MPPSC Prelims 2016 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The backwardness of industries in Madhya Pradesh is attributed to a combination of factors, including a significant lack of finance. Inadequate capital, low savings, and challenges in accessing institutional finance hinder industrial growth and expansion, particularly for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Furthermore, a consistent and sufficient supply of energy is crucial for industrial operations, and Madhya Pradesh faces issues such as frequent power cuts and high energy costs, which disrupt production and increase operational expenses. Lastly, the scarcity of essential raw materials, high procurement costs, and disruptions in supply chains, often exacerbated by global events affecting imports, severely impact manufacturing output and profitability in the state. These interconnected challenges collectively contribute to the industrial backwardness of Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

In computer science and digital storage, units of measurement are typically based on powers of 2. Specifically, 1024 is 2 to the power of 10. Therefore, 1024 kilobytes (KB) are equivalent to 1 megabyte (MB). This hierarchical structure continues, with 1024 megabytes equaling 1 gigabyte (GB), and so on.

Explanation

In an Excel spreadsheet, the fundamental unit for data entry is called a cell. A cell is formed by the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell has a unique address, such as A1 or B3, which helps in identifying its location and referencing it for calculations. Data, whether it's text, numbers, or formulas, is directly entered into these individual cells.

Explanation

Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser that was developed by Google and first launched in 2008. In contrast, Internet Explorer was developed by Microsoft, Firefox by the Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation, and Safari by Apple. Therefore, Chrome is the only browser among the options developed by Google.

Explanation

Azim Premji is the visionary founder of Wipro Limited, an Indian multinational technology company. He led the company as its chairman for nearly four decades, transforming it from a small cooking oil business into a global IT powerhouse. Although he retired from his active role in 2019 and now holds the position of Founder Chairman and a non-executive board member, his profound influence and historical leadership are synonymous with the company's identity. Among the given options, Azim Premji is the only individual with a significant leadership role and historical association with Wipro. The other individuals listed are not associated with Wipro's leadership.

Explanation

A computer virus is a type of malicious software, which is fundamentally a computer program designed to interfere with the normal operation of a computer. It can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another, often without the user's knowledge. Unlike hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, or system software, which manages computer hardware and software resources, a virus is a specific kind of program with harmful intent. Therefore, a virus is best described as a computer program.

Explanation

The word 'spam' is primarily related to the subject of computers. In this context, spam refers to unsolicited and often irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent over the internet, typically to a large number of users. These bulk messages are most commonly associated with emails, but can also appear on social media, in instant messages, or even text messages. The main purpose of spam is often advertising, phishing, or spreading malware. Therefore, its connection is directly to digital communication and cybersecurity within the realm of computers.

Explanation

Baidu is a Chinese multinational technology company that specializes in Internet services and artificial intelligence, holding a dominant position in China's search engine market. It provides a wide variety of internet services, with its primary product being its search engine, which handles billions of search requests daily. Options B) packets and C) cookies are not search engines. Packets are small units of data transmitted over a network, and cookies are small text files stored on a user's computer by websites to remember information and personalize browsing.

Explanation

A webcam is compulsory for video conferencing because it captures and transmits the user's video feed to other participants. Without a webcam, other participants would not be able to see the user, defeating the primary purpose of "video" conferencing. While a printer, scanner, and mouse are useful computer peripherals, they are not essential for the core functionality of seeing and being seen in a video conference.

Explanation

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application layer protocol that forms the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. This protocol defines the rules for how web browsers and web servers communicate, allowing users to access and exchange information over the internet. When you type a website address, your browser uses HTTP to send a request to the server, which then sends back the data to display the webpage.

Explanation

Section 17 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995, specifically provides for the constitution of the 'District Level Vigilance and Monitoring Committee'. This committee is to be set up by the District Magistrate in each district to review the implementation of the Act, relief and rehabilitation facilities for victims, and other related matters. The committee's role includes overseeing the prosecution of cases under the Act and the functioning of various officers and agencies responsible for its implementation. The district-level committee is mandated to meet at least once every three months.

Explanation

Section 6 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, explicitly provides for the application of certain provisions of the Indian Penal Code. This section states that, subject to the other provisions of the SC/ST Act, the provisions of Section 34 (acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention), Chapter III (of punishments), Chapter IV (general exceptions), and Chapter V (of abetment) of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, shall, so far as may be, apply for the purposes of the SC/ST Act. This ensures that general principles of criminal liability and defenses from the IPC can be utilized when prosecuting offenses under the SC/ST Act. The aim is to strengthen the legal framework for preventing atrocities and providing justice to victims from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Explanation

The power to make rules for carrying out the purposes of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, is vested in the Central Government. Section 23 of the Act specifically grants this authority to the Central Government. This allows the Central Government to formulate detailed regulations and procedures necessary for the effective implementation and enforcement of the Act across the country. The states are then bound to follow these rules.

