SSC CGL Tier 1 2012 General Intelligence & Reasoning Questions with Solutions

Explanation

The relationship between the first pair of numbers is established by a constant ratio. The ratio 8:12 can be simplified by dividing both terms by 4, which yields 2:3. To find the missing number, the same ratio must be applied to the second pair. Using the proportion 8/12 = 6/x, we solve for x by cross-multiplication: 8x = 12 × 6, which results in 8x = 72. Dividing 72 by 8 gives x = 9. Alternatively, since 6 is 3 times 2, the corresponding value in the 2:3 ratio is 3 times 3, which is 9.

Explanation

The relationship is based on adding an increment to the first number to obtain the second. The increment is determined by the first digit (n) of the number using the formula: Increment = 2n(2n + 1).

For the first pair (13 : 19): The first digit of 13 is n = 1. Increment = 2(1) × (2 × 1 + 1) = 2 × 3 = 6. 13 + 6 = 19.

For the second pair (21 : ?): The first digit of 21 is n = 2. Increment = 2(2) × (2 × 2 + 1) = 4 × 5 = 20. 21 + 20 = 41.

Explanation

The relationship in this analogy is based on the characteristic movement of the animal. An eagle is known for its ability to swoop, which describes a sudden downward motion through the air, often to seize prey. Similarly, the characteristic walking motion of a duck is described as waddling. This specific gait occurs because ducks have short legs and webbed feet positioned towards the rear of their bodies, causing them to move from side to side with short, swaying steps.

Explanation

The relationship is based on the sum of the numerical positions of the letters in the English alphabet, where A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, and so on up to Z = 26. For the word APPLE, the positions are A (1), P (16), P (16), L (12), and E (5). Summing these values results in 1 + 16 + 16 + 12 + 5 = 50. Applying the same logic to the word ORANGE, the positions are O (15), R (18), A (1), N (14), G (7), and E (5). The sum of these numerical values is 15 + 18 + 1 + 14 + 7 + 5 = 60.

Explanation

The relationship in the first pair is based on the payment made for a specific service or facility. Rent is the standard term for the monetary charge paid in exchange for using accommodation. Similarly, fare is the specific term for the money paid for travel or the use of public transport during a journey. Just as accommodation requires the payment of rent, a journey involves the payment of a fare.

Explanation

The relationship between the words in the given pair is that of cause and effect. Fire is the source or cause that produces smoke as a result. Similarly, clouds are the source or cause that produce rain. In both cases, the second term is a natural consequence or product of the first term.

Explanation

The relationship between a grenade and a gun is that they are both distinct items belonging to the same functional category of weaponry. Similarly, the head and the brain are both distinct components belonging to the same anatomical category of the human body. The other pairs provided—Sister: Brother, Father: Mother, and Man: Woman—are all specifically defined by a gender-based or biological counterpart relationship (male and female), which is not the logic used in the original pair. Therefore, Head: Brain is the correct analogy as it follows a structural and categorical association rather than a gender-based one.

Explanation

The relationship between the letter groups TSH and IRQ follows a pattern where the letters of the first group are modified and reversed to form the second group. The first letter of the second group is obtained by adding 1 to the third letter of the first group: H (8) + 1 = I (9). The second letter is obtained by subtracting 1 from the second letter of the first group: S (19) - 1 = R (18). The third letter is obtained by subtracting 3 from the first letter of the first group: T (20) - 3 = Q (17). Applying this same logic to the group QPK, the first letter is K (11) + 1 = L (12), the second letter is P (16) - 1 = O (15), and the third letter is Q (17) - 3 = N (14), resulting in the sequence LON.

Explanation

The relationship between the letter sets is determined by their positional values in the English alphabet (A=1, B=2, …, Z=26).

For the first pair, AEZ : FPY: 1st letter: A(1) + 5 = F(6) 2nd letter: E(5) + 11 = P(16) 3rd letter: Z(26) - 1 = Y(25)

The shifts identified are +5, +11, and -1. For the second pair, BGX : ?, the shifts are modified based on the numerical values of the letters in the first set (A=1, E=5, Z=26):

1st letter: The shift for B increases by the value of A (1). New Shift = 5 + 1 = 6. Thus, B(2) + 6 = 8 → H. 2nd letter: The shift for G increases by the value of E (5). New Shift = 11 + 5 = 16. Thus, G(7) + 16 = 23 → W. 3rd letter: The shift remains constant at -1. Thus, X(24) - 1 = 23 → W.

