SSC CGL Tier 1 2019 General Intelligence & Reasoning Questions with Solutions

Explanation

The statements can be analyzed using set theory where Squirrels (S) is a subset of Lizards (L), and Lizards (L) is a subset of Goose (G). This relationship can be expressed as S ⊂ L ⊂ G.

Conclusion II follows because the statement All squirrels are lizards implies that the set of squirrels is contained within the set of lizards. In syllogistic logic, the universal affirmative statement All A are B implies the particular affirmative statement Some B are A. Therefore, some lizards are squirrels is a valid logical derivation.

Conclusion III follows through the property of transitivity. If all squirrels are lizards and all lizards are goose, then all squirrels are goose (S ⊂ G). Just as with the previous conclusion, if all squirrels are goose, it logically necessitates that some goose are squirrels. Thus, both conclusions II and III are logically sound based on the given premises.

Explanation

The given series follows a pattern where the difference between consecutive terms increases as multiples of 8. By calculating the differences between the known terms, we find:

128 - 120 = 8 (8 × 1) 144 - 128 = 16 (8 × 2) 168 - 144 = 24 (8 × 3)

Following this arithmetic progression of differences, the next difference must be 8 × 4 = 32. Adding this value to the fourth term gives the missing number:

168 + 32 = 200

To verify the pattern, we add the next multiple of 8, which is 8 × 5 = 40, to this result:

200 + 40 = 240

This matches the final term in the series, confirming that the logic of adding successive multiples of 8 is correct.

Explanation

The expression P + R × T - Q ÷ S + U defines the following genealogical relationships. The segment T - Q indicates that T is the father of Q. The segment Q ÷ S indicates that Q is the daughter of S. Since Q is the daughter of both T, who is male, and S, it follows that S must be the female parent. Therefore, S is the wife of T. The subsequent part of the expression, S + U, further confirms S is a mother, which is consistent with her being the wife of T and mother of their children Q and U.

Explanation

To make the equation 27 ÷ 3 - 18 + 3 × 2 = 18 correct, the signs + and ÷ must be interchanged. Following the BODMAS rule, the new expression becomes:

27 + 3 - 18 ÷ 3 × 2

First, perform the division operation: 18 ÷ 3 = 6 The expression simplifies to 27 + 3 - 6 × 2.

Next, perform the multiplication: 6 × 2 = 12 The expression simplifies to 27 + 3 - 12.

Finally, perform the addition and subtraction: 30 - 12 = 18

The left-hand side matches the right-hand side of the original equation.

Explanation

The relationship between Walnut and Fig is that both are specific examples of dry fruits. They belong to the same category of food items. Similarly, Raisin and Apricot are both specific examples that belong to the same category of dry fruits. The pair maintains the same logical connection where two distinct items are grouped together based on their shared classification as dry fruits.

Explanation

The coding logic assigns each letter its corresponding numerical position in the English alphabet, where A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, …, Z = 26. In the word PICTURE, the positions are P=16, I=9, C=3, T=20, U=21, R=18, and E=5. When these numbers are placed side by side, they form the code 16932021185.

Applying the same logic to the word FUNCTION, the alphabetical positions for each letter are F=6, U=21, N=14, C=3, T=20, I=9, O=15, and N=14. Concatenating these values in sequence results in the code 6211432091514.

Explanation

The relationship between the numbers in the first pair follows the logic x : x² - x. For the first pair, given 16 : 240, the calculation is 16² - 16 = 256 - 16 = 240. Applying the same mathematical pattern to the second pair with the third number 6, the calculation is 6² - 6 = 36 - 6 = 30. This pattern can also be expressed as x : x(x - 1), where 16 × 15 = 240 and 6 × 5 = 30.

Explanation

Hypocrisy is a negative character trait involving the pretense of having virtues or beliefs that one does not actually possess. It is the odd word out because it represents a lack of sincerity and moral deception, whereas the other three words in the set are all positive moral virtues associated with being truthful and having strong ethical principles.

Explanation

The sequence follows a pattern where the difference between the numerical positions of consecutive letters decreases by one at each step. Converting the letters to their corresponding positions in the alphabet gives A = 1, G = 7, L = 12, S = 19, U = 21, and V = 22. The difference between A and G is 6 (1 + 6 = 7), and the difference between G and L is 5 (7 + 5 = 12). Following this logic, the next difference must be 4. Adding 4 to the position of L (12 + 4) yields 16, which corresponds to the letter P. This pattern is confirmed by the remaining terms, as the next differences are 3 (16 + 3 = 19, which is S), 2 (19 + 2 = 21, which is U), and 1 (21 + 1 = 22, which is V).

