MPPSC Prelims 2024 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The 'Imitation Game' was the original name given by Alan Turing to what is now known as the Turing Test. Turing introduced this concept in his 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," to address the question of whether machines can think. The test involves a human interrogator communicating with a human and a machine, both hidden, and attempting to distinguish the machine from the human based on their responses. If the interrogator cannot reliably tell them apart, the machine is considered to have exhibited intelligent behavior equivalent to that of a human.

Explanation

Jack Dorsey is widely recognized as a co-founder of Twitter. He conceived the initial idea for the platform, which began as an SMS-based communication tool. Dorsey sent the very first tweet on March 21, 2006, marking the beginning of the service. Along with Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass, he played a crucial role in developing and launching Twitter.

Explanation

The four pillars of E-Governance are People, Process, Technology, and Resources. People refers to the citizens who use the services and the government employees who deliver them, focusing on accessibility, digital literacy, and participation. Process involves re-engineering government operations to be simpler, faster, and more citizen-friendly through automation and simplification. Technology is the infrastructure backbone, including hardware, software, networks, and security systems, crucial for reliable digital service delivery. Resources encompass the necessary funding, skilled personnel, and information management required to establish and maintain E-governance systems.

Explanation

The kernel is the core and most essential part of the UNIX operating system. It acts as the central controlling unit that manages all system resources and enables communication between hardware and software. The kernel directly interacts with the hardware, performing low-level tasks such as memory allocation, process scheduling, and device control. It provides an interface for applications to request system services without directly accessing the hardware, ensuring safe and controlled operations.

Explanation

Phishing is a type of cyberattack that uses deceptive communications, such as emails or text messages, to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or installing malicious software. These messages often appear to come from reputable sources like banks, companies, or even friends, and may create a sense of urgency or offer enticing requests to manipulate the victim. The goal of phishing is to steal personal data, such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, or bank account information, for fraudulent purposes.

Spamming refers to sending unsolicited bulk messages, often for promotional purposes, and while annoying, it generally doesn't aim to steal information directly. Virus signing involves using unique code patterns to identify computer viruses, which is a function of antivirus software, not an attack method. Scanning in cybersecurity is the process of inspecting systems or networks to find vulnerabilities, not a deceptive message attack.

Explanation

LinkedIn is specifically designed as a social networking site for professionals and business people to connect, share industry insights, and seek career opportunities. It allows users to create professional profiles, showcase their work experience and skills, and network with colleagues, employers, and potential business partners. In contrast, Facebook is a general social media platform, MySpace is an older social networking site that was popular for personal connections and music, and Twitter is a microblogging platform used for various purposes, including news and casual communication, but not primarily for professional networking. Therefore, LinkedIn is the most accurate answer.

Explanation

In the field of the Internet, W3C stands for the World Wide Web Consortium. It is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web, founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web. The W3C's primary role is to develop protocols and guidelines that ensure the long-term growth, interoperability, and accessibility of the Web for everyone. This consortium is made up of member organizations, staff, and the public who work together to create these open web standards.

Explanation

Machine Learning is a prominent branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI encompasses the development of machines that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making. Machine Learning specifically focuses on enabling systems to learn from data, identify patterns, and make predictions or decisions with minimal human intervention. This makes it a core methodology for achieving many AI goals. The other options, Network Design, Cyber Forensics, and Full-stack Developer, are distinct fields or roles within computing and cybersecurity, not direct branches of Artificial Intelligence itself.

Explanation

MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group. It is a working group of experts established jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This group is responsible for setting international standards for media coding, including the compression of audio, video, graphics, and genomic data. These standards are widely used in various multimedia systems for digital storage and transmission.

Explanation

Devendranath Thakur (also known as Debendranath Tagore) appointed Keshav Chandra Sen as the Acharya (Principal Minister) of the Brahmo Samaj. Keshav Chandra Sen joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1857 and quickly rose through its ranks due to his dynamism and reformist zeal. Devendranath recognized Sen's abilities and formally elevated him to the post of Acharya in 1862, also conferring upon him the title of Brahmananda. This appointment marked a significant period of activity and social reform within the Brahmo Samaj. However, ideological differences between the two leaders eventually led to a split in the Samaj in 1866.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi called for a boycott of the Prince of Wales' visit to India as part of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Indian National Congress decided on July 28, 1921, to boycott the Prince's upcoming visit in November of that year. This boycott was a significant aspect of the Non-Cooperation Movement, which aimed to oppose British rule through non-violent methods, including the rejection of British goods and institutions. When the Prince of Wales arrived in November 1921, he was met with widespread hartals (strikes) and deserted streets across the country, demonstrating the movement's impact.

Explanation

In the Mauryan administrative system, the Pradeshha (also referred to as Pradeshta or Pradeshika) was a high-ranking official. These officials were responsible for the overall administration of a district, including maintaining law and order. They also presided over the Kantakashodhana courts, which were criminal courts designed to protect the state and its people from anti-social elements. Therefore, Pradeshha was directly related to the Justice Department.

Explanation

K.M. Panikkar referred to Gopal Krishna Gokhale as the first diplomat of modern India due to his unique approach to political engagement. Gokhale, a prominent moderate leader of the Indian National Congress, believed in working with existing government institutions to achieve reforms. He was known for his meticulous statistical analysis and eloquent speeches, particularly his impactful participation in the annual budget debates in the Imperial Legislative Council. Gokhale's efforts to present India's case through dialogue and reasoned arguments with the British authorities, including his role in the Welby Commission and his influence on the Morley-Minto Reforms, exemplified a diplomatic approach to advancing Indian interests.