The resulting related letters are HWW.

Explanation

The pair NL is the odd one out based on the numerical positions of letters in the English alphabet. For this pair, the difference between the first letter N (14) and the second letter L (12) is 14 - 12 = 2. In all other alternatives, the difference between the numerical positions of the two letters is exactly 3.

Explanation

Admiral is a high-ranking commissioned officer in the Navy. The other three terms, Major, Colonel, and Brigadier, are all commissioned officer ranks used specifically within the Army. Therefore, Admiral is the odd one out as it represents a naval rank while the others represent army ranks.

Explanation

Life Insurance Corporation is the only entity among the options that operates in the life insurance sector. It was established under the Life Insurance Corporation Act of 1956 to provide life cover and long-term financial security to the public. The other three companies—New India Assurance Company Ltd., United India Insurance Company Ltd., and National Insurance Company Ltd.—are general insurance companies that provide non-life insurance products, such as motor, health, fire, and marine insurance. This fundamental difference in the type of insurance services offered makes the Life Insurance Corporation the odd one out.

Explanation

Disease refers to a pathological condition or an ailment affecting the physical or mental health of a living organism. In contrast, hurdle, barrier, and obstacle are synonyms that denote an impediment, obstruction, or difficulty that hinders progress or movement. While the other three terms describe external blockages or challenges to be overcome, disease identifies a biological malfunction.

Explanation

The word remedy refers to the act of curing, healing, or correcting a fault or injury. It signifies a positive action taken to restore health or fix a problem. The other words in the set describe various forms of causing damage, injury, or impairment to the condition or physical integrity of an object or person. Consequently, remedy is the only term in the group that represents a restorative process rather than a destructive one.

Explanation

Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. In contrast, Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Johann Sebastian Bach were all legendary classical music composers. This distinction in their primary fields of work makes Socrates the odd one out in the group.

Explanation

The pair (112, 4) is the odd one out because it is the only pair in which the first number is exactly divisible by the second number. Performing the division gives 112 ÷ 4 = 28, which is a whole number. In all other pairs, the first number is not a multiple of the second, resulting in a remainder when division is attempted. Furthermore, (112, 4) is the only pair where both components are even integers. Every other pair contains at least one odd number, such as 5, 125, or 7. These unique arithmetic and parity characteristics distinguish this specific pair from the rest of the group.

Explanation

The numerical logic for the set requires that the two-digit number formed by the middle digits of the second value in each pair be exactly double the value of the middle two digits of the first number. In the pair 6246-6296, the middle digits of the first number are 24, which should result in middle digits of 48 (24 × 2 = 48) for the second number. Since the second number 6296 contains the middle digits 29, it fails to satisfy the arithmetic property that defines the group.

Explanation

The series follows a pattern where each term consists of consecutive letters in reverse alphabetical order, and the number of letters in each term increases by one. The first term YX has 2 letters. After skipping two letters (W and V), the second term UTS starts with 3 letters. After skipping three letters (R, Q, and P), the third term ONML starts with 4 letters. Following this logic, the next step is to skip four letters after L, which are K, J, I, and H. The next term must therefore start with G and contain 5 letters in reverse alphabetical order, resulting in GFEDC.

Explanation

The series follows a specific numerical pattern based on the alphabetical positions of the letters. For the first letter of each pair, the position increases by a constant of 4: D (4) → H (8) → L (12) → P (16) → T (20) This confirms that the first letter of the missing term is P.

The second letter of each pair is determined by its numerical distance from the first letter. For the first three pairs, the second letter is 3 positions behind the first: DA: 4 - 1 = 3 HE: 8 - 5 = 3 LI: 12 - 9 = 3

For the remaining terms, the difference between the first and second letter shifts to 6, as seen in the final term: TN: 20 - 14 = 6

Applying this difference of 6 to the missing term starting with P (16), the second letter's position is calculated as 16 - 6 = 10. The 10th letter of the alphabet is J, making the missing term PJ.

Explanation

The series follows a pattern where the difference between the numerical positions of consecutive letters increases by 1 for each subsequent term. Assigning numerical values to the letters based on their positions in the English alphabet, we get B = 2, E = 5, I = 9, N = 14, and T = 20.

The differences between the terms are: 5 - 2 = 3 9 - 5 = 4 14 - 9 = 5 20 - 14 = 6

Following this pattern, the next difference must be 7. Adding this to the position of the last known term, we get 20 + 7 = 27. In the English alphabet, after the 26th letter (Z), the sequence restarts from 1. Therefore, 27 corresponds to 27 - 26 = 1, which represents the letter A.