Explanation

The relationship between the numbers in the pairs follows the square formula y = x², where the second number is the square of the first number. Applying this logic to the pair 12:244, the first term x is 12. The square of 12 is calculated as 12 × 12 = 144. Because the second term in this pair is 244 instead of 144, it does not satisfy the consistent mathematical rule observed across the other pairs.

Explanation

The analogy follows the relationship of a specific substance to its biological classification. Insulin is a chemical messenger produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels, which classifies it as a hormone. Similarly, pepsin is a biological catalyst produced in the stomach that facilitates the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides, which classifies it as an enzyme. Thus, just as insulin is a type of hormone, pepsin is a type of enzyme.

Explanation

The coding logic follows the numerical position of each letter in the English alphabetical order, where A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, and so on. In the word YOGHURT, the positions are Y = 25, O = 15, G = 7, H = 8, U = 21, R = 18, and T = 20, which when concatenated forms 251578211820.

Applying the same logic to the word DEVELOP, the positions are D = 4, E = 5, V = 22, E = 5, L = 12, O = 15, and P = 16. Placing these values together in sequence results in the code 45225121516.

Explanation

Deliberate is a verb that refers to the act of thinking about or discussing something carefully and at length before making a decision. While the other terms involve the active process of investigation, discovery, and seeking information through physical or verbal searching, Deliberate focuses on the internal mental process of weighing options or the collaborative process of evaluating existing information to reach a judgment.

Explanation

The series is formed by adding consecutive integers to each preceding term. By analyzing the differences between the known terms at the end of the sequence, we observe that 145 - 134 = 11, 157 - 145 = 12, and 170 - 157 = 13. This shows that the differences increase by 1 for each subsequent step. Following this pattern in reverse, the difference between the first and second term must be 9, and the difference between the second and third term must be 10. Applying the first difference to the starting term, we calculate the missing number as 115 + 9 = 124. This result is verified by checking the next step in the sequence, where 124 + 10 = 134, matching the provided third term.

Explanation

The expression V + S × Q - P ÷ T + R × U can be decoded step-by-step to establish the family tree. The segment S × Q indicates that S is the mother of Q. The next part Q - P means Q is the brother of P, which implies that S is the mother of P. The segment P ÷ T shows that P is the father of T. The subsequent part T + R means T is the sister of R, which establishes that T and R are siblings and both are the children of P. The final segment R × U defines R as the mother of U, which confirms that R is female. Since R is the daughter of P, and P is the son of S, R is the granddaughter of S.

Explanation

The first statement, all drums are sticks, implies that the set of drums is a subset of the set of sticks, which can be expressed as D ⊆ S. The second statement, some drums are boxes, indicates that there is a non-empty intersection between the set of drums and the set of boxes, expressed as D ∩ B ≠ ∅.

Conclusion I states that some boxes are sticks. Since all drums are sticks (D ⊆ S) and some drums are boxes (D ∩ B ≠ ∅), the elements that are common to both drums and boxes must also belong to the set of sticks. This confirms that B ∩ S ≠ ∅, making Conclusion I logically follow.

Conclusion II states that some sticks are drums. According to the rules of syllogism, a universal affirmative statement of the form All A are B can be converted into a particular affirmative statement Some B are A. Given that all drums are sticks, it is a logical necessity that there are some elements in the set of sticks that are also drums. Thus, Conclusion II logically follows.

Conclusion III, which states that all sticks are drums, does not logically follow. The premise All drums are sticks establishes that the set of drums is contained within the set of sticks, but it does not establish that the set of sticks is contained within the set of drums. There may be sticks that are not drums.

Explanation

Interchanging the signs + and - in the given equation 4 × 5 - 24 ÷ 12 + 8 = 14 yields the following expression: 4 × 5 + 24 ÷ 12 - 8 Following the BODMAS rule, the operations are performed in the order of Division, Multiplication, Addition, and then Subtraction. First, perform the division: 24 ÷ 12 = 2. Next, perform the multiplication: 4 × 5 = 20. Substituting these values back into the expression gives 20 + 2 - 8. Performing the addition results in 22 - 8. Finally, the subtraction results in 14. The resulting value matches the right-hand side of the equation.