Explanation

Durgeshnandini is a significant historical romance novel in Bengali literature, authored by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Published in 1865, it is considered the first Bengali novel and a pioneering work in Indian literature. The novel tells a story of a love triangle set against the backdrop of Pathan-Mughal conflicts in 16th-century Bengal during the reign of Akbar. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is widely regarded as the father of the modern Indian novel and a key figure in the Bengal Renaissance.

Explanation

The Atharvaveda is the Veda that explicitly includes Sabha and Samiti as separate institutions, referring to them as the "two daughters of Prajapati," a high Vedic god. While both Sabha and Samiti are mentioned in the Rigveda, the Atharvaveda gives them a more distinct and significant identity. The Sabha was generally considered an assembly of elders or prominent people, often performing judicial functions, whereas the Samiti was a larger folk assembly where tribal business and philosophical discussions took place.

Explanation

During the Upanayana ritual, different Gayatri verses were traditionally recited based on the varna of the initiate. For Kshatriya castes, the provision was for reciting a Gayatri verse in the Trishtubh meter, specifically RV. 1.35.2. In contrast, the well-known Gayatri Mantra (RV. 3.62.10) was traditionally imparted to Brahmanas. For Vaishyas, a Gayatri verse in the Jagati meter was used. The "Sarvesham Mantra" is a Shanti Mantra, a prayer for well-being and peace, and is not specifically associated with the Upanayana of a particular varna.

Explanation

The Rigveda is considered the earliest and most important of the four Vedas. Its hymns were composed over a period of several centuries, making it the foundational text of Vedic literature. The Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda were composed later, with the Samaveda and Yajurveda largely drawing from and adapting hymns found in the Rigveda. The Atharvaveda is generally regarded as the latest of the four.

Explanation

In Ashtanga Yoga, Antaranga Sadhana refers to the internal practices that directly work on the mind for spiritual progress. While the first four limbs (Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama) are considered Bahiranga (external) practices, Pratyahara, the fifth limb, marks the transition to the internal journey. Pratyahara is the withdrawal of the senses from external objects, turning one's awareness inward, and thus is classified as Antaranga Sadhana. This internal focus on the mind distinguishes it from the more outward-facing initial limbs.

Explanation

The most famous Kailash temple is located in the caves of Ellora. This monolithic temple, carved entirely out of a single rock, is a remarkable example of ancient Indian rock-cut architecture and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is part of the Ellora Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra, India, which features a complex of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain cave temples. The Kailasa temple (Cave 16) is particularly renowned for its immense size, intricate carvings, and the unique top-down excavation method used in its construction, attributed to the 8th-century Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. Its architectural brilliance and scale make it one of the most impressive cave temples in the world.

Explanation

The Shatpath Brahman is widely considered to contain the first literary reference to the Narmada river. This ancient Vedic text, associated with the Shukla Yajurveda, provides detailed explanations of rituals and also includes historical and geographical references. While other ancient texts like the Puranas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata also mention the Narmada, the Shatpath Brahman is recognized for its earlier mention. It is a significant source for understanding the spread of Aryan culture and early Indian geography.

Explanation

Kaytha, a significant Chalcolithic site in Madhya Pradesh, is widely considered the birthplace of the renowned ancient Indian mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer Varahamihira. He was born in a village known as Kapitthaka, which is identified with modern-day Kaytha, located near Ujjain. The site of Kaytha is also notable for the "Kayatha culture," representing one of the earliest Chalcolithic cultures in Central India. This dual significance, as both a prehistoric archaeological site and the birthplace of a prominent historical figure, makes Kaytha an important location.

Explanation

Raja Mardan Singh was a prominent freedom fighter associated with the region of Bhanpur during the 1857 revolt. Raja Bakhatvali led the revolution in Shahgarh, a significant center of the uprising in the Sagar district. Murad Ali played a key role as a leader of the rebels in Mhow during the same period. Although specific details regarding Raja Daulat Singh's involvement in Nemawar are not extensively documented in the provided search results, the given correct option establishes his association with Nemawar. Thus, the correct matching is (A)-(ii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(iv).

Explanation

Mohankheda Jain Tirth is a significant pilgrimage site for Svetambara Jains. It is located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The site was established around 1884 by Acharya Rajendrasuri and is known for its 16-foot-tall statue of the first Tirthankara, Lord Adinath. The temple complex also includes the samadhi temples of Acharya Rajendrasuri and other revered gurus.

Explanation

Bori Sanctuary is located in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. Gangau Sanctuary is situated in the Panna and Chhatarpur districts. Kerera Sanctuary is found in the Shivpuri district. However, Ghatigaon Sanctuary is located in the Gwalior district, not Indore. Thus, the pair "Ghatigaon - Indore" is false.

Explanation

The available search results do not explicitly state that the Sutradhar of Gammat folk theatre is called Kudgarva. While Gammat is a folk theatre form prevalent in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, the specific term for its Sutradhar (narrator or director) is not mentioned in the provided information. The search results discuss various aspects of Gammat, such as its performance during the Navdurga festival, its use of humor and sarcasm, and its confluence of dance, drama, and singing. However, the role of Kudgarva in Gammat theatre is not detailed.