Explanation

Section 18 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, explicitly prohibits the application of Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which deals with anticipatory bail. This means that individuals accused of offenses under the SC/ST Act generally cannot be granted anticipatory bail. The legislative intent behind this bar is to protect victims from intimidation, harassment, and coercion by accused persons after the registration of cases. While the Supreme Court has upheld the constitutional validity of this bar, it has also clarified that anticipatory bail may be considered only if no prima facie offense under the Act is made out, meaning the allegations in the FIR do not establish a case under the Act.

Explanation

Dhupgarh, the highest peak in Madhya Pradesh, is indeed located in the Mahadeo Hills. These hills form a significant part of the northern Satpura Range in central India. Situated near the popular hill station of Pachmarhi, Dhupgarh rises to an elevation of 1,350 meters (4,429 feet) above sea level. The Mahadeo Hills themselves are characterized by sandstone formations and play a crucial role as a watershed between major river basins in the region.

Explanation

The Kaimur Range, an eastern extension of the Vindhya Range, serves as a significant water divide in central India. It separates the drainage basin of the Son River to its south from the rivers flowing northwards, such as the Tamsa (Tons) and ultimately the Yamuna. This escarpment ensures that water flowing south of the Kaimur Range feeds into the Son River, while water to its north contributes to the Yamuna river system. The range's elevated terrain prevents the northward flow of streams from the Son basin, thus establishing a clear hydrological boundary.

Explanation

Pachmarhi, the only hill station of Madhya Pradesh, is situated in the Mahadeo hills. These hills form the northern part of the Satpura Range in central India. Pachmarhi is often referred to as "Satpura ki Rani" or the "Queen of Satpura" due to its picturesque location. The Mahadeo Hills are characterized by sandstone formations, dense forests, and serve as a significant watershed. Dhupgarh, the highest point in Madhya Pradesh, is also located near Pachmarhi in the Mahadeo Hills.

Explanation

The Tawa River is a significant left-bank tributary of the Narmada River in central India. It originates in the Satpura Range, specifically the Mahadeo Hills in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. The Tawa flows generally northward and westward for approximately 172 kilometers before joining the Narmada River in the Hoshangabad district (now Narmadapuram). It is recognized as the Narmada's longest tributary. The Tawa Dam, constructed on the river, forms the Tawa Reservoir, which is vital for irrigation and power generation in the region.

Explanation

Jhuandhar waterfall, also known as Dhuandhar Falls, is famously situated in Bhedaghat, near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh. This majestic waterfall is formed by the Narmada River as it plunges through the renowned Marble Rocks, creating a misty, smoky effect from which it derives its name ("Dhuan" meaning smoke). In contrast, Dughdhara and Kapildhara waterfalls are located in Amarkantak, while Chachai waterfall is found in the Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

The Chambal valley is primarily situated within the Central India plateau, also known as the Madhya Bharat Plateau, which forms the northern part of the Central Highlands in India. This plateau covers a significant portion of northwestern Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal River, which defines the valley, flows north-northeast through this region, creating its characteristic ravines and alluvial plains. The Central India plateau is a key physiographic division where the Chambal River and its tributaries drain the area.

Explanation

Madhya Pradesh experiences a monsoon type of climate. This is primarily due to its location in a subtropical region, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through the middle of the state, placing it in the tropical climatic zone. The climate is significantly influenced by monsoon weather patterns, leading to distinct seasons of hot summers, a rainy monsoon period, and mild winters. The state receives substantial rainfall from the southwest monsoon, which is crucial for its agriculture.

Explanation

Suchitra Sen was a celebrated Indian actress who primarily worked in Bengali and Hindi cinema. She made her film debut in the early 1950s and became widely known as the "Mahanayika" or "Great Actress". Sen gained immense popularity for her performances, particularly her pairings with actor Uttam Kumar, which resulted in many classic Bengali films. She was also the first Indian actress to receive an international award, winning the Silver Prize for Best Actress at the 1963 Moscow International Film Festival for her role in "Saat Pake Bandha". Her extensive filmography and numerous accolades firmly establish her profession as an actress.

Explanation

Telangana was formed as the 29th state of India on June 2, 2014, after being bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad serves as the capital city of Telangana. For a period of ten years until 2024, Hyderabad also served as the joint capital for both Telangana and the residual state of Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, Hyderabad is the capital of the twenty-ninth state of India.

Explanation

The 'Fair of Kanha Baba' is organized in Sodalpur, a village panchayat located in the Harda district of Madhya Pradesh. This fair is held annually in memory of Kanha Baba, a renowned saint from the Hoshangabad-Harda region. Kanha Baba took "Jeevit Samadhi" (living samadhi) in Sodalpur in 1714, and the fair has been a continuous tradition for approximately 300 years.

Explanation

The Udayagiri Caves are located in the district of Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh. These ancient rock-cut caves are situated near the town of Vidisha, approximately 60 kilometers northeast of Bhopal. They are a significant archaeological site, known for their Hindu and Jain iconography and sculptures dating back to the Gupta period (3rd to 5th centuries CE). The caves are also close to the famous Buddhist site of Sanchi.