Explanation

The logical sequence follows the chronological process of creating, distributing, and consuming a literary work. The process begins with an Idea (4), which is the conceptual starting point. This idea leads to the physical act of Writing (1). Once the writing is complete and processed, it becomes a finished product known as a Book (2). This book is then sent to a Seller (3) for commercial distribution. The Seller provides the book to the Reader (6), who is the end consumer. Finally, after reading the book, the reader provides Feedback (5) based on their experience.

Explanation

The series is based on the numerical positions of letters in the English alphabet: X=24, R=18, I=9, F=6, D=4, and C=3. By examining the gaps between the letters from right to left, a mathematical pattern emerges where the difference between consecutive terms increases by 1 at each step.

Starting from the end of the series, the gap between C (3) and D (4) is 4 - 3 = 1. The gap between D (4) and F (6) is 6 - 4 = 2. The gap between F (6) and I (9) is 9 - 6 = 3. Following this progression, the next gap must be 4. Calculating the missing value by adding this difference to the position of I (9) gives 9 + 4 = 13. In the English alphabet, the 13th letter is M. This pattern is verified by the remaining steps, as the gap between 13 (M) and R (18) is 18 - 13 = 5, and the gap between R (18) and X (24) is 24 - 18 = 6.

Explanation

The relationship between the words in the given pair is that of an object and its designated place of storage or safekeeping. A suitcase is kept in a cloakroom for security and temporary storage. In the same way, money is deposited and stored in a bank for safekeeping and financial management. Both pairs follow the logic of Item : Storage Location.

Explanation

The coding logic involves dividing the 9-letter word into four pairs and a central single letter. The letters in the pairs at positions (1,2), (3,4), (6,7), and (8,9) are swapped, while the middle letter at position 5 is replaced by the next letter in the alphabetical sequence.

For the word PERMANENT: Pairs (1,2): PE becomes EP Pairs (3,4): RM becomes MR Middle (5): A + 1 becomes B Pairs (6,7): NE becomes EN Pairs (8,9): NT becomes TN Combined: EPMRBENTN

Applying the same logic to TECHNICAL: Pairs (1,2): TE becomes ET Pairs (3,4): CH becomes HC Middle (5): N + 1 becomes O Pairs (6,7): IC becomes CI Pairs (8,9): AL becomes LA Combined: ETHCOCILA

Explanation

The numerical relationship follows the logic where the second number is the square of the first number decreased by one, expressed by the formula n : n² - 1. For instance, 7² - 1 = 48, 11² - 1 = 120, and 5² - 1 = 24. In the pair 13:170, the second number is calculated as 13² + 1 = 169 + 1 = 170. Since this pair uses addition instead of subtraction, it deviates from the established pattern of the other three pairs.

Explanation

The relationship between the numbers follows the mathematical pattern x : x² + x, which can also be expressed as x : x(x+1). In the first pair, the relationship is established by taking the square of the first number and adding the number itself, which gives 9² + 9 = 81 + 9 = 90.

Following the same logic for the third number, we calculate the square of 12 and add 12 to the result. This gives 12² + 12 = 144 + 12 = 156. Alternatively, using the x(x+1) approach, the calculation is 12 × (12 + 1) = 12 × 13 = 156.

Explanation

Let the current age of Armaan be x years and the current age of Vishal be y years. According to the first condition, the sum of their ages is 70, so x + y = 70, which implies y = 70 - x.

Five years ago, Armaan's age was x - 5 and Vishal's age was y - 5. The problem states that at that time, Vishal was twice as old as Armaan. This gives the equation: y - 5 = 2(x - 5)

Substitute y = 70 - x into the equation: (70 - x) - 5 = 2x - 10 65 - x = 2x - 10 65 + 10 = 2x + x 75 = 3x x = 25

By solving this linear equation, we find that Armaan's current age is 25 years.

Explanation

The letter-clusters in the given options follow a specific pattern based on the numerical positions of the letters in the English alphabet. In the clusters PQTXC, GHKOT, and UVYCH, the sequence of differences between consecutive letters is +1, +3, +4, and +5. For example, in GHKOT, the positions are G(7), H(8), K(11), O(15), and T(20), where 7+1=8, 8+3=11, 11+4=15, and 15+5=20. Similarly, in PQTXC, the positions are 16, 17, 20, 24, 29 (C is 3 or 26+3=29), which follows +1, +3, +4, +5.