Explanation

The series follows a specific progression for both the first and second letters of each pair. The first letters A, C, and E follow a +2 pattern in alphabetical position: A is 1, C is 3, and E is 5. Adding 2 to the position of E gives 7, which corresponds to the letter G. The second letters Z, X, and V follow a -2 pattern in alphabetical position: Z is 26, X is 24, and V is 22. Subtracting 2 from the position of V gives 20, which corresponds to the letter T. Furthermore, each pair consists of opposite letters where the sum of their numerical positions equals 27. Since G is the 7th letter from the beginning and T is the 7th letter from the end (7 + 20 = 27), they form the next logical term GT.

Explanation

The series follows a specific pattern for each component of the term. For the first letter, the position in the alphabet increases by 6 in each step: D(4), J(10), P(16), V(22). The next letter position is 22 + 6 = 28, which corresponds to B in the cyclic alphabet since 28 - 26 = 2.

For the numerical part, each number is multiplied by 3 to obtain the subsequent term: 9 × 3 = 27, 27 × 3 = 81, and 81 × 3 = 243. The next number in the sequence is 243 × 3 = 729.

For the last letter, the position in the alphabet decreases by 6 in each step: Y(25), S(19), M(13), G(7). The next letter position is 7 - 6 = 1, which corresponds to the letter A. Combining these three components results in the term B729A.

Explanation

By placing the letters from option c sequentially into the gaps, the completed series is: a c d b d a c b c d a b a c d b d a

The series follows a logical pattern when divided into blocks of four letters: (acdb) (dacb) (cdab) (acdb) (da)

The structure of the pattern is as follows: Every fourth position in the sequence (4th, 8th, 12th, 16th) is occupied by the letter b. The first three letters of each block follow a cyclic rotation of the triplet acd. In each subsequent block, the third letter of the previous triplet moves to the front position: Block 1: (acd) + b Block 2: (dac) + b Block 3: (cda) + b Block 4: (acd) + b The sequence ends with the first two letters (da) of the next expected block (dacb). Filling the gaps with the letters adabcd completes this systematic rotation.

Explanation

The pattern followed in this series is xₙ = (xₙ₋₁ × 2) + k, where k is an incrementing integer starting from 1. Applying this rule to the sequence:

The second term is 9 × 2 + 1 = 19. The third term is 19 × 2 + 2 = 40. The fourth term is 40 × 2 + 3 = 83. The fifth term is 83 × 2 + 4 = 170. The sixth term should be 170 × 2 + 5 = 345.

The series provides 340 as the final term, which does not fit the established mathematical progression of adding 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively after doubling each preceding number. Therefore, 340 is the wrong number in the series.

Explanation

The series follows a pattern where the difference between consecutive terms decreases by 2 at each step. The sequence of differences is +7, +5, +3, +1, and -1. Applying this pattern starting from the first term:

21 + 7 = 28 28 + 5 = 33 33 + 3 = 36 36 + 1 = 37 37 - 1 = 36

In the given sequence, the number 35 is incorrect because the logic requires the fourth term to be 33 + 3 = 36. Using 36 as the fourth term maintains the integrity of the rest of the series, as 36 + 1 = 37 and 37 - 1 = 36. Therefore, 35 is the wrong number in the series.

Explanation

The series follows a recursive mathematical pattern where each subsequent term is derived from the previous term using the formula Tₙ = (Tₙ₋₁ × 2) + 3. Starting with the first term 5, the second term is calculated as (5 × 2) + 3 = 13. The third term is (13 × 2) + 3 = 29, and the fourth term is (29 × 2) + 3 = 61. Applying the same logic to the fifth term, we get (61 × 2) + 3 = 122 + 3 = 125. In the given sequence, this position is occupied by 120. If we use the correct value of 125 to find the next number, we get (125 × 2) + 3 = 253, which matches the final term of the series. This confirms that 120 is the wrong number in the sequence.

Explanation

The series follows the mathematical pattern n³ - 1, where n represents the position of the term starting from n = 1. Calculating the values for each position:

For n = 1: 1³ - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0 For n = 2: 2³ - 1 = 8 - 1 = 7 For n = 3: 3³ - 1 = 27 - 1 = 26 For n = 4: 4³ - 1 = 64 - 1 = 63 For n = 5: 5³ - 1 = 125 - 1 = 124 For n = 6: 6³ - 1 = 216 - 1 = 215

According to the established logic, the third term should be 26. The number 28 does not fit this cubic relationship and is therefore the wrong number in the series.

