ripped open cans of spinach before beating the bad guys for his beloved Olive. Now, scientists in Germany say that the cartoon character may well have been "doping" to get his superhuman strength.
Select the most of appropriate reason for recommending prohibition on the use of Edcysterone for athletes.
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Answer: (B) Edcysterone, as it increases muscle mass, serves as a dope and any kind of doping is banned for athletes.
Explanation
The recommendation to prohibit Ecdysterone is based on its ability to significantly increase muscle mass and enhance athletic performance, which effectively classifies it as an anabolic agent or performance-enhancing drug. In professional sports, the use of any such substance to gain an unfair competitive advantage is defined as doping. Because anti-doping regulatory bodies strictly ban all forms of doping to maintain a level playing field and preserve the integrity of sports, a substance like Ecdysterone that artificially boosts muscle mass must be included in the list of prohibited substances.
68Logical Reasoning
Sanvi was born on 28th February, 2018. Then on which day will her 22nd birthday come ?
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Answer: (A) Tuesday
Explanation
Sanvi was born on 28th February 2018, which was a Wednesday. Her 22nd birthday will fall on 28th February 2040.
To find the day of the week on 28th February 2040, we calculate the number of odd days in the 22-year period from 2018 to 2040.
Each ordinary year contributes 1 odd day, while each leap year contributes 2 odd days. Over 22 years, we have a base of 22 odd days.
We then add 1 extra odd day for each leap year within this interval. The leap years that include a 29th of February between these two dates are 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, and 2036. Although 2040 is a leap year, its leap day occurs on 29th February 2040, which is after the target date of 28th February 2040, so it is not counted. This gives us 5 leap years.
The total number of odd days is 22 + 5 = 27 days. Dividing 27 by 7 gives a remainder of 6 odd days.
Adding 6 days to Wednesday results in Tuesday.
69Quantitative Aptitude
A and B can complete a work in 15 days and 10 days respectively. They started doing the work together, but after 2 days B had to leave and A alone completed the remaining work. In how many days was the work completed ?
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Answer: (C) 12 days
Explanation
Let the total work be 30 units, which is the least common multiple of 15 and 10.
The daily work capacity of A is 30 ÷ 15 = 2 units per day.
The daily work capacity of B is 30 ÷ 10 = 3 units per day.
When A and B work together, their combined capacity is 2 + 3 = 5 units per day.
In the first 2 days, the work completed by both together is 5 × 2 = 10 units.
The remaining work is 30 - 10 = 20 units.
Since B leaves, A completes the remaining 20 units alone. The time taken by A to finish this remaining work is 20 ÷ 2 = 10 days.
The total time in which the entire work was completed is 2 days + 10 days = 12 days.
70Logical Reasoning
Study the statements given below and select the correct conclusion based on these, that follow :
(a) All mathematicians exhibit an ability to do high level logical thinking.
(b) Self-learning students, who are not the product of traditional school system, are usually found to be highly creative.
(c) Only some of the mathematicians are highly creative.
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Answer: (D) None of the above
Explanation
The given premises do not provide sufficient logical links to support any of the listed conclusions. Statement (a) states that all mathematicians possess high-level logical thinking, which is a one-way relationship and cannot be reversed to conclude that logical thinkers are likely to become mathematicians. Statement (b) associates self-learning students with high creativity, and statement (c) notes that only some mathematicians are highly creative. There is no information or logical connection established between self-learning students and logical thinking ability, nor is there any link regarding the likelihood of self-learning students becoming mathematicians. Since no valid logical conclusion can be derived from the premises, none of the first three statements follow.
71Logical Reasoning
Read the following argument and select the best statement that points out the flaw in the argument from given options.
Many people think that welfare benefits create a culture of dependency and an unproductive workforce. Many people solely depend on welfare benefits without making any efforts to earn their living. Few years back the government introduced tough eligibility rules for getting welfare benefits and the number of recipients has now fallen by 15%. The government should therefore tighten eligibility rules to further reduce the number of welfare beneficiaries.
Select the statement that points out the flaw in the argument from the given options.
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Answer: (A) It equates beneficiaries with unproductive workforce.
Explanation
The argument proposes that the government should tighten eligibility rules to further reduce the number of welfare beneficiaries, basing this recommendation on the premise that welfare benefits create a culture of dependency and an unproductive workforce. This reasoning is flawed because it assumes that reducing the number of beneficiaries will directly lead to a more productive workforce and less dependency. In doing so, the argument makes a logical leap by treating the general pool of welfare beneficiaries as if they are all part of the unproductive workforce. It overlooks the fact that many individuals receiving welfare benefits may be doing so due to genuine circumstances such as illness, disability, or lack of opportunities, rather than a lack of effort to earn a living. Consequently, the conclusion relies on equating all welfare beneficiaries with an unproductive workforce.
72Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions no. 76 - 80.
You are the head of a certain office. The office secretariat is in the charge of allotting limited number of houses reserved for the office staff and these houses are near the office. Allotment is done as per the rules laid down by the higher authority of the organization and these rules are published by the secretariat. Your distant relative works in this office as your senior assistant. She pleaded to the secretariat that she should be given priority in house allotment as she has to take care of her ailing in-laws. Another junior staff member also requested to the secretariat to allot house as he has to take care of his ailing wife. The secretariat turned down her request by pointing out the rules and on the basis of these rules the junior staff member has been allotted the house considering the nature of his duties. Now your relative is pressing you to help her to get house that is allotted to the junior staff member and you want to avoid her annoyance. You will,
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Answer: (C) agree with the secretariat's note as they have strictly followed the rules set up by the authorities though that might strain your relations with her and other relatives.