In the cluster JKNRV, the numerical positions are J(10), K(11), N(14), R(18), and V(22). The increments are 10+1=11, 11+3=14, 14+4=18, and 18+4=22. Because the final increment in this cluster is +4 instead of +5, it does not conform to the pattern shared by the others.

Explanation

The relationship established in the first pair is that of a specific subject and its broader academic classification. Political Science is a discipline that falls under the category of Social Science. Similarly, Chemistry is a branch of knowledge that deals with the properties and behavior of matter, which places it under the broader classification of Science.

Explanation

The series follows a specific increment pattern for each position within the letter-clusters.

For the first letter of each cluster, the pattern is n + 2: F (6), H (8), J (10), L (12). The next letter is 12 + 2 = 14, which corresponds to N.

For the second letter of each cluster, the pattern is n + 3: K (11), N (14), Q (17), T (20). The next letter is 20 + 3 = 23, which corresponds to W.

For the third letter of each cluster, the pattern is n + 4: P (16), T (20), X (24), B (2 or 28). The next letter is 2 + 4 = 6, which corresponds to F.

Combining these increments, the next cluster in the sequence is NWF.

Explanation

The pattern followed by the other three number-pairs is x : x² + 2. For instance, 13² + 2 = 169 + 2 = 171, 8² + 2 = 64 + 2 = 66, and 7² + 2 = 49 + 2 = 51. In the case of the pair 10:98, the relationship is 10² - 2 = 100 - 2 = 98. While the rest of the pairs consist of the first number and its square increased by 2, this specific pair consists of the first number and its square decreased by 2, distinguishing it from the set.

Explanation

The coding logic is based on the numerical position of each letter in the English alphabet, where A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, …, Z = 26. In the word ARDOUS, the letters correspond to their positional values as follows: A = 1, R = 18, D = 4, O = 15, U = 21, and S = 19. By placing these numbers consecutively, we obtain the code 1184152119.

Following the same pattern for the word SYSTEM, the positional values for each letter are: S = 19 Y = 25 S = 19 T = 20 E = 5 M = 13

By stringing these numerical values together in order, the resulting code is 19251920513.

Explanation

Let Asma's current age be A and her grandfather's current age be G. From the problem, the sum of their current ages is A + G = 80, which can be rewritten as G = 80 - A.

Ten years from now, Asma's age will be A + 10 and her grandfather's age will be G + 10. The relationship between their future ages is given by the equation A + 10 = ¼(G + 10). Substituting the expression for G into this equation, we get A + 10 = ¼((80 - A) + 10).

Multiplying both sides by 4 to clear the fraction, the equation becomes 4(A + 10) = 90 - A. Expanding the left side results in 4A + 40 = 90 - A. By adding A to both sides and subtracting 40 from both sides, we obtain 5A = 50. Solving for A gives A = 10.

Explanation

The logical sequence follows the chronological stages of a child's physiological needs and the subsequent response. The process begins with the Child (4), who experiences the sensation of Hunger (1). To communicate this need, the child begins to Cry (2). This signal attracts the attention of the Mother (6), who then performs the act of Feeding (3) the child. Once the child is satisfied and content, the cycle concludes as the child goes to Sleep (5). This order represents a natural cause-and-effect chain found in developmental biology and caregiving.

Explanation

The series follows a pattern where each subsequent number is obtained by adding an increasing integer to the previous term. Calculating the differences between consecutive terms reveals a simple arithmetic sequence:

129 - 118 = 11 141 - 129 = 12 154 - 141 = 13 168 - 154 = 14

The differences are 11, 12, 13, 14, which increases by 1 at each step. To find the next number in the series, add the next consecutive integer, 15, to the last given term:

168 + 15 = 183

Explanation

The relationship between the numbers follows the pattern x : x³ + 1. In the first pair, the cube of 7 is 343, and adding 1 results in 343 + 1 = 344. Applying this same logic to the third number, the cube of 11 is 1331. Adding 1 to this value gives 1331 + 1 = 1332.

Explanation

The coding logic involves splitting the 11-letter word into three segments: the first five letters, the middle letter, and the last five letters. The first five letters are reversed, the middle letter is replaced by the letter immediately preceding it in the English alphabet, and the last five letters are reversed.

In the word INFORMATIVE, the first five letters INFOR are reversed to ROFNI. The middle letter M is the 13th letter, which is replaced by the 12th letter L (13 - 1 = 12). The last five letters ATIVE are reversed to EVITA. Concatenating these segments gives ROFNILEVITA.