Explanation

The given symbols translate to mathematical operators as follows: ∇ = < (less than) o = > (greater than) × = ≥ (not less than)

• = = (equal to) Φ = ≤ (not greater than) Δ = ≠ (not equal to)

The expression a ∇ b ∇ c is translated as a < b < c. By the transitive property of inequalities, if a < b and b < c, then a < c is also true.

Evaluating the options: Option a, represented as a ∇ b ∇ c (aVbC), is the original statement and is logically consistent. Option b translates to a ≤ b and b = c, which contradicts b < c. Option c translates to a > b and b = c, which contradicts a < b and b < c. Option d translates to a > b and b ≥ c, which contradicts the entire premise a < b < c.

Since options b, c, and d are mathematically inconsistent with the premise, only option a can be correct.

Explanation

The coding follows a direct letter-to-letter substitution based on the positions in the given example. From the word PEAR coded as GFDN, we identify the following mapping: P corresponds to G, E corresponds to F, A corresponds to D, and R corresponds to N. By applying this same mapping to the letters in REAP, we substitute R with N, E with F, A with D, and P with G, resulting in the code NFDG.

Explanation

The relationship follows a logic where the result is obtained by adding the differences between the tens digit and the units digit of each number in the equation.

For the first equation 54 + 43 = 2: (5 - 4) + (4 - 3) = 1 + 1 = 2

For the second equation 60 + 51 = 10: (6 - 0) + (5 - 1) = 6 + 4 = 10

Applying this same pattern to the target expression 62 + 72: (6 - 2) + (7 - 2) = 4 + 5 = 9

Explanation

The given symbols correspond to specific arithmetic operations: P represents addition (+), M represents division (÷), Q represents subtraction (-), and L represents multiplication (×). Substituting these into the expression 16 P 24 M 8 Q 6 M 2 L 3, we get:

16 + 24 ÷ 8 - 6 ÷ 2 × 3

According to the BODMAS rule, division is performed first: 16 + 3 - 3 × 3

Next, multiplication is performed: 16 + 3 - 9

Finally, performing the addition and subtraction: 19 - 9 = 10

Explanation

The word APPROVE cannot be formed because it contains the letter V, which is not present in the given word APPROPRIATE. Every letter used to form a word from the alternatives must be present in the original word in at least the same frequency. Since APPROPRIATE lacks the letter V, it is impossible to construct APPROVE using its letters.

Explanation

The coding follows a direct letter-to-digit mapping where each letter corresponds to a specific digit based on its position in the provided words. From FLATTER (7238859) and MOTHER (468159), the individual letter codes are identified as F=7, L=2, A=3, T=8, E=5, R=9, M=4, O=6, and H=1.

To find the code for MAMMOTH, substitute the corresponding digits for each letter: M = 4 A = 3 M = 4 M = 4 O = 6 T = 8 H = 1

Combining these digits in order gives the code 4344681.

Explanation

The pattern follows the rule √x - y = z, where x is the first number, y is the second number, and z is the result.

Applying this logic to the given equations: √(16) - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 √9 - 3 = 3 - 3 = 0 √(81) - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8

Using the same rule for the final expression: √(64) - 4 = 8 - 4 = 4

Explanation

All four aeroplanes (A, B, C, and D) initially fly towards the East.

Step 1: After flying 50 km East: Planes A and D turn right. A right turn from East directs them towards the South. Planes B and C turn left. A left turn from East directs them towards the North.

Step 2: After another 50 km: Planes B and C (currently flying North) turn to their left. A left turn from North directs them towards the West. Planes A and D (currently flying South) turn to their left. A left turn from South directs them towards the East.

Final Directions: Aeroplane A: East Aeroplane B: West Aeroplane C: West Aeroplane D: East

Following the alphabetical order (A, B, C, D), the directions are East, West, West, East.

Explanation

The total horizontal displacement (East) is the sum of the eastward segments: 2 km (A → B) + 2 km (C → D) = 4 km. The total vertical displacement (North) is the net difference between the northward and southward movements: 4 km (D → E) - 1 km (B → C) = 3 km.