Explanation

Shankar Rao Pandit was a notable musician and a pivotal figure in the Gwalior gharana of Hindustani classical music. He was a direct disciple of the foundational exponents of the Gwalior Khayal style, including Ustad Haddu Khan, Ustad Nathu Khan, and Ustad Nissar Hussain Khan. He received rigorous training in Khayal, Tappa, Tarana, and other classical singing styles. His son, Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, also became a leading vocalist of the Gwalior gharana, learning Khayal from his father. Therefore, Shankar Rao Pandit is primarily associated with Khayal singing.

Explanation

Kohbar refers to a traditional ritualistic wall painting, primarily associated with marriage ceremonies in the Mithila region of Bihar and parts of Jharkhand. These vibrant paintings are created by women on the walls of the "Kohbar Ghar," or nuptial chamber, where the newlywed couple spends their first few nights. The artwork symbolizes love, fertility, prosperity, and marital harmony, often depicting motifs like lotus, bamboo, fish, and deities to bless the couple. Kohbar paintings are a significant part of the Madhubani painting tradition and are considered essential for the solemnization and prosperity of a marriage.

Explanation

The Dashpur inscription, also known as the Mandsaur inscription, was composed by the poet Vatsabhatti, not Bhavabhuti. Bhavabhuti was a renowned Sanskrit playwright who lived significantly later, in the 7th-8th century CE. The inscription itself details the construction of a Surya temple by a guild of silk weavers, and is often considered one of the earliest examples of an advertisement due to its promotional nature. Additionally, Dashpur was indeed referred to as Paschimapura during the height of the Gupta Empire.

Explanation

The Sondani inscription of Yashodharman was composed by the poet Vasul. This Sanskrit inscription, found on victory pillars near Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, commemorates King Yashodharman's triumph over the Huna king Mihirakula in the early 6th century CE. The inscription extols Yashodharman's feats and his role as a protector of the earth.

Explanation

Fungi, bacteria, and flagellates play a crucial role in the aquatic ecosystem of a pond by breaking down dead organic matter, such as dead plants and animals. This process releases nutrients back into the water, making them available for producers. Organisms that perform this function are known as decomposers. Therefore, fungi, bacteria, and flagellates represent the decomposer component of the pond ecosystem.

Explanation

The Government of India passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1974. This landmark legislation was enacted to prevent and control water pollution across the country and to maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water. It was the first major environmental law in India, establishing Central and State Pollution Control Boards to regulate and monitor water quality. The Act addresses the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and provides for penalties for non-compliance.

Explanation

SDG 1, "No Poverty," aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. SDG 2, "Zero Hunger," strives to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. SDG 9, "Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure," focuses on building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Therefore, option A accurately represents these three Sustainable Development Goals.

Explanation

The National Health Policy 2017 identified coordinated action on seven priority areas for improving the environment for health. These areas include the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, balanced and healthy diets with regular exercises, addressing tobacco, alcohol, and substance abuse, Yatri Suraksha (preventing deaths due to rail and road traffic accidents), Nirbhaya Nari (action against gender violence), reduced stress and improved safety in the workplace, and reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution. The Annapurna Scheme is not listed as one of these seven priority areas. The Annapurna Scheme is a food security program for indigent senior citizens, distinct from the health policy's environmental health priorities.

Explanation

Trisomy of the 21st chromosome in human beings leads to Down Syndrome. This genetic disorder occurs when an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. The extra genetic material from the third chromosome 21 causes the characteristic physical features and developmental delays associated with Down Syndrome. The other options, Turner Syndrome, Super Female Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome, are caused by different chromosomal abnormalities, not trisomy of chromosome 21.

Explanation

Khesari dal, also known as Lathyrus sativus or grass pea, causes lathyrism when consumed regularly and in large quantities. This debilitating neurodegenerative disorder is due to a neurotoxic amino acid called β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) present in the dal. The neurotoxin damages the upper motor neurons in the central nervous system, leading to progressive and irreversible paralysis, primarily affecting the lower limbs. While Khesari dal is a hardy crop and a crucial food source during droughts and famines, its toxins can accumulate in the body with devastating consequences when it becomes a dietary staple.

Explanation

The ozone layer thickness is measured in Dobson units (DU). A Dobson unit represents the total amount of ozone in a vertical column of the atmosphere. Specifically, one Dobson unit is defined as the thickness of a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 1 atmosphere). This unit was named after G.M.B. Dobson, who developed the first instrument to measure atmospheric ozone from the ground. The average thickness of the ozone layer globally is approximately 300 Dobson units, which would be a 3-millimeter layer if compressed to sea level.

Explanation

The human vertebral column is divided into several regions, and the cervical region is the uppermost part, located in the neck. There are consistently seven cervical vertebrae in a human body, designated as C1 through C7. These vertebrae are responsible for supporting the head's weight, protecting the spinal cord, and allowing for a wide range of head movements. This number is a consistent anatomical feature across almost all mammals.

Explanation

India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars, known as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or Mangalyaan, was successfully launched on November 5, 2013. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the spacecraft using its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. This mission marked India as the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the fourth space agency globally to achieve this feat. The primary objectives of the mission were technological, including the design, realization, and launch of a Mars Orbiter spacecraft capable of operating autonomously during its journey and in orbit around Mars.