Explanation

Khajuraho is renowned as the 'pilgrimage of sculpture' due to its magnificent group of Hindu and Jain temples adorned with intricate and exquisite carvings. These UNESCO World Heritage Site temples, built by the Chandela rulers between the 9th and 11th centuries, showcase a unique blend of architecture and sculpture. The sculptures depict various aspects of human life, including daily activities, spiritual themes, mythological stories, and a significant portion of erotic art, often interpreted as a representation of Kama, one of the four goals of human life in Hinduism. The sheer volume, artistic finesse, and diverse themes carved in stone make Khajuraho an unparalleled destination for appreciating ancient Indian sculptural art.

Explanation

The Agariya tribe, primarily found in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, are traditionally iron smelters and miners. Due to their profession, they worship Lohasur, whom they consider the iron demon and their professional deity, believed to inhabit the smelting kilns. The name "Agariya" itself is thought to be derived from "Aag," the Hindi word for fire, highlighting their connection to fire and metalwork. They also worship other deities associated with their craft, such as Agyasur (God of Fire) and Koelasur (God of Charcoal).

Explanation

Bharat Bhawan is an autonomous multi-arts complex and museum located in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India. Established and funded by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, it was opened in 1982. The complex, designed by architect Charles Correa, faces the Upper Lake in Bhopal. It houses various art galleries, workshops, an open-air amphitheater, and libraries dedicated to Indian poetry, classical music, and folk music.

Explanation

Jhabua district has the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes population among the given options in Madhya Pradesh. As per the 2011 census, Jhabua district has approximately 87% of its population belonging to Scheduled Tribes. This high concentration is primarily due to the significant presence of the Bhil and Bhilala tribes in the region. The district's geographical and historical context has contributed to the preservation of its tribal demography.

Explanation

Sensex is the benchmark index of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), reflecting the performance of 30 major companies. BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) is one of India's primary stock exchanges where shares are traded. Nifty (specifically Nifty 50) is the benchmark index of the National Stock Exchange (NSE), representing the performance of 50 large Indian companies. In contrast, SAPS is not a standard term or a core component related to the functioning or indices of the share market; it commonly refers to "Status, Access, Power, and Stuff" in customer advocacy, "SAP Application Performance Standard" in IT, or "Student Assistance Programs".

Explanation

State Bank of India (SBI) is recognized as the largest commercial bank in India. This is due to its extensive network of branches and ATMs across the country, providing unparalleled reach and accessibility to a vast customer base. SBI also holds a significant market share in terms of total assets, deposits, and loans within the Indian banking sector. Its long history, tracing back to the Bank of Calcutta in 1806, and its status as a public sector bank further solidify its dominant position.

Explanation

The mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri is located in Sasaram, in the Indian state of Bihar. Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Sur Empire, commissioned the tomb for himself, and it was completed on August 16, 1545, approximately three months after his death. This red sandstone mausoleum stands in the middle of an artificial lake and is considered a significant example of Indo-Islamic architecture.

Explanation

Samarth Ramdas Swami was the spiritual guru of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji deeply respected and sought guidance from Samarth Ramdas in both personal and political affairs. Their relationship is considered significant in the history of Maharashtra, with Ramdas Swami playing a crucial role in shaping Shivaji's vision for a just and independent Maratha kingdom. He also provided guidance on governance, military strategy, and diplomacy.

Explanation

The words "We, the people of India" are prominently featured at the very beginning of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. This opening statement signifies that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India themselves, emphasizing popular sovereignty. It declares that the people have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens. The Preamble serves as an introduction, outlining the objectives and guiding principles of the Constitution.

Explanation

The Supreme Court is known as the custodian of the Indian Constitution because it acts as its final interpreter and guardian. It has the power of judicial review, allowing it to examine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions passed by both the central and state governments. If any law or action is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution or violates fundamental rights, the Supreme Court can declare it null and void. This ensures that the government operates within constitutional limits and upholds the rule of law. The Supreme Court also safeguards the fundamental rights of citizens, acting as a protector against legislative excesses and executive arbitrariness.

Explanation

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, appointed in 1957, recommended a three-tier Panchayati Raj system for democratic decentralization in India. This system proposed a Gram Panchayat at the village level, a Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and a Zila Parishad at the district level. The committee envisioned these tiers to be organically linked, with the Gram Panchayat having directly elected representatives. This framework aimed to ensure effective people's participation in development activities and strengthen local self-government.

Explanation

Scientific socialism is primarily attributed to Karl Marx, who, along with Friedrich Engels, developed this theoretical framework. It distinguishes itself from "utopian socialism" by basing its analysis on a systematic study of historical and material conditions. Marx argued that societal development is driven by economic forces and class struggle, a concept known as historical materialism. Therefore, scientific socialism presents socialism as an inevitable outcome of historical processes, rather than a moral ideal or a utopian vision.

Explanation

Andhra Pradesh was the first state in India to be constituted on a linguistic basis. This occurred in 1953, following a strong demand for a separate state for Telugu-speaking people. The movement gained significant momentum after the fast unto death by Potti Sreeramulu, a prominent freedom fighter. The formation of Andhra State (later Andhra Pradesh) from the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency set a precedent for the linguistic reorganization of states in India.