Explanation
As the head of an organization, public administrative principles dictate that decisions must be guided by impartiality, objectivity, and adherence to established rules. Under no circumstances should personal relationships, nepotism, or pressure from family members influence official administrative actions.
The office secretariat performed its duty correctly by sticking strictly to the rules laid down by higher authorities. Supporting the secretariat's decision ensures the maintenance of institutional integrity, fairness, and transparency. Prioritizing rule-based governance and equal treatment for all employees is necessary, even if upholding these standards causes temporary strain in personal or familial relationships.
73Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions no. 76 - 80.
You are a senior government servant known for your integrity. You are approached by a group of activists who are working for social justice for the people who are considered low caste by other groups, in most of the villages in your district that is under your jurisdiction. Many Buddhist families from these villages are facing social boycott and are living in miserable conditions. Activists want you to support the movement and actively participate in it as you are against social stratification of any kind. Government Conduct Rules prohibit government servants from participating in activity related to criticizing government for the condition of these people. In this situation, what appropriate course of action would you choose from the following list of options ?
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Answer: (A) You know that large number of people are denied justice due to hegemony of so-called high caste people, therefore you assure this group full support and guide them to plan activities for long-term change related to this issue, though this is a very difficult task.
Explanation
As a senior administrative officer, upholding social justice, protecting the constitutional rights of citizens, and preventing social discrimination or boycotts within your jurisdiction are fundamental duties. While Government Conduct Rules restrict public servants from participating in protests or activities that publicly criticize the government, they do not prevent you from working administratively to resolve social injustices. By assuring the group of your support and advising them on how to systematically plan activities for long-term, structural change, you constructively address the root cause of the social boycott. This approach aligns with administrative integrity and ethical leadership, enabling you to guide civil society toward legal and institutional channels for sustainable reform while fully adhering to the professional boundaries set by the conduct rules.
74Decision Making
Decision making and problem solving questions no. 76 - 80.
You are from a farmer's family and working as the Government Agriculture Officer. The Agriculture Minister ordered you to organize lectures for farmers by his friend who is self-proclaimed organic farming expert and celebrity. The Minister also expects you to make VIP facilities available to him. You, as an experienced member of your family, are sure that his methods are not tested scientifically and do not give the yields claimed by him. You will
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Answer: (D) suggest the name of the scientist who is working with farmers for many years and has designed methods of using organic fertilizers for increasing yield, using scientific data for guiding farmers.
Explanation
As a Government Agriculture Officer, your primary duty is to protect the interests of the farming community and promote scientifically validated agricultural practices. Promoting untested and unscientific methods of a self-proclaimed expert could lead to crop failure and severe economic distress for farmers. Suggesting an alternative scientist who has dedicated years to working with farmers and has designed proven organic farming methods using scientific data is the most professional and constructive path. This approach allows you to address the interest in organic farming while ensuring that the farmers receive genuine, evidence-based guidance, thereby upholding administrative responsibility, scientific integrity, and public welfare.
75Decision Making
Every year 20th March is celebrated as Happiness Day. As the headmistress, you want to organize celebration of Happiness Day in school to make teachers and learners aware of process of living happily. You have called a parents-teachers meeting to get ideas about celebration of Happiness Day. You also talked to children of different classes and found that adults as well as children have the same ideas about 'happiness'. You also talked to the devotees standing in queue for 'darshan' of deities of their choice and you found that they also pray for something that can be purchased with hefty amount. You will
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Answer: (C) organize teachers and parents sessions for constructing collaborative ideas about 'happiness' and for assisting teachers to design learning experiences that make the learning process enjoyable to each learner.
Explanation
Organizing collaborative sessions for teachers and parents is the most sustainable and pedagogically sound way to cultivate a genuine understanding of happiness in a school environment. Since both adults and children often equate happiness with material acquisitions, it is crucial to reorient their perspective. By collaborating, parents and teachers can co-create a holistic definition of happiness that goes beyond materialistic goals. Furthermore, assisting teachers in designing learning experiences that make daily academic activities enjoyable ensures that the pursuit of happiness is seamlessly integrated into the curriculum, fostering long-term emotional well-being and a positive attitude towards lifelong learning.
76Decision Making
You are heading a research team in a biotechnical company. You have mooted the proposal for some special hands-on training in a renowned foreign laboratory. In an order passed by your immediate supervisory head, three of your team members have been recommended for this training. You suspect that it is deliberate on part of your boss with whom you had differences of opinion with respect to another project. As first point of action you would
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Answer: (C) speak to your boss for knowing the reason for not recommending your name for training and explain your point for recommending you for the training if necessary.
Explanation
Professional ethics and administrative protocol dictate that any grievance, workplace conflict, or misunderstanding should first be addressed through direct and constructive communication with the immediate superior. Speaking to the boss directly respects the established chain of command and provides an immediate opportunity to clarify the rationale behind the decision. It allows the team leader to politely present their professional justification for attending the training while dispelling any perceived personal bias. This calm, dialogue-first approach is the most diplomatic first step to resolve organizational issues before seeking external escalation.