Explanation

In 2017, ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C37 successfully launched a record-breaking 104 satellites in a single mission. This historic launch took place on February 15, 2017, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The mission included the Cartosat-2 Series Satellite as the primary payload, accompanied by 103 co-passenger satellites, significantly surpassing the previous record for the most satellites deployed in one flight.

Explanation

The Rani Durgavati Shri Anna Protsahan Yojana aims to promote the cultivation of millets, also known as "Shri Anna" or "Mota Anaaj," in Madhya Pradesh by providing financial incentives to farmers. Under this scheme, eligible farmers across the entire state of Madhya Pradesh receive an incentive amount of Rs. 10 per kilogram for producing millets like Kodo-Kutki, Ragi, Jowar, and Bajra. The scheme was approved in January 2024, and cabinet decisions in October 2024 and information from March 2026 indicate its operation for the 2024-25 and Kharif 2025 plan years, supporting the period of 2023-24 to 2025-26. Thus, all three statements regarding the scheme's promotion of millets, statewide coverage, and operational period are correct.

Explanation

Sudha Murty was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India on March 8, 2024, on the occasion of International Women's Day. Her nomination recognized her immense contributions to diverse fields, including social work, philanthropy, and education. The President of India has the power to nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who have special knowledge or practical experience in areas such as literature, science, art, and social service. Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated her, highlighting her presence as a powerful testament to 'Nari Shakti' (women power).

Explanation

Prachi Yadav, a distinguished para-canoe athlete from Madhya Pradesh, was honored with the Arjuna Award in 2023. She has achieved significant milestones in para-canoeing, including qualifying for the Paris Paralympics and securing medals in various international competitions. The other options are incorrect because Aishwarya Pratap Singh Tomar is a shooter, Pukhrambam Sushila Chanu is a hockey player, and Shivendra Singh is a hockey coach who received the Dronacharya Award.

Explanation

Shri Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar was appointed as the Chairperson of Lokpal of India in February 2024. He took the oath of office on March 10, 2024, administered by President Droupadi Murmu. The position had been vacant since May 27, 2022, following the retirement of the first Lokpal Chairperson, Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose. Justice Khanwilkar previously served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India from May 2016 to July 2022.

Explanation

The world's first "Vedic Clock" has been installed in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. This unique clock, known as the Vikramaditya Vedic Clock, is mounted on an 85-foot tower within the Jantar Mantar in Ujjain, adjacent to the Government Jiwaji Observatory. It displays time according to the ancient Indian traditional Panchang, providing information on planetary positions, Muhurat, astrological calculations, and predictions, in addition to Indian Standard Time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Ujjain was chosen for its historical significance as a center for time calculation, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through the city. Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the clock on February 29, 2024.

Explanation

India emerged as the dominant winner of the five-test cricket series against England, which took place from January to March 2024. After losing the first Test in Hyderabad by 28 runs, India staged a remarkable comeback. They went on to win the subsequent four matches, securing the series with a commanding 4-1 victory. This included victories by 106 runs in the second Test, 434 runs in the third, five wickets in the fourth, and an innings and 64 runs in the final Test.

Explanation

Om Prakash Sharma is widely recognized as a prominent figure associated with the traditional Maach singing style. He is considered the "face of maach folk theatre form in India" and has dedicated over six decades to its preservation and enrichment. Sharma inherited this art form from his grandfather, Ustad Kaluram, a pioneer of Maach, and his father, Shaligram Sharma, who trained him in both classical and Maach style singing. His contributions include writing new plays, composing music, directing productions, and training young artists in this unique folk theatre of the Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao was awarded the 2023 International Prize in Statistics, which is widely considered the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Mathematics for the field of statistics. He received this prestigious award for his groundbreaking work more than 75 years ago, particularly for three fundamental results published in his 1945 paper in the Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society. These results, including the Cramér-Rao lower bound and the Rao-Blackwell Theorem, have profoundly influenced modern statistics and provided essential statistical tools used across various scientific disciplines. His contributions have had wide-ranging practical applications in fields such as artificial intelligence, data science, signal processing, and risk analysis.

Explanation

D. Gukesh, at 17 years old, became the youngest player ever to win the FIDE Candidates Tournament in 2024. He secured his victory in Toronto, Canada, after 14 rounds of play, earning the right to challenge the reigning World Champion Ding Liren. Gukesh's achievement broke the previous record held by Garry Kasparov, who won the Candidates Tournament at 20 years old. This historic win also made him the youngest World Chess Championship challenger.

Explanation

Lamheta village, where India's first Geo Park is being established, is located in the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) approved the setting up of this geopark on the banks of the Narmada river. This site is significant due to its geological heritage, including the discovery of dinosaur fossils in the Bhedaghat-Lameta Ghat area. The village is situated in the Shahpura Tehsil of Jabalpur district.

Explanation

The National Devi Ahilya Award is presented by the Madhya Pradesh Government specifically to women artists for their notable contributions to tribal, folk, and traditional arts. This award was instituted in 1996-97 to recognize and honor women's creativity in these fields. In contrast, the National Tulsi Award is given to male artists for similar achievements in tribal, traditional, and folk arts. The National Kabir Award is a literary award for poetry in Indian languages, and the State Level Shikhar Award recognizes overall excellence in various fields of arts and culture, including literature, music, dance, and theater, and is not exclusively for women or tribal arts.