Applying this pattern to SUPERFICIAL: Reverse the first five letters: SUPER becomes REPUS. Transform the middle (6th) letter: F is the 6th letter, which is replaced by the 5th letter E (6 - 1 = 5). Reverse the last five letters: ICIAL becomes LAICI.

Combining these parts results in the code REPUSELAICI.

Explanation

By interchanging the signs + and ÷, the equation becomes: 24 + 12 - 6 × 6 ÷ 2 = 18

According to the BODMAS rule, we perform the operations in the order of Division, Multiplication, Addition, and then Subtraction.

First, performing the division: 6 ÷ 2 = 3 So, the equation is 24 + 12 - 6 × 3 = 18

Next, performing the multiplication: 6 × 3 = 18 So, the equation is 24 + 12 - 18 = 18

Then, performing the addition: 24 + 12 = 36 So, the equation is 36 - 18 = 18

Finally, performing the subtraction: 18 = 18

Since the left-hand side equals the right-hand side, interchanging the signs + and ÷ makes the equation correct.

Explanation

Conclusion I follows from the first statement because if all postcards are envelopes, then by the rule of conversion, at least some envelopes must be postcards.

Conclusion II follows directly from the second statement. In syllogistic logic, a No-type proposition is a universal negative and is reversible; therefore, if no envelope is a paper, it is logically certain that no paper is an envelope.

Conclusion III follows from the combination of both statements. Since the entire set of postcards is contained within the set of envelopes, and the set of envelopes is entirely separate from the set of papers, there can be no intersection between postcards and papers. Thus, no postcard is a paper follows.

Explanation

The series follows a pattern where each letter in a cluster is incremented by 4 to obtain the corresponding letter in the next cluster.

For the first letter: P (16) + 4 = T (20), T (20) + 4 = X (24), X (24) + 4 = B (2), and B (2) + 4 = F (6). For the second letter: R (18) + 4 = V (22), V (22) + 4 = Z (26), Z (26) + 4 = D (4), and D (4) + 4 = H (8). For the third letter: T (20) + 4 = X (24), X (24) + 4 = B (2), B (2) + 4 = F (6), and F (6) + 4 = J (10).

In cyclic alphabetical order, adding 4 to X (24) yields B (2), and adding 4 to Z (26) yields D (4). Applying the +4 increment to the letters of the second cluster TVX results in the letters X, Z, and B respectively.

Explanation

The relationship between the first pair of words is based on synonymy, as valuable and precious are words that convey the same meaning of having great worth or importance. Following this logic, the word required to complete the second pair must be a synonym for dry. Arid is a synonym for dry, specifically used to describe a climate or land that lacks sufficient moisture or rainfall to support vegetation.

Explanation

The ears, nose, and eyes are three of the five primary sense organs in the human body, facilitating the senses of hearing, smell, and sight respectively. In contrast, the throat is an internal passage consisting of the pharynx and larynx, serving the digestive and respiratory systems rather than functioning as a sensory organ.

Explanation

The letter-cluster JLKRW is the odd one out because it does not follow the increment pattern of +2, +3, +4, and +5 between consecutive letters. By assigning numerical values to the letters based on their positions in the English alphabet (A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26), the ranks for JLKRW are J=10, L=12, K=11, R=18, and W=23. The differences between these letters are calculated as: L - J = 12 - 10 = 2 K - L = 11 - 12 = -1 R - K = 18 - 11 = 7 W - R = 23 - 18 = 5

This sequence of differences (+2, -1, +7, +5) deviates from the logic followed by the other clusters, where each subsequent letter is found by adding 2, 3, 4, and 5 to the previous letter's position. For JLKRW to follow the pattern, it would need to be JLO SX instead.

Explanation

The series consists of two alternating sequences: the first is P, R, T, V, X (16, 18, 20, 22, 24) and the second is U, W, ?, A (21, 23, ?, 27). Following the +2 pattern in the second sequence, the missing letter is the 25th letter of the alphabet, which is Y.

Explanation

Dermatology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions related to the skin. Similarly, orthopaedics is the medical specialty that focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders involving the bones and the musculoskeletal system. Both pairs follow the relationship of a specialized medical field and the specific part of the body it treats.

Explanation

The statement All owls are parrots implies that the set of owls is a subset of parrots. The statement Some parrots are crows indicates that there is a common region between the set of parrots and the set of crows. However, the statements do not provide definitive information about the relationship between owls and crows.