Explanation

Nicolo Sante is likely a misspelling or alternative name for Niccolò de' Conti, an Italian traveler and merchant. Niccolò de' Conti visited the Vijayanagar Empire around 1420-1421 AD during the reign of Deva Raya I or II. His accounts provide valuable information about the city's grandeur, trade, and cultural elements. He is considered one of the earliest European visitors to the powerful Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.

Explanation

Lord's Cricket Ground in London, England, is widely known as the "Mecca of Cricket" and the "Home of Cricket" due to its immense historical significance and role in the sport's development. Established in 1814, it is owned by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), which is considered the guardian of the Laws of Cricket. Lord's has hosted numerous historic matches, including multiple ICC Cricket World Cup finals, and houses the world's oldest sports museum. Playing at Lord's, and especially getting one's name on the Honours Boards for a century or five-wicket haul, is a dream for every cricketer.

Explanation

Football was first included in the Olympic Games in 1900, during the Paris Olympics. This marked the debut of association football as an Olympic sport, and it was the first team sport to be added to the Olympic program. Although it was initially contested as a demonstration event with club teams and no official medals were awarded at the time, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later retroactively recognized the medal winners. The matches were held at the Vélodrome de Vincennes in Paris.

Explanation

Surya Sen, also known as Masterda, was the prominent leader of the Chittagong armoury raid. He was a school teacher who led a group of revolutionaries, part of the Indian Republican Army, in an attempt to seize weapons from the British armouries in Chittagong on April 18, 1930. The objective was to disrupt communication lines and inspire an armed uprising against British colonial rule. Though they successfully captured the armouries and cut communication, they failed to find ammunition. Surya Sen was later arrested and executed in 1934.

Explanation

The Wavell Plan was presented in 1945. Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, proposed the plan to resolve the political deadlock in India and move towards self-governance. He discussed his ideas with the British Government in London in May 1945, and the plan was officially made public on June 14, 1945. The plan aimed to reconstitute the Viceroy's Executive Council with Indian members, except for the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief, and proposed equal representation for Hindus and Muslims. The Simla Conference was convened in June 1945 to discuss the Wavell Plan, but it ultimately failed due to disagreements between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

Explanation

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, was enacted by the British colonial government primarily to facilitate the acquisition of land for public purposes such as infrastructure development (roads, railways) and for companies. Its main focus was on providing a legal framework for compulsory land acquisition and determining compensation, not on implementing land reforms. Land reforms typically involve redistributing land or altering land ownership patterns to address inequalities, which was not the objective of the 1894 Act. The act was often criticized for being state-centric and exploitative, leading to disputes over inadequate compensation and lack of rehabilitation for displaced persons.

Explanation

Narendra Modi is directly associated with NITI Aayog as he is the ex-officio Chairperson of the organization. NITI Aayog, which stands for National Institution for Transforming India, was established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. As the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi automatically holds the position of Chairperson of NITI Aayog. This makes him the head of the institution responsible for formulating developmental strategies and policies for the country.

Explanation

Section 2 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, is dedicated to definitions relevant to the Act. While the question points to section 2(d), it is actually section 2(1)(m) of the Act that defines 'public servant'. This definition clarifies that 'public servant' shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 21 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Conversely, section 2(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, defines 'human rights' as rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individual.

Explanation

Bangladesh shares the longest land frontier with India, extending for approximately 4,096.7 kilometers. This makes it the fifth-longest land border in the world. The extensive border is due to Bangladesh being surrounded by Indian territory on its north, east, and west. In comparison, China's border with India is approximately 3,488 kilometers (India's claim), Pakistan's is 3,323 kilometers, and Nepal's is 1,751 kilometers. Therefore, among the given options, Bangladesh has the most extensive shared land boundary with India.

Explanation

Anamudi is the highest peak in South India, located in the Western Ghats in the state of Kerala. It rises to an elevation of 2,695 meters (8,842 feet). Doda Betta, while the highest peak in the Nilgiri Hills, stands at 2,637 meters (8,652 feet) and is the second highest in South India. Guru Shikhar is the highest peak of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan, far from South India, with an elevation of 1,722 meters (5,650 feet). Mahendragiri is a peak in the Eastern Ghats in Odisha, reaching 1,501 meters (4,925 feet), which is considerably lower than Anamudi.

Explanation

The Valley of Kashmir is an intermontane valley nestled between two prominent mountain ranges. To its northeast, it is bordered by the mighty Great Himalayas, which separate it from the Tibetan Plateau and the Ladakh region. To the southwest, the valley is bounded by the Pir Panjal Range, a part of the Lesser Himalayas, which acts as a natural barrier separating it from the plains to the south. This geographical positioning gives the Kashmir Valley its distinct climate and landscape.

Explanation

Rajasthan has the largest geographical area among the given states, covering 342,239 square kilometers. Maharashtra is the next largest, with an area of approximately 307,713 square kilometers. Following Maharashtra is Karnataka, which spans 191,791 square kilometers. Finally, Tamil Nadu has the smallest area among these states, at 130,058 square kilometers. Therefore, arranging them in descending order of their geographical areas yields Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu (I, III, IV, II).