Explanation

Birha is a popular folk song form that expresses the pain of separation from a beloved. Among the Gond tribe, particularly in regions like Baghelkhand and Gondwana in Madhya Pradesh, "birha geet" is a type of song that conveys grief at separation. These songs are an integral part of their cultural traditions and are often sung by women. The folk songs of Gondwana and Baghelkhand encompass various themes, including those for occasions like marriages, where expressions of longing and separation can be prevalent. Therefore, Birha is indeed a significant folk song among the Gond tribal women.

Explanation

The Self-Employment Scheme being run for tribals in Madhya Pradesh is named after Tantya Bhil. The "Tantya Mama Aarthik Kalyan Yojana" (Tantya Mama Economic Welfare Scheme) provides financial assistance for self-employment to Scheduled Tribe members in Madhya Pradesh. This scheme offers bank loans ranging from ₹10,000 to ₹1,00,000 for various self-employment activities, along with a 7% interest subsidy and bank loan guarantee for up to five years. The scheme aims to empower tribal youth by providing them with opportunities to become self-reliant and improve their living standards. Tantya Bhil, also known as Tantya Mama, was a revered tribal freedom fighter in the region.

Explanation

The Veer Shankar Shah - Raghunath Shah National Award is bestowed for significant contributions to Indian literature, particularly for writings that explore the cultural traditions and unique characteristics of tribal life. This award recognizes individuals who have made long-standing and exceptional contributions to creative tribal literature and traditional tribal art forms. It aims to honor those who help familiarize society with the rich cultural heritage and creative expressions of tribal communities.

Explanation

Vanya, the publishing house of the Tribal Affairs Department in Madhya Pradesh, was established on March 25, 1980. Its primary objective is the promotion and conservation of tribal traditions, cultural magnificence, and the proper exposure of government welfare schemes for tribal communities. Therefore, the correct year of establishment is 1980.

Explanation

Mahanayak Tantya 'Mama' was a revered tribal freedom fighter and a prominent figure from the Bhil community. He is widely recognized as a folk hero, often referred to as the "Indian Robin Hood," for his acts of resistance against British colonial rule and his efforts to aid the impoverished. The Bhil tribe, to which Tantya Mama belonged, is one of the largest indigenous groups in India, with a significant presence in Madhya Pradesh. His legacy underscores the vital contributions of Adivasi communities to India's struggle for independence.

Explanation

Shri Badal Bhoi was a revered tribal freedom fighter from Madhya Pradesh, born in Dungaria Teetra village, Chhindwara district, in 1845. He is known for his significant contributions to the Indian freedom struggle, particularly for mobilizing tribal communities against British rule. Badal Bhoi championed non-violent resistance, earning him the title "Gandhi of Chhindwara." He led protests against colonial exploitation and fought for tribal rights to forests and land. His legacy is honored through the Shri Badal Bhoi State Tribal Museum in Chhindwara, which was renamed in his honor in 1997.

Explanation

The Bhimma are a sub-tribe of the Gond community, which is one of the largest tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh. The Gond tribe has a significant presence in several districts across the state. Specifically, Mandla and Dindori districts are known for major concentrations of the Gond population, and by extension, their sub-tribes like the Bhimma. Therefore, the Bhimma tribe primarily lives in Mandla and Dindori districts.

Explanation

The Mandwara festival is a traditional and significant festival primarily celebrated by the Gond tribe. It is particularly associated with marriage ceremonies and rituals, where "Mandwara" refers to the erection of the marriage pavilion or 'mandap'. This elaborate ceremony is a key cultural marker for the Gond community, one of the largest tribal groups in Central India, including Madhya Pradesh. The Gonds have rich cultural traditions, festivals, and rituals that often revolve around important life events like marriage.

Explanation

Freedom fighter Raghunath Singh Mandloi was a prominent leader of the Bhilala tribe. He hailed from the Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh. Mandloi actively participated in the Revolt of 1857, fighting against British rule in the Malwa Nimar region. He, along with Sitaram Kanwar, led tribal revolutionaries and played a significant role in the anti-British movement.

Explanation

In The State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), the Supreme Court of India ruled that Fundamental Rights would prevail over Directive Principles of State Policy in case of a conflict between the two. The Court held that Directive Principles, while important, were subordinate to Fundamental Rights. This landmark judgment led to the First Amendment to the Constitution, which aimed to overcome some of the difficulties created by the ruling. The case established a precedent for the judiciary's interpretation of the relationship between these two parts of the Constitution.

Explanation

Statement A is incorrect because in case of differences of opinion amongst the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the matter is decided by the Commission by a majority, not by the Law Commission. The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners enjoy equal powers and emoluments, similar to a Supreme Court judge. Other Election Commissioners can be removed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner, while the Chief Election Commissioner can only be removed through a process similar to the impeachment of a Supreme Court judge. The term of office for Election Commissioners is six years from the date they assume office or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

Explanation

An amendment to the Constitution shall require ratification by the legislatures of not less than one-half of the states if it seeks to make changes in Article 279A. Article 279A provides for the establishment and functions of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, which is a joint forum of the Centre and the States that recommends policy, rates, and rules for GST. Amendments affecting the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States, or any of the lists in the Seventh Schedule, fall under the category of amendments requiring state ratification. Since the GST Council directly impacts the fiscal federal structure and the taxing powers of both the Union and the States, any changes to Article 279A necessitate the consent of at least half of the state legislatures.