When evaluating the relationship between owls and crows, two mutually exclusive possibilities exist. Either the set of crows overlaps with the set of owls, or it does not. If the crows do not overlap with the owls, the conclusion No owl is a crow is true. If they do overlap, the conclusion Some owls are crows is true. In syllogism, a pair of conclusions forms an either-or relationship when they consist of a particular affirmative (Some S is P) and a universal negative (No S is P) involving the same subjects and predicates. Since conclusions I and III satisfy these conditions and cover all logical possibilities for the owl-crow relationship, either conclusion I or III must follow. Conclusion II does not follow because a universal affirmative statement (All A are B) cannot be converted into another universal affirmative (All B are A).

Explanation

The logic followed in the first pair is n : n³ + n. For the first number 3, the relationship is 3³ + 3 = 27 + 3 = 30. Applying the same pattern to the third number 4, the result is 4³ + 4 = 64 + 4 = 68.

Explanation

To make the equation 18 + 24 - 6 × 6 ÷ 3 = 39 correct, the signs ÷ and - must be interchanged. After the substitution, the new equation is:

18 + 24 ÷ 6 × 6 - 3 = 39

Following the BODMAS rule, which dictates the order of operations as Division, Multiplication, Addition, and then Subtraction, we first perform the division:

24 ÷ 6 = 4

The equation then updates to 18 + 4 × 6 - 3 = 39. Next, we perform the multiplication:

4 × 6 = 24

The equation now reads 18 + 24 - 3 = 39. Proceeding with addition:

18 + 24 = 42

Finally, we perform the subtraction:

42 - 3 = 39

The result on the left-hand side matches the right-hand side, confirming that interchanging the division and subtraction signs satisfies the equation.

Explanation

Frustration is a psychological or emotional state that arises when an individual is blocked from reaching a desired goal or satisfying a need. It pertains to the realm of mental health and human emotions. The other terms in the set are specific physiological medical conditions or chronic diseases that affect the physical systems of the human body, such as the circulatory, metabolic, and hematological systems.

Explanation

The relationship between the first pair of words is based on antonyms. Similarity refers to the quality of being alike, whereas Difference refers to the state of being distinct or dissimilar. Following this logic, the second pair must also consist of opposites. Transparent describes a material or substance that allows light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen. Turbid refers to a liquid that is cloudy, opaque, or thick with suspended matter, which directly opposes the clarity of being transparent.

Explanation

The series follows a specific pattern for each letter position within the clusters. For the first letter of each cluster, the sequence is S, O, K, ?, C. Converting these to their numerical positions in the alphabet gives 19, 15, 11, ?, 3. This shows a constant decrease of 4 (19 - 4 = 15, 15 - 4 = 11). Following this, 11 - 4 = 7, which corresponds to the letter G.

For the second letter, the sequence is W, A, E, ?, M. In numerical terms, this is 23, 1, 5, ?, 13. Since A follows W in a cyclic alphabet, we can represent A as 27 (23 + 4 = 27). The pattern is a constant increase of 4 (1 + 4 = 5). Thus, 5 + 4 = 9, which corresponds to the letter I.

For the third letter, the sequence is A, W, S, ?, K. Numerically, this is 1 (or 27), 23, 19, ?, 11. This shows a constant decrease of 4 (27 - 4 = 23, 23 - 4 = 19). Therefore, 19 - 4 = 15, which corresponds to the letter O. Combining these results, the missing cluster is GIO.

Explanation

The logical order follows the chronological stages of the agricultural and food production cycle. The process begins with the preparation of the soil through ploughing up the field (1). After the soil is ready, the next step is sowing the seeds (5) to start the cultivation. This leads to the growth and eventual production of wheat (3). Once the wheat is harvested, it undergoes wheat grinding (4) to be converted into flour. The flour is then mixed with water and other ingredients for dough making (6). Finally, the prepared dough is used for bread making (2).

Explanation

The series follows a pattern based on the numerical positions of the letters in the English alphabet, where the increment between consecutive terms decreases by 1 at each step. The positions of the given letters are: D = 4 J = 10 ? = ? S = 19 V = 22 X = 24

The difference between the last three terms is 24 - 22 = 2 and 22 - 19 = 3. This suggests a decreasing difference sequence of 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. Applying this logic to the start of the series: The first difference is 10 - 4 = 6. The next difference must be 5. 10 + 5 = 15 The 15th letter of the alphabet is O. To verify, the following difference should be 4: 15 + 4 = 19, which matches the letter S. The logic holds throughout the entire series.