Explanation

Barren Island, located in the Andaman Sea, is India's only confirmed active volcano and is of volcanic origin. It is part of a volcanic arc formed by the subduction of the Indian Plate under the Burma Plate. While Narcondam Island is also of volcanic origin, it is considered dormant or extinct. The other islands listed, such as Car Nicobar, Little Nicobar, and North Andaman, are primarily formed by tectonic uplift and sedimentation, not direct volcanic activity.

Explanation

The Blue Revolution in India, also known as the Neel Kranti Mission, is an initiative by the government aimed at significantly increasing fish production and productivity through modern aquaculture techniques and improved fisheries management. Pisciculture, which is the farming of fish, is directly related to this revolution as it involves the controlled cultivation and harvesting of fish in various water bodies. The primary objective of the Blue Revolution is to develop, manage, and promote fisheries to enhance food security, generate employment, and boost export earnings, making pisciculture a core component of its strategy.

Explanation

The boundary line between India and Pakistan is an example of a superimposed boundary. A superimposed boundary is a political boundary imposed on a region by an external authority, often without regard for existing cultural, ethnic, or social divisions among the local populations. This type of boundary frequently arises from colonialism or imperialism, leading to tensions and conflicts due to the disregard for the historical and social landscapes of the affected areas. The India-Pakistan border, known as the Radcliffe Line, was drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the partition of India in 1947, who had little knowledge of India's cultural dynamics. This demarcation ignored pre-existing cultural and ethnic lines, separating communities and families, and contributing to ongoing disputes like the Kashmir conflict.

Explanation

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud made landfall on the Andhra Pradesh coast near Visakhapatnam on October 12, 2014. The cyclone brought powerful winds and heavy rainfall, causing widespread damage to infrastructure, power and communication lines, and crops in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, particularly Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, and Srikakulam. While it also affected neighboring Odisha, the primary and most severe impact was felt along the Andhra Pradesh coast.

Explanation

Rana Pratap Sagar is a major water reservoir constructed on the Chambal River in Rajasthan, India. It is one of the four dams built as part of the Chambal Valley Projects, which also include the Gandhi Sagar Dam, Jawahar Sagar Dam, and Kota Barrage. In contrast, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is built across the Krishna River, and Rihand Dam is located on the Rihand River, a tributary of the Son River. There is no prominent water reservoir named Vindhya Sagar.

Explanation

Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is widely recognized as the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India. Located in Kochi, Kerala, it possesses the capacity to build vessels up to 120,000 deadweight tonnage (DWT) and repair ships up to 125,000 DWT. This makes it the leading shipyard in the country in terms of capacity. Furthermore, Cochin Shipyard is notable for being the only facility in India capable of building warships like aircraft carriers, having constructed India's first indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant.

Explanation

The power plant at Manikaran, which utilizes geothermal energy, is located in Himachal Pradesh. Specifically, it is situated in the Parvati Valley of the Kullu District. This region is known for its hot springs, which are a manifestation of geothermal activity due to the proximity of the Himalayan mountain range. An experimental geothermal energy facility, including a 5 MW power plant, has been established there to harness this natural resource. Himachal Pradesh has significant geothermal potential, particularly in areas like Manikaran, making it suitable for both electricity generation and tourism.

Explanation

The badlands of Madhya Pradesh, particularly in the Chambal river basin, are a classic example of severe land degradation primarily caused by gully erosion. This occurs when concentrated surface runoff carves deep channels and ravines into the soft alluvial soils. The terrain, combined with rainfall patterns, leads to rapid water flow that erodes the land, forming the intricate network of gullies characteristic of badlands. While other factors like overgrazing can exacerbate the problem by removing protective vegetation, the distinctive rugged topography and deep ravines are a direct result of intense and prolonged gully erosion. Gully erosion is considered the most severe form of soil erosion, leading to significant loss of fertile topsoil and impacting agricultural productivity.

Explanation

The Central Ganga Authority was established in June 1985. It was constituted to oversee the implementation of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP), which aimed to reduce pollution in the River Ganga. The Ganga Action Plan itself was prepared in December 1984 by the Department of Environment. The Authority was chaired by the then Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. In September 1995, the Central Ganga Authority was converted into the National River Conservation Authority.

Explanation

The Silent Valley Project is associated with the state of Kerala. It refers to a proposed hydroelectric dam project by the Kerala State Electricity Board across the Kunthipuzha River in the Silent Valley, located in the Palakkad district of Kerala. This project sparked a significant environmental movement in India to protect the pristine rainforest and its unique biodiversity. Ultimately, the hydroelectric project was abandoned, and the Silent Valley was declared a National Park in 1984.

Explanation

The Golden Quadrilateral project is a network of highways connecting India's four major metropolitan cities. These four cities are Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. This project was a major undertaking to improve infrastructure and connectivity across the country. Therefore, option A accurately represents the cities joined by the Golden Quadrilateral.

Explanation

A potato is botanically classified as a tuber, which is a swollen, underground stem. These tubers develop from stolons, which are horizontal underground stems, and serve as storage organs for starch and nutrients, allowing the plant to survive adverse conditions and reproduce. Unlike roots, tubers have "eyes" or buds, which are nodes capable of sprouting new plants. This distinguishes them from root crops like sweet potatoes, which are enlarged roots.

Explanation

Helium is known as a 'noble gas' because it belongs to Group 18 of the periodic table, a family of elements characterized by their exceptional stability and low chemical reactivity. Noble gases, including helium, have a full outer electron shell, which means they have little tendency to gain, lose, or share electrons to form chemical bonds. In helium's case, its single electron shell is complete with two electrons, making it chemically satisfied and inert. This full valence shell configuration is what grants helium its noble gas status, as it exhibits the key characteristic of a noble gas—having a complete valence electron shell for its respective energy level. Consequently, helium exists as a monatomic gas and does not readily combine with other elements under normal conditions.

Explanation

The liver is the largest gland in the human body, performing a wide array of essential functions. It is a vital organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, weighing approximately 1.5 kg in adults. Its numerous roles include detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The pancreas, salivary glands, and adrenal glands are also important glands, but they are significantly smaller than the liver.

Explanation

Mammals respire using lungs, which are specialized organs located in the thoracic cavity. Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavity, travels through the pharynx and trachea, and then into the lungs. Inside the lungs, the air passes through a branching network of bronchi and bronchioles, eventually reaching tiny air sacs called alveoli. It is within these alveoli that gas exchange occurs, with oxygen diffusing into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffusing out to be exhaled.

Explanation

Vinegar is an aqueous solution primarily composed of acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is the active component that gives vinegar its distinctive sour taste and pungent odor. Household white vinegar typically contains about 5% acetic acid diluted in water.

Explanation

Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness or short-sightedness, is a vision condition that affects the eye. It occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. This results in distant objects appearing blurry, while close objects remain clear. Myopia is a refractive error, meaning the eye does not bend light correctly to provide clear vision.

Explanation

Calorie, kilocalorie, and kilojoule are all units used to measure heat, which is a form of energy. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. A kilocalorie is 1000 calories, and a kilojoule is 1000 joules, with joules being the standard SI unit for energy. Watt, on the other hand, is a unit of power, which measures the rate at which energy is transferred or used, not the amount of heat itself. Therefore, watt is not a unit of heat.

Explanation

Mercury is used in simple barometers primarily due to its high density, which allows for a manageable column height to measure atmospheric pressure. If a less dense liquid like water were used, the barometer would need to be over 10 meters tall, making it impractical. Additionally, mercury has a very low vapor pressure, ensuring that minimal evaporation occurs and the vacuum above the mercury column remains nearly perfect, leading to accurate readings. Mercury also does not stick to the glass tube, providing a clear and well-defined meniscus for precise measurements. Its wide liquid temperature range and opaque, shiny appearance further contribute to its suitability for barometers.

Explanation

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all fossil fuels, formed over millions of years from the decomposition of ancient organic matter under heat and pressure. These fuels store energy derived from sunlight captured by organisms in the distant past. Uranium, however, is a radioactive metallic element that is mined from the earth. It is not formed from organic remains and its energy is released through nuclear fission, not combustion. Therefore, uranium is not considered a fossil fuel.

Explanation

Solar energy is considered a renewable source because it is derived from the sun, which is an inexhaustible resource on a human timescale. Unlike fossil fuels such as coal and petrol, which are finite and take millions of years to form, solar energy can be replenished naturally and continuously. Nuclear energy, while not a fossil fuel, relies on finite resources like uranium. Therefore, solar energy is a sustainable option that does not deplete natural resources.

Explanation

The formal and real beginning of Five Year Plans in Madhya Pradesh is considered to be November 11, 1956. This date is significant because the modern state of Madhya Pradesh was formed on November 1, 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Before this reorganization, the region was divided into several administrative units, and unified state-level planning could only commence after its formation as a single entity. Although national Five Year Plans existed before this date, the planning specifically for the reorganized state of Madhya Pradesh began formally after its establishment. The Second Five-Year Plan was already underway nationally (1956-1961) when Madhya Pradesh was constituted.

Explanation

Starch is classified as a polysaccharide because it is a complex carbohydrate made up of many individual glucose units linked together. Polysaccharides are large polymers formed from tens to thousands of monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined by glycosidic bonds. In plants, starch serves as the primary energy storage molecule, occurring in forms like amylose (linear chains) and amylopectin (branched chains). This complex structure, unlike the single units of monosaccharides or the two units of disaccharides, defines it as a polysaccharide.

Explanation

Trophic level-I consists of producers, which are organisms that produce their own food. Green plants are autotrophs that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, forming the base of nearly all food chains. They are the primary producers in an ecosystem, making them the foundational trophic level. Herbivorous animals are primary consumers (Trophic Level-II), carnivorous animals are secondary or tertiary consumers (Trophic Level-III or IV), and omnivorous animals consume organisms from multiple trophic levels.

Explanation

Pasteurization is a heat treatment process applied to milk and other food products to kill harmful bacteria and other microorganisms. This process involves heating milk to a specific temperature for a set period, followed by rapid cooling. While it doesn't sterilize milk completely (meaning it doesn't kill all microorganisms), it significantly reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria, making the milk safe for consumption and extending its shelf life. Therefore, it is most accurately described as a form of sterilization, specifically a partial sterilization, aimed at eliminating disease-causing microbes.

Explanation

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the primary cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole. These manufactured chemicals, once released into the atmosphere, are very stable and can persist for decades, eventually reaching the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation breaks down CFC molecules, releasing highly reactive chlorine atoms. These chlorine atoms then act as catalysts, repeatedly reacting with and destroying ozone molecules (O3) by breaking them down into ordinary oxygen (O2), thus depleting the ozone layer.

Explanation

Rajendra Singh is widely known as 'Jal Purush' or the 'Waterman of India' due to his significant contributions to water conservation. He is an Indian environmentalist from Rajasthan who has spearheaded efforts to revive rivers and implement traditional rainwater harvesting techniques, such as building johads (check dams). Through his NGO, Tarun Bharat Sangh, he has helped bring water back to over 1,000 villages and revived five rivers in Rajasthan, earning him international recognition including the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2001 and the Stockholm Water Prize in 2015. His work has focused on empowering communities to manage their water resources and address drought in arid regions.

Explanation

Sunderlal Bahuguna was a prominent environmentalist and Gandhian activist who played a pivotal role in the Chipko movement. He helped bring the movement to national and international attention through his extensive foot marches across the Himalayas, spreading the message of forest conservation. Bahuguna coined the Chipko movement's slogan, "Ecology is permanent economy," emphasizing the long-term economic benefits of environmental protection. His efforts were instrumental in influencing Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to impose a 15-year ban on tree felling in the Himalayan region in 1980. While other individuals like Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Gaura Devi were also key figures, Bahuguna is widely regarded as the protagonist who popularized and amplified the movement's reach.

Explanation

Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a public interest research and advocacy organization that focuses on environmental issues like air pollution, natural resource management, climate change, and sustainable development. The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) is a government research institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, responsible for the research and conservation of India's flora. The Indian Wildlife Institute (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, dedicated to wildlife research, training, and management for conservation. In contrast, the Survey of India (SoI) is India's central engineering agency primarily responsible for mapping and surveying the country, including topographical and development surveys, and advising the government on cartography-related matters. Therefore, the Survey of India is not directly related to environmental conservation or research in the same way as the other institutions.

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act was enforced in India in 1972. This landmark legislation was enacted by the Parliament of India to provide a legal framework for the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants, and to manage their habitats. Its primary aim was to curb the illegal trade in wildlife and their derivative parts, and it established protected areas like sanctuaries, national parks, and zoos. The Act has been instrumental in conserving India's rich biodiversity and has been amended several times to address emerging challenges in wildlife conservation.

Explanation

Arunachal Pradesh recorded the lowest population density among the given states in the 2011 Census, with just 17 persons per square kilometer. In comparison, Mizoram had a population density of 52 persons per square kilometer, Sikkim had 86 persons per square kilometer, and Nagaland had 119 persons per square kilometer. This low density in Arunachal Pradesh is primarily attributed to its challenging mountainous terrain and extensive forest cover, which limit human settlement.

Explanation

The 'e-sahyog' project was launched by the Income-tax Department in October 2015. This pilot project aimed to provide an online mechanism for taxpayers to resolve mismatches in their income tax returns without needing to visit the Income Tax Office. It was part of the government's 'Digital India' initiative, designed to reduce compliance costs and enhance taxpayer satisfaction, especially for small taxpayers. The project allowed taxpayers to view mismatch information and submit online responses through the e-filing portal.

Explanation

During his visit to India in October 2015, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg visited the Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. He posted a picture of himself in front of the monument, stating it was "even more stunning than I expected" and that he had always wanted to see it. This visit was part of a trip where he also held a Townhall Q&A session at IIT-Delhi. While Zuckerberg also visited an ashram in India at the suggestion of Steve Jobs during an earlier "tough patch" for Facebook, his widely publicized visit to a tourist destination included the Taj Mahal.

Explanation

The G-20 summit in November 2015 was held in Antalya, Turkey. Turkey held the presidency of the G20 for that year and hosted the Leaders' Summit from November 15-16, 2015. The summit focused on priorities such as development, climate change, trade, growth, and employment. Leaders also addressed global challenges like terrorism and the refugee crisis.

Explanation

The G-8 was an intergovernmental political forum that existed from 1997 to 2014. Its members were France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. Spain was never a full member of the G-8. While the G-8 focused on global issues like economic growth, crisis management, and security, Spain was not among the eight highly industrialized nations that constituted the group.

Explanation

O.P. Sabharwal is the author of the book titled "The Killer Instinct: Raids and Rescue Missions by Special Forces Worldwide and the Threat of Terrorism in the New Millennium". This book, published by Rupa in 2000, delves into the organization, training, and operations of special forces globally. It also examines their role in countering terrorism and their significance in future warfare scenarios. Sabharwal's work traces the history of raids and rescue missions from ancient times to modern-day counter-terrorism efforts.

Explanation

INS Sindhurakshak was a Russian-made Kilo-class 877EKM diesel-electric submarine of the Indian Navy, commissioned in 1997. In contrast, INS Viraat was a Centaur-class light aircraft carrier, and INS Vikrant refers to two different aircraft carriers, one decommissioned and one currently in service. INS Rajali is not a vessel but an Indian naval air station located in Tamil Nadu. Thus, among the given options, only INS Sindhurakshak was a submarine.

Explanation

BRICS is an acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These countries are known for their significant influence on regional affairs and are all members of the G20. Canada is not a member of this group. Therefore, Canada is not one of the BRICS countries.

Explanation

Subir Gokarn was appointed as an Executive Director on the board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in November 2015. He represented India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan on the IMF's Executive Board. Prior to this appointment, Gokarn served as a Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, cleared his name for the position. He replaced Rakesh Mohan, whose three-year tenure ended in November 2015.

Explanation

The 2017 Shooting World Cup was held in India. The ISSF World Cup Final for Rifle, Pistol, and Shotgun events took place in New Delhi, India, from October 23rd to 30th, 2017. This prestigious event was hosted at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range. Additionally, an earlier stage of the 2017 ISSF World Cup was also held in New Delhi from February 22nd to March 4th, 2017.

Explanation

National Unity Day, also known as Rashtriya Ekta Diwas, is celebrated in India on October 31st each year. This day commemorates the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. He is widely recognized for his pivotal role in the political integration of over 500 princely states into the Indian Union after independence, a monumental task that earned him the title "Iron Man of India". The Government of India introduced National Unity Day in 2014 to acknowledge his immense contributions to nation-building and to reaffirm the country's strength in unity, integrity, and security.

Explanation

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has been famously referred to as a 'caged parrot' by the Supreme Court of India. This observation was made in 2013 during the hearing of the coal block allocation scam, also known as "Coalgate". The Supreme Court criticized the CBI for its perceived lack of independence and susceptibility to political influence, stating that it was "speaking in its master's voice". This metaphor highlighted concerns about the agency's autonomy and its tendency to act at the behest of those in power, rather than as an independent investigative body. The court's remark underscored the need for the CBI to be free from government control to ensure fair and impartial investigations.

Explanation

Madhya Pradesh Laghu Udyog Nigam Limited was established on December 28, 1961. This state government company was incorporated to support and promote small industries in Madhya Pradesh. Its aim is to facilitate the procurement of goods and items for buyer departments and organizations through an easy-to-use interface. Therefore, among the given options, 1961 is the correct establishment year.

Explanation

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was passed on August 23, 2005, under the leadership of then-Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. It was initially known as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 and was later renamed in 2009 to include "Mahatma Gandhi." The Act came into effect on February 2, 2006, and aims to provide a legal guarantee of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to adult members of rural households who volunteer for unskilled manual labor. This landmark legislation was enacted to enhance livelihood security and address poverty in rural areas.

Explanation

The Gold Export Promotion Park is located in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Indore is a significant industrial and economic hub in the state, making it an ideal location for such a specialized park. The park aims to provide necessary infrastructure and facilities to boost the export of gold articles, jewelry, and other related products from the region.

Explanation

According to the Census 2011, the total population of Madhya Pradesh was 72,626,809. This figure is approximately 7.27 crores. Therefore, among the given options, 7.2 crores is the closest and most accurate representation of Madhya Pradesh's population as per the 2011 Census. This population constituted 6.00 percent of India's total population in 2011.

Explanation

According to Census 2011, Indore district had the highest population in Madhya Pradesh. Its total population was 3,276,697. In comparison, Jabalpur district had a population of 2,463,289, Sagar district had 2,378,458, and Bhopal district had 2,371,061. This makes Indore the most populous district in the state as per the 2011 census.

Explanation

The economy of Madhya Pradesh is predominantly agriculture-based, with the sector contributing a significant portion to the state's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) or Gross Value Added (GVA), ranging from 35% to 47% in recent years. A large percentage of the state's workforce, approximately 60%, is employed in agriculture and allied activities. Madhya Pradesh is a major producer of various crops, including wheat, soybeans, pulses, and oilseeds, earning it titles like "Soya Pradesh" and the "Pulse Bowl of India." The state's fertile land, diverse agro-climatic zones, and government support for irrigation and agricultural development further solidify its agrarian nature.

Explanation

The first Mineral Policy in Madhya Pradesh was declared in the year 1995. This policy was a significant step towards regulating mineral resources in the state. Its objectives included streamlining mining operations, promoting scientific mining, attracting investment, and ensuring the sustainable development of mineral resources. While revised mineral policies were introduced in later years, such as in 2005 and 2010, the initial declaration occurred in 1995.

Explanation

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), launched in 2000, primarily aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected rural habitations. This involves constructing new roads to link villages to the main road network. Furthermore, the scheme also includes provisions for the construction of durable roads, including cement concrete pavements, to ensure all-weather access and longevity. Therefore, both connecting villages and constructing concrete roads are objectives of the PMGSY.