Explanation

The Eleventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the powers, authority, and responsibilities that may be entrusted to the Panchayats. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It contains 29 subjects over which Panchayats have jurisdiction, aiming to empower local self-governance. The other options refer to different aspects of the Constitution, such as municipalities (Twelfth Schedule), division of powers between the Union and States (Seventh Schedule), or a category of legislative subjects (State List).

Explanation

Statement (A) is correct. Article 165(2) of the Indian Constitution clearly states that it shall be the duty of the Advocate General to give advice to the Government of the State upon such legal matters as referred by the Governor, and to perform other duties of a legal character.

Statement (B) is incorrect. The Advocate General holds office during the pleasure of the Governor, not the Cabinet. This means there is no fixed term for the Advocate General's tenure, and the Governor can remove them at any time.

Explanation

The Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis is located in Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. Established in 2007 as the School of Good Governance and Policy Analysis, it was renamed in October 2014. The institute serves as a think tank for the Madhya Pradesh government, focusing on quality research, policy analysis, and advising the government on improving service delivery.

Explanation

Article 61 of the Indian Constitution specifically outlines the procedure for the impeachment of the President of India. This article details the process by which the President can be removed from office for "violation of the Constitution." The charge can be initiated by either House of Parliament, requiring a special majority for the resolution to pass. The other House then investigates the charge, and if a resolution is passed by a two-thirds majority of its total membership, the President is removed from office.

Explanation

Article 76(1) of the Indian Constitution explicitly states that the President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney General for India. This means the individual must be a citizen of India and either have been a judge of a High Court for at least five years, or an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years, or be an eminent jurist in the opinion of the President. Therefore, the qualifications for the Attorney General are directly linked to those required for a Supreme Court Judge, making option C the correct answer.

Explanation

K.M. Munshi was a prominent member of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution. The Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was formed on August 29, 1947, with the crucial task of preparing the draft of the Constitution of India. Munshi was one of the seven members of this significant committee, which also included Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Mohammad Saadulla, B.L. Mitter, and D.P. Khaitan. He was an active participant in the Constituent Assembly, serving on 16 committees and sub-committees, and contributed to debates on fundamental rights, citizenship, and minority rights.

Explanation

The President of India can declare a National Emergency under Article 352 only upon the written advice of the Union Cabinet. This crucial safeguard was introduced by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. Prior to this amendment, the President could declare an emergency based solely on the Prime Minister's advice, which led to concerns about the misuse of power during the 1975 Emergency. The amendment ensures that such a grave decision is a collective one, requiring the concurrence of the entire Cabinet, not just the Prime Minister. This provision aims to prevent arbitrary declarations and uphold democratic principles.

Explanation

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Bhopal, was established with the technical collaboration and support of a company from Britain. Specifically, the Government of India signed an agreement on November 17, 1955, with Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) of the United Kingdom to set up the factory in Bhopal. This collaboration was crucial for establishing manufacturing capabilities for heavy electrical equipment in India. While BHEL was formally incorporated in 1964, its roots trace back to Heavy Electricals (India) Limited (HE(I)L), which was registered in 1956 and later merged with BHEL. The Bhopal plant was one of the pioneering large-scale industrial projects in independent India with foreign technical collaboration.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census, Bhopal district had the highest percentage of urban population in Madhya Pradesh. Approximately 80.9% of Bhopal's population resided in urban areas. This was higher than other major districts like Indore (around 74.1%), Gwalior (around 62.7%), and Jabalpur (around 58.5%). Bhopal, being the state capital, has a predominantly urban character, contributing to its high urban population percentage.

Explanation

The Sardar Sarovar Project is a multi-state irrigation and hydroelectric project. The four states that are partners in this project are Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Gujarat receives a significant share of water for irrigation and drinking, while Rajasthan primarily benefits from drinking water in its arid regions. Madhya Pradesh is a major contributor to the Narmada basin and a key beneficiary, and Maharashtra also receives a share of water and power.

Explanation

According to 2021-22 data, wheat holds the first position among cereals in Madhya Pradesh for both area and production. Wheat and paddy are identified as the main cereal crops in the state. In 2021-22, Madhya Pradesh's wheat production was 349.23 lakh tonnes. This significantly surpasses paddy production, which was 131.93 lakh metric tons in the same period. The substantial production volume indicates that wheat also occupies the largest cultivated area among cereals in Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

Soybean cultivation in Madhya Pradesh gained significant momentum in the late 1970s, particularly in the Malwa region. The Malwa plateau, which includes districts like Dewas, Indore, Dhar, and Ujjain, became a major hub for soybean production due to its suitable black cotton soils and rainfall. While specific data pinpointing the absolute first district is difficult to find, Dewas is consistently mentioned as one of the key districts where high-quality soybean is produced and where the crop became prominent early on. The introduction of yellow-seeded soybean varieties and the advent of tube-wells in the mid-1970s further facilitated the soybean revolution in this region.

Explanation

Rock phosphate is a primary source of phosphorus, an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is extensively used in the fertilizer industry to produce phosphatic fertilizers like superphosphate and diammonium phosphate (DAP). These fertilizers provide phosphorus to the soil, which is crucial for root development, flowering, and fruiting in plants. Therefore, its application directly supports agricultural productivity.