To find the direct distance from the starting point A to the final point E, we apply the Pythagoras theorem to the resulting right-angled triangle where the base is 4 km and the height is 3 km:

Distance AE = √(4²⁾⁺³^^^² AE = √(16 + 9) AE = √(25) AE = 5 km

Explanation

The given statements establish that both Temple and Church belong to the broader category of places of worship. In logical terms, if T represents Temple, C represents Church, and W represents Place of Worship, the premises state T ⊂ W and C ⊂ W. This structure does not provide any information regarding the relationship between T and C themselves. Conclusion I assumes a behavioral intersection between different groups of people that is not contained in the premises. Conclusion II incorrectly assumes that because two distinct entities share a common attribute, they must be identical or that one must be a subset of the other. Since the premises do not establish any direct link or overlap between temples and churches, neither conclusion follows logically.

Explanation

The statement establishes a relationship where stimulation and action lead to the growth and development of the human organism. However, it does not state that these are the exclusive or only factors involved in the process. In logical terms, the premise P ⟹ Q (stimulation/action leads to growth) does not allow for the conclusion ¬ P ⟹ ¬ Q (lack of stimulation/action leads to no growth). Therefore, Conclusion I cannot be definitively drawn because the statement does not rule out other possible mechanisms for growth.

Conclusion II suggests that human organisms do not react to stimulation and action, which is a direct contradiction of the provided statement. Since the statement claims growth occurs through these factors, it inherently implies that the organism does react to them. Because Conclusion I is a logical leap and Conclusion II contradicts the premise, neither conclusion follows.

Explanation

The term HIPPNOwADIAsM consists of 13 letters. In a word with n letters where n is odd, the middle letter is at the (n + 1) / 2 position. For 13 letters, the middle position is (13 + 1) / 2 = 7.

The transformations described are: The first four letters (H-I-P-P) are reversed. These occupy positions 1 through 4. The next five letters (N-O-w-A-D) are written without changing their order. These occupy positions 5 through 9. The remaining letters (I-A-s-M) are reversed. These occupy positions 10 through 13.

The middle letter of the word is at the 7th position. Because the second group of letters (positions 5 to 9) remains in its original order, the 7th letter of the modified word is the same as the 7th letter of the original word. Counting from the left in HIPPNOwADIAsM, the 7th letter is w. Therefore, the letter in the middle is W.

Explanation

To determine how many times PQR occurs with Q in the middle of P and R, we examine the provided letter series step-by-step:

Q M P N (P Q R) R O P Q N O P P (P Q R) P M Q R O (P Q R) R P R (P Q R) P

Scanning the sequence reveals the following occurrences: The first instance appears early in the series: Q M P N [P Q R] R... The second instance appears after the letters PQNOPP: ...O P P [P Q R] P... The third instance appears in the second segment after PMQRO: ...M Q R O [P Q R] R... The fourth instance appears near the end of the series: ...P R [P Q R] P.

Counting these occurrences, the triplet PQR appears exactly 4 times in the series.

Explanation

The volume of a sphere is given by the formula Vₛ = ⁴⁄₃ π rₛ³ and the volume of a hemisphere is given by Vₕ = ⅔ π rₕ³. Setting these volumes equal as per the problem statement, we have ⁴⁄₃ π rₛ³ = ⅔ π rₕ³. Simplifying the equation by dividing both sides by ⅔ π gives 2 rₛ³ = rₕ³.

Given that the radius of the hemisphere is rₕ = 3 ³√2 cm, we cube this value to find rₕ³ = (3 ³√2)³ = 27 × 2 = 54. Substituting this back into our simplified volume equation, we get 2 rₛ³ = 54, which reduces to rₛ³ = 27. Taking the cube root of both sides results in rₛ = ³√(27) = 3 cm.

Explanation

The coding pattern follows a simple alphabetical shift where each letter in the word is replaced by the letter that immediately follows it in the English alphabet (n + 1 logic). In the given example SEARCH, the transformations are S to T, E to F, A to B, R to S, C to D, and H to I, resulting in TFBSDI.

Applying this same logic to the word PENCIL: P + 1 = Q E + 1 = F N + 1 = O C + 1 = D I + 1 = J L + 1 = M

The resulting code for PENCIL is QFODJM.

Explanation

The relationship between the terms is based on the numerical positions of letters in the English alphabet (A=1, B=2, …, Z=26) and the concept of opposite letters, where the sum of the positions of two opposite letters is 27.

In the first analogy, EVFU consists of the 5th letter E and its opposite V (27 - 5 = 22), followed by the 6th letter F and its opposite U (27 - 6 = 21). The second term, TGSH, uses the next two consecutive letters in the alphabet, G (7th) and H (8th). The structure of TGSH is: Opposite of G (27 - 7 = 20, which is T), the letter G, Opposite of H (27 - 8 = 19, which is S), and the letter H. This establishes a pattern where the second term follows the format: Opposite, Letter, Opposite, Letter.

In the second analogy, the first term IRTQ (using the 9th letter I and 10th letter J, with T as a sequential variant) establishes the base for the next two letters in the alphabet, which are K (11th) and L (12th). To maintain consistency with the second term of the first analogy (TGSH), the related term must follow the Opposite, Letter, Opposite, Letter format.

The opposite of K is P (27 - 11 = 16). The opposite of L is O (27 - 12 = 15).

Following the required format, we place the opposite of K first (P), then the letter K, then the opposite of L (O), and finally the letter L. This results in the sequence PKOL.

Explanation

The relationship is based on the numerical positions of the letters in the English alphabet, where A=1, B=2, and so on. In the first pair, L is the 12th letter and M is the 13th letter, which translates to the expression 12 × 13. Following the same pattern for the second pair, U occupies the 21st position and W occupies the 23rd position. This corresponds to the numerical value 21 × 23.

Explanation

The logic follows the principle of opposite letters in the alphabet, where the sum of the positions of two letters from the start and the end is always 27. In the first set, the letter C is at position 3 and its pair X is at 24, as 3 + 24 = 27. F is at 6 and U is at 21, as 6 + 21 = 27. I is at 9 and R is at 18, as 9 + 18 = 27.

Applying this rule to the sequence ORUX, the first letter O is at position 15, so its corresponding letter must be at 27 - 15 = 12, which is L. The second letter R is at position 18, so its pair is at 27 - 18 = 9, which is I. The third letter U is at position 21, meaning its opposite is at 27 - 21 = 6, which is F. The fourth letter X is at position 24, so its pair is at 27 - 24 = 3, which is C. The resulting string is LIFC.

Explanation

The relationship between the letter sets is based on the positions of the letters in the English alphabet (A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26). In the first pair CFIL : ABCD, the position of each letter in the first string is reduced by twice its rank in the string to arrive at the letter in the second string: C(3) - 2(1) = 1(A) F(6) - 2(2) = 2(B) I(9) - 2(3) = 3(C) L(12) - 2(4) = 4(D)

Applying this same logic to the second part of the analogy, the missing term must satisfy the same pattern relative to WXYZ. Let the letters of the missing term be at positions P₁, P₂, P₃, P₄. P₁ - 2(1) = W(23) → P₁ = 25 (Y) P₂ - 2(2) = X(24) → P₂ = 28. In the circular alphabet, 28 ≡ 2 26, which is B. P₃ - 2(3) = Y(25) → P₃ = 31. In the circular alphabet, 31 ≡ 5 26, which is E. P₄ - 2(4) = Z(26) → P₄ = 34. In the circular alphabet, 34 ≡ 8 26, which is H. The letters corresponding to positions 25, 2, 5, and 8 are Y, B, E, and H respectively.

Explanation

The relationship in the analogy is based on a field of study and its primary subject matter. Zoology is the branch of biology that focuses on the scientific study of animals. Similarly, Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This field encompasses the study of both human beings and animals, as psychological research often involves comparative studies of animal behavior to gain insights into biological and developmental processes relevant to both species.

Explanation

The analogy follows the relationship between the physical state of a biological organism at the inception and the conclusion of its life cycle. An embryo is the earliest physical entity or developmental stage that signifies the start of a new life. In a corresponding manner, a dead body is the physical entity that remains and signifies the point where life has reached its end. Both terms refer to the tangible biological state of the being at these two extremes of existence.

Explanation

The relationship between the terms is based on classification or membership. A Man is biologically classified as a member of the class Mammal. Similarly, an Offspring is a constituent member that belongs to the group or unit known as a Family. In both cases, the first word represents an individual entity, and the second word represents the broader category or collective group to which that entity belongs.

Explanation

The relationship between the first pair of numbers is defined by the multiplier 8. Specifically, the second number is obtained by multiplying the first number by 8, as shown by 1 × 8 = 8. Using the same ratio for the second pair, the missing value is determined by multiplying 4 by the same constant, which gives 4 × 8 = 32.