MPPSC Prelims 2013 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The Environment Protection Act (E.P.A.) is known as "Umbrella legislation" because it provides a comprehensive legal framework for environmental protection in India. It consolidates and expands upon previous, more specific laws like the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which were found to be inadequate for tackling the complexities of environmental threats. The EPA covers all aspects of the environment, including air, water, land, and their interrelationships, filling legislative gaps left by earlier acts. This act empowers the Central Government with wide-ranging authority to take necessary measures to control pollution and protect and improve environmental quality. It acts as a single, all-encompassing legal canopy under which various environmental issues can be managed and coordinated across different state and central authorities.

Explanation

Madhubani painting, also known as Mithila art, is a traditional style of painting that originated in the Mithila region of Bihar, India. It is named after the Madhubani district of Bihar, which is a major center for its production. This folk art form has been traditionally practiced by women in the region, often depicting themes from Hindu mythology, nature, and daily life. The paintings are characterized by their intricate patterns, vibrant natural colors, and distinctive double-line borders.

Explanation

The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) was designated by the United Nations General Assembly. The resolution officially launching the IDNDR was passed on December 22, 1989. The decade began on January 1, 1990, and concluded on December 31, 1999, making the period 1990-1999. Therefore, option A, 1991-2000, is the closest and generally accepted period for the IDNDR. The primary objective of the IDNDR was to reduce the loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters through concerted international action.

Explanation

Boat races, particularly the traditional "Vallam Kali" or snake boat races, are an integral and exciting part of the Onam festival celebrated in Kerala, India. These races, featuring long, elaborately decorated snake boats (Chundan Vallams), symbolize unity and teamwork. While some boat races occur throughout the monsoon season (July to September), many major events, including the prestigious Nehru Trophy Boat Race and the Aranmula Boat Race, are specifically held during the Onam festivities. The races add an extra layer of excitement and joy to the Onam celebrations, which commemorate the homecoming of the legendary King Mahabali.

Explanation

The United Kingdom has consistently expressed keen interest in forging partnerships with Kerala in the health sector. This interest has been demonstrated through various delegations and discussions focusing on areas such as maternal care, diabetes treatment, and the overall strengthening of healthcare infrastructure. For instance, a UK delegation in 2013 explicitly announced their interest in health sector partnerships with Kerala. Furthermore, the Kerala government has collaborated with UK universities to revamp its healthcare model, drawing inspiration from the UK's National Health Service (NHS) to address issues like capacity development for primary care, training, and research. This ongoing engagement underscores the health sector as a key area of collaboration between the UK and Kerala.

Explanation

The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950. This occurred two days after India officially became a Sovereign Democratic Republic with the enforcement of its Constitution on January 26, 1950. The inaugural proceedings took place at 9:45 am in the Chamber of Princes within the Parliament House, where the Federal Court of India had previously sat. The Supreme Court replaced the Federal Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal in India.

Explanation

The author of the book 'Namesake' is Jhumpa Lahiri. This novel, published in 2003, is her debut work and explores themes of the immigrant experience, cultural clashes, and identity. Lahiri, a British-American author of Bengali descent, often draws on her own background in her writing. 'The Namesake' tells the story of the Ganguli family, particularly their son Gogol, as they navigate life between their Indian heritage and American upbringing.

Explanation

Edward Jenner is widely recognized as the "father of immunology" due to his pioneering work in developing the smallpox vaccine. In 1796, Jenner observed that individuals who had contracted cowpox, a milder disease, seemed to be immune to smallpox, a highly virulent and often fatal illness. He famously tested his hypothesis by inoculating an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps, with material from a cowpox lesion, and subsequently exposed him to smallpox, with no adverse reaction. This groundbreaking experiment laid the foundation for vaccination, a process that has saved countless lives and established the field of immunology.

Explanation

The 'Pradhanmantri Bharat Jodo Pariyojna' is a government initiative specifically focused on improving connectivity within India through the development of highways. Announced in the 2003-04 budget, this project aimed at four-laning 10,000 km of highways and high-density corridors, with private participation. Its objective was to connect state capitals not covered by the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and link places of tourist and economic importance with four-lane highways. Therefore, the project is directly related to the development and upgrade of road networks across the country.

Explanation

China test-launched its first three-dimensional (3D) television broadcast channel on January 1, 2012. This "China 3D TV Trial Channel" was a collaborative effort between the state-run China Central Television (CCTV) and five local TV stations across major Chinese cities. The channel aimed to promote 3D broadcasting technology and encourage the adoption of 3D televisions by offering a variety of 3D content, including performing arts, cartoons, movies, and sports. This initiative was a significant step in bringing 3D viewing experiences to homes in China.

Explanation

The Bhopal Gas tragedy occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984. A highly toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. This industrial disaster resulted in thousands of immediate deaths and long-term health issues for hundreds of thousands of people. Therefore, option A, 2-3 Dec, 1984, is the correct answer.The Bhopal Gas tragedy occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984. This catastrophic event involved a leak of highly toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. The disaster led to thousands of immediate fatalities and caused severe, long-term health problems for hundreds of thousands of people. Thus, the correct option is A) 2-3 dec, 1984.

Explanation

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising countries in Southeast Asia. Its current member states include Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste. While Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia are all full members of ASEAN, South Korea is not. South Korea participates in various ASEAN-led forums, such as ASEAN Plus Three and the ASEAN Regional Forum, as a dialogue partner, but it is not a member country of the organization itself.

Explanation

The Charter Act of 1833 completely abolished the East India Company's commercial privileges, including its monopoly on the tea trade and trade with China. This act transformed the East India Company from a commercial body into a purely administrative one, making it a trustee of the British Crown for the administration of India. While the Charter Act of 1813 had partially ended the Company's trade monopoly, it had retained the monopoly on tea and trade with China. The 1833 Act was a significant step in centralizing British administration in India and reflected the growing influence of laissez-faire economic principles in Britain.

Explanation

Lala Hardayal was a prominent Indian nationalist and revolutionary who played a central role in organizing the Gadar Party. He was instrumental in establishing the Hindustani Association of the Pacific Coast in 1913, which later became known as the Gadar Party. Hardayal served as the general secretary and a key intellectual leader, shaping the party's ideology and activities, including the publication of the 'Ghadr' newspaper. While other notable members like Sohan Singh Bhakna (who was the first president) were also involved, Lala Hardayal is widely recognized as a principal founder and organizer. The Gadar Party's main aim was to overthrow British rule in India through armed revolution.

Explanation

Satyarth Prakash, meaning 'The Light of Truth', is a renowned book written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He was a prominent Indian philosopher, social reformer, and the founder of the Arya Samaj. The book, originally published in Hindi in 1875, presents his reformist advocacy and a critical analysis of various religious beliefs in light of the Vedas. It is considered one of his major scholarly works and has been translated into over 20 languages.

Explanation

The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on January 14, 1761. This significant battle took place between the Maratha Empire and the invading Afghan army of Ahmad Shah Durrani, supported by Indian allies. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Durrani Empire and marked a turning point in Indian history.

Explanation

The head office of the Indian National Army (INA), under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, was primarily located in Rangoon (now Yangon), Myanmar. While Singapore also served as an important base and headquarters, the INA's headquarters were shifted to Rangoon in January 1944 as they planned their advance towards India. Rangoon was a crucial center for the INA's activities, including recruitment and planning military campaigns against British forces on the Indo-Burma front.

Explanation

The Prime Minister of India served as the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission. This meant that whoever held the office of Prime Minister automatically became the chairman of the commission. The Prime Minister's leadership provided political direction and ensured the integration of the Planning Commission's work with the government's overall policies. The Planning Commission was responsible for formulating India's Five-Year Plans for economic and social development.

Explanation

Swami Vivekananda delivered his famous speech at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893. He first addressed the Parliament on September 11, 1893, with his iconic opening "Sisters and Brothers of America". This event was part of the World's Columbian Exposition and marked a significant moment in introducing Hinduism to the Western world. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament, which continued until September 27, 1893, advocated for religious tolerance and universal acceptance.

Explanation

India shares its longest international boundary with Bangladesh, stretching approximately 4,096.7 kilometers. This extensive border is significantly longer than those India shares with other neighboring countries. For comparison, India's border with China is about 3,488 kilometers, with Pakistan around 3,323 kilometers, and with Nepal approximately 1,751 kilometers. The India-Bangladesh border passes through five Indian states: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Explanation

A harbor is a sheltered body of water, either natural or artificial, deep enough for ships to anchor and safely load or unload cargo. Cochin, Mangalore (specifically New Mangalore Port), and Kandla are all well-known seaports and harbors located on India's coastlines, facilitating maritime trade. In contrast, Bengaluru is an inland city and the capital of Karnataka, situated on the Deccan Plateau, and is not located on a coastline or a major navigable river that would allow it to function as a harbor. While it has an "inland port" for cargo movement, it is not a traditional harbor where ships directly dock from the sea.

Explanation

The Shiwalik Hills, also known as the Outer Himalayas, constitute the southernmost and geologically youngest range of the Himalayan mountain system. They stretch for approximately 2,400 km along the foothills of the Himalayas, from the Indus River in the northwest to the Brahmaputra River in the east. These hills are composed of unconsolidated sediments like sandstone, conglomerates, and siltstones, which were deposited by rivers flowing from the higher Himalayan ranges. The Shiwaliks are positioned between the Great Plains to the south and the Lesser Himalayas to the north.

Explanation

Nanda Devi Peak is located in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is situated in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, between the Rishiganga valley on the west and the Goriganga valley on the east. Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India and the highest peak located entirely within the country. The surrounding Nanda Devi National Park is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Explanation

The Bhagirathi river originates from Gomukh, which is the snout of the Gangotri Glacier. Located in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand, Gomukh is situated at an altitude of approximately 4,000 meters (13,120 feet). The name "Gomukh" literally translates to "cow's mouth," referring to the shape the glacier's snout once had. The Bhagirathi is considered a primary headstream of the Ganges River, merging with the Alaknanda River at Devprayag to form the Ganges.

Explanation

The National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO) is headquartered in Kolkata, India. Established in 1956, it operates as a subordinate office under the Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India. NATMO is responsible for compiling the national atlas, preparing thematic maps, and conducting geographical research. It is considered a pioneer in thematic mapping services and is perhaps the largest mapping organization in the world.

Explanation

Drying of water resources in mountains, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion are all direct environmental consequences of deforestation. Deforestation reduces the ability of land to retain water, destroys habitats, and exposes soil to erosion. Urbanization, however, is primarily a socio-economic process involving the growth of cities and the movement of populations to urban areas. While urbanization can lead to deforestation as land is cleared for development, it is not a direct environmental impact that results from deforestation itself.

Explanation

The Narmada River does not form a delta because it flows through a rift valley, a geological depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. This unique geological formation, coupled with its relatively high velocity and flow over a hard, rocky bed, prevents the accumulation of large amounts of sediment at its mouth. Instead of a delta, the Narmada forms an estuary where it empties into the Arabian Sea. In contrast, rivers like the Ganga, Subarnarekha, and Godavari are east-flowing rivers that carry substantial sediment loads and deposit them to form extensive deltas in the Bay of Bengal.

Explanation

National Highway 7 (NH 7) was historically recognized as the longest National Highway in India. It stretched approximately 2,369 kilometers, connecting Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. Following the renumbering of national highways, this route, along with several other national highways, was merged and is now known as National Highway 44 (NH 44). NH 44 is currently the longest national highway in India, spanning about 3,745 kilometers from Srinagar to Kanyakumari. Therefore, in the context of the options provided, National Highway 7 is considered correct due to its former designation as the longest highway.

Explanation

Rabi crops, also known as winter crops, are sown in India during the cooler months. This period typically falls between October and November, after the monsoon rains have concluded. These crops require a relatively cool and dry climate for optimal growth and are usually harvested in the spring, around April or May. Examples of major Rabi crops include wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.

Explanation

The term 'Socialist' was incorporated into the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act. This significant amendment was enacted in 1976, during the Emergency period in India. Along with 'Socialist', the words 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were also added to the Preamble. These additions aimed to explicitly declare India's commitment to social and economic equality and to reinforce the nation's ideological direction. The 42nd Amendment is often referred to as a "mini-Constitution" due to its extensive changes to the constitutional framework.

Explanation

The 'Directive Principles of State Policy' (DPSP) are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by any court of law. Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are legally binding and enforceable, DPSPs are guidelines or "instruments of instructions" for the state to keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. Article 37 of the Indian Constitution explicitly states that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country, but they are not enforceable by any court. This non-enforceable nature provides flexibility to the state to implement them according to its socio-economic conditions and available resources.

Explanation

The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced a bicameral legislature at the center in British India. This act replaced the Imperial Legislative Council with two houses: the Council of State (Upper House) and the Legislative Assembly (Lower House). This marked a significant constitutional reform, shifting from a unicameral to a two-tiered legislative system at the central level. The act aimed to increase Indian participation in the administration and was a step towards responsible government in India.

Explanation

The social base of communist parties in India primarily consists of the agriculture and industrial working class, the educated, and the youth. Communist ideology is fundamentally based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism, which advocates for the interests of the working class (proletariat) and aims to establish a socialist society free from class exploitation. The business class, as owners of capital and means of production, is seen as the bourgeoisie, whose interests are inherently opposed to those of the working class. Therefore, the business class does not form a social base for communist parties, as their objectives are to challenge and ultimately dismantle the capitalist system that benefits this class.

Explanation

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar. Hedgewar, a physician and nationalist, established the organization in Nagpur, British India, with the aim of fostering cultural pride, discipline, and unity among Hindus. The founding date is specifically noted as September 27, 1925, coinciding with the Hindu festival of Dussehra. The RSS was envisioned as a volunteer-based cultural organization to strengthen Hindu society and promote the ideology of Hindutva.

Explanation

Fundamental Rights are justiciable, meaning they are legally enforceable and can be protected through the courts. In India, citizens can directly approach the Supreme Court under Article 32 or the High Courts under Article 226 to seek remedies when their Fundamental Rights are violated. This ensures that these rights, enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, are not merely declarations but are actively safeguarded by the judiciary. The judiciary's power of judicial review allows it to assess the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions in light of these rights.

Explanation

Viticulture is the science and practice of cultivating grapes. It encompasses all the agricultural activities involved in growing grapes, whether for wine production, fresh consumption as table grapes, or for making juice and raisins. This specialized branch of horticulture focuses on vineyard management, including aspects like soil health, pest control, irrigation, and harvesting. Therefore, the production of grapes is the direct and accurate definition of viticulture.

Explanation

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is included in the 'Navratna' category of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India. The Government of India confers Navratna status to select PSUs, granting them enhanced autonomy and financial powers to improve their operational efficiency and global competitiveness. BEL, an Indian public sector aerospace and defense electronics company, has been officially granted this status. This recognition highlights BEL's strong performance and strategic importance in manufacturing advanced electronic products for defense and other applications.

Explanation

China is India's largest source of total imports. This has been a consistent trend in recent years, with China accounting for a significant portion of India's overall import volume. India heavily imports various goods from China, including electronics, machinery, and chemical products. For instance, in 2024, China was India's biggest import partner, with imports valued at $108.93 billion, representing 15.5% of India's total imports. This makes China a crucial trading partner for India's economy.

Explanation

India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in the world. This is primarily due to its vast agricultural sector, which requires substantial amounts of fertilizers to support crop production and ensure food security for its large population. While China holds the top position in both production and consumption, India's significant agricultural land and intensive farming practices drive its high demand and domestic manufacturing capabilities.

Explanation

Subhash Chandra Bose, as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938, was instrumental in establishing the National Planning Committee. He believed that economic planning was crucial for India's development and self-sufficiency. While Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as the chairman of this committee, it was Bose who initiated its formation. This committee marked the first formal attempt to plan for India's economic future.

Explanation

Jai Prakash Narayan, a prominent socialist leader, drafted the 'Sarvodaya Plan' in January 1950. This plan was deeply influenced by Gandhian ideals and the Sarvodaya concept of Acharya Vinoba Bhave, emphasizing universal uplift and the welfare of all. The Sarvodaya Plan prioritized agriculture, small and cottage industries, self-reliance, and decentralized participatory planning. It also advocated for land reforms and aimed for a society free from foreign technologies.

Explanation

The First Five Year Plan in India commenced in 1951. It was launched on April 1, 1951, and covered the period from 1951 to 1956. This plan marked the beginning of systematic economic planning in independent India, with a primary focus on agriculture, irrigation, and power sectors to stabilize the economy after partition. The Planning Commission, established in March 1950, formulated and oversaw this plan under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Explanation

The sitar, tabla, and sarangi are musical instruments with significant Indo-