Explanation

The southwest monsoon in India splits into two main branches: the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwestward, first striking the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, then the coast of mainland India. This branch is diverted towards the Indian subcontinent by the Arakan Hills near Myanmar's coast, approaching West Bengal and Bangladesh from the south and southeast. Under the influence of the Himalayas and the thermal low in northwest India, this branch travels westward along the Ganga plains, bringing significant rainfall to eastern and central India. The south-eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, including districts like Seoni, Balaghat, and Mandla, is directly in the path of this moisture-laden Bay of Bengal branch, leading to maximum rainfall in these areas.

Explanation

Black soil in Madhya Pradesh is primarily formed from the weathering of basalt rocks. These basaltic rocks are igneous in origin and are a significant component of the Deccan Traps, a large volcanic province covering much of west-central India, including parts of Madhya Pradesh. Over time, the breakdown of this solidified lava due to various weathering processes leads to the formation of the characteristic black soil, also known as regur soil. This soil is rich in minerals like iron and lime, which contribute to its dark color and fertility.

Explanation

The Vindhyan Scarpland is a prominent geographical feature in central India, characterized by steep slopes and cliffs formed by the erosion of Vindhyan sedimentary rocks. The Bhander Plateau is an integral part of the Vindhyan Range, specifically a northern chain that continues eastward. It is located within the Vindhyan Scarpland region of Madhya Pradesh and is primarily composed of sedimentary rock formations like sandstone, shale, and limestone. The Bhander Plateau acts as a transitional zone, linking the Deccan Plateau to the south with the Indo-Gangetic Plains to the north. Therefore, the southern part of the Vindhyan Scarpland is indeed the Bhander plateau.

Explanation

Bamboo was nationalized in Madhya Pradesh in 1973. Following this nationalization, only departmental working was permitted in the bamboo forests. This move aimed to regulate the harvesting and trade of bamboo, which was previously done through contractors and leaseholders. The nationalization of bamboo was part of a broader policy by Madhya Pradesh, which was also the first state to nationalize other non-timber forest products like Tendu leaves in 1964.

Explanation

Cyclone Tauktae struck the western coast of India in May 2021, making landfall in Gujarat and impacting states like Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra. It was the first cyclonic storm of the 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season and one of the strongest to affect India's west coast. In contrast, Cyclone Amphan occurred in May 2020 and primarily affected Eastern India (West Bengal and Odisha) and Bangladesh. Cyclone Michuang formed in the Bay of Bengal in December 2023 and made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, impacting the eastern coast. Cyclone Fani also occurred in May 2019 and struck the eastern coast of India, specifically Odisha.

Explanation

According to the Census of 2011, Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest population density among the states of India. It recorded a population density of only 17 persons per square kilometer. In comparison, Tripura had a density of 350 persons per square kilometer, Mizoram had 52 persons per square kilometer, and Meghalaya had 132 persons per square kilometer. This low density in Arunachal Pradesh is primarily attributed to its vast geographical area, challenging mountainous terrain, and extensive forest cover, which make habitation and infrastructure development difficult.

Explanation

The mountain peaks, when arranged in ascending order according to their height, are Panchmari, Mahendragiri, Guru Shikhar, and Anaimudi. Panchmari, specifically Dhoopgarh, has an elevation of 1,352 meters (4,429 ft). Mahendragiri, located in the Eastern Ghats, stands at 1,501 meters (4,925 ft). Guru Shikhar, the highest peak of the Aravalli Range, reaches 1,722 meters (5,650 ft). Anaimudi, the highest peak in the Western Ghats and South India, has an elevation of 2,695 meters (8,842 ft). Therefore, the correct ascending order is (iv) Panchmari, (ii) Mahendragiri, (i) Guru Shikhar, (iii) Anaimudi, which corresponds to option D.

Explanation

The Kaveri River originates in the Brahmagiri hills of the Western Ghats in Karnataka. The Sabarmati River has its source in the Aravalli Range, specifically the Mewad hills (Dhebar Lake in Udaipur district) in Rajasthan. The Tapti (Tapi) River originates from the Satpura range in Madhya Pradesh, near Multai. The Damodar River rises in the Chota Nagpur Plateau, specifically the Palamau hills in Jharkhand. Therefore, matching the rivers to their origins yields (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(i), and (D)-(iv), which corresponds to option C.

Explanation

Jharkhand and Odisha collectively hold over 50% of India's total coal reserves. Jharkhand alone accounts for more than 26% of India's total coal reserves, with an estimated 83.15 billion tonnes. Odisha ranks second, possessing over 24% of the country's total reserves, amounting to approximately 79.30 billion tonnes. In contrast, Chhattisgarh holds about 17-18% of India's coal deposits, and Madhya Pradesh has approximately 8% of the total coal reserves. Therefore, Jharkhand and Odisha together significantly exceed 50% of the nation's coal reserves.

Explanation

Madhya Pradesh held the first rank in India for pulse production during the 2021-22 agricultural year. The state produced approximately 58.51 lakh tonnes of pulses, accounting for 24% of the country's total pulse output. This significant contribution is also reflected in its large area under pulse cultivation, which exceeded 58 lakh hectares. While Rajasthan had a larger area under pulses, Madhya Pradesh's higher yield per hectare secured its position as the top producer.

Explanation

Odisha holds the largest deposits of bauxite in India, accounting for approximately 51-52% of the country's total resources. The state's major bauxite belt is located in the Eastern Ghats, extending across districts such as Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir, and Sambalpur. Notably, the Panchpatmali deposit in the Koraput district is considered one of the largest single bauxite deposits globally. This makes Odisha a crucial state for India's aluminium industry.

Explanation

West Bengal was the largest producer of rice in India during the agricultural year 2021-22. The state consistently ranks among the top rice-producing states due to its fertile Gangetic plains, abundant rainfall, and rich alluvial soil, which provide ideal conditions for rice cultivation. West Bengal cultivates rice across multiple seasons, including Kharif, Rabi, and Boro, contributing significantly to the nation's total rice output.

Explanation

The Narmada River is the longest among the given options, with a total length of approximately 1,312 kilometers (815 miles). In comparison, the Cauveri (Kaveri) River is about 800 kilometers long, the Son River measures around 784 kilometers, and the Tapti (Tapi) River extends for approximately 724 kilometers. The Narmada flows westward through central India, serving as a significant waterway for the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.

Explanation

El Nino is a climate pattern that occurs irregularly, typically every 2-7 years, not every year. These events can last for about 9-12 months, though some prolonged episodes have lasted 2-3 years. The frequency and intensity of El Nino events can vary, with neutral periods interspersed.

Explanation

Chinnor rice, known for its distinct aroma, taste, and softness, is primarily produced in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. It was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag on September 14, 2021, by the Intellectual Property Rights, Government of India, making it the first agricultural product from Madhya Pradesh to receive this recognition. The "Balaghat Chinnor" name is exclusive to the rice grown in this region, which is often referred to as the "rice bowl of Madhya Pradesh" due to its favorable conditions for rice production. The GI tag helps protect this unique heritage and promotes its cultivation and marketing.

Explanation

Ashoknagar is renowned for its Chanderi Sarees, a traditional handloom product. Khargone is famous for Maheshwari Sarees and its unique tiger print textiles. Burhanpur is a significant producer of bananas, often referred to as the "Banana City" of Madhya Pradesh. Mandsaur district is well-known for its high-quality garlic production. Therefore, matching Ashoknagar with Chanderi Sarees (iii), Khargone with Maheshwari Sarees and Tiger Print (ii), Burhanpur with Bananas (i), and Mandsaur with Garlic (iv) makes option B the correct choice.

Explanation

According to NITI Aayog's SDG India Index 2020-21, states are categorized based on their index score range. An Aspirant state scores between 0-49, indicating significant room for improvement in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. A Performer state scores between 50-64, showing progress but still needing to accelerate efforts. A Front-runner state scores between 65-99, demonstrating strong performance and being close to achieving the goals. An Achiever state scores 100, meaning it has fully achieved the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, option B accurately reflects these definitions.

Explanation

The first G20 Summit of heads of state and government was held in Washington D.C., USA, on November 14-15, 2008. This historic meeting was convened in response to the global financial crisis that began in 2007. Leaders gathered to discuss ways to stabilize the financial system, prevent a global recession, and improve global economic governance. The summit aimed to strengthen economic growth and lay the foundation for reforms to avoid similar crises in the future.

Explanation

The Banking Regulation Act of 1949 was amended in 2007, removing the lower ceiling for the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). Prior to this amendment, the lower ceiling for SLR was 25%. This change provided the Reserve Bank of India with greater flexibility in managing monetary policy. Therefore, 25% was the lower ceiling that was removed by the 2007 amendment.

Explanation

India's external debt to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio stood at 18.6% at the end of June 2023. This figure represented a decline from 18.8% at the end of March 2023, as reported by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This 18.6% ratio at the close of the June quarter was noted as the lowest in over 12 years. While the absolute external debt amount for September 2023 was $637.1 billion, the 18.6% ratio from the preceding quarter is the closest and most relevant option provided for the period around the end of September 2023.

Explanation

Based on data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for the year 2017-18, Madhya Pradesh accounted for approximately 4.38% of the total registered factories in India. In 2017-18, there were 245,902 registered factories in India, with 10,783 of these located in Madhya Pradesh. This percentage is calculated by dividing the number of factories in Madhya Pradesh by the total number of factories in India and multiplying by 100, resulting in approximately 4.38%. Therefore, among the given options, 5% would be the closest approximation to the actual figure.

Explanation

In 2022-23, the per capita income of Madhya Pradesh, based on advanced estimates at constant (2011-12) prices, was ₹65,023. In contrast, India's per capita net national income (NNI) for the same period and at constant (2011-12) prices was ₹98,118. This comparison clearly shows that Madhya Pradesh's per capita income was lower than the national average.

Explanation

The UNNATI (Agri-GIS) project of the Madhya Pradesh Government aims to integrate advanced digital tools into agriculture for more accurate, transparent, and efficient crop management. It utilizes satellite imagery, drone surveys, and real-time field photographs, which are analyzed using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). This technology provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring, production assessment, and smart crop mapping at the land parcel level. The project helps in generating yield forecasts and improving agricultural planning, procurement systems, and crop insurance processes, ultimately enabling informed decision-making for farmers.

Explanation

The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, launched in 2018, is an integrated scheme for school education that covers pre-school to Class 12. It was formed by merging three existing Centrally Sponsored Schemes: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and Teacher Education (TE). This amalgamation aimed to provide a holistic approach to school education, ensuring equitable and inclusive quality education for all children. The scheme streamlines implementation and reduces administrative costs by bringing these separate initiatives under a single umbrella. Therefore, option C correctly identifies the schemes that were amalgamated to form the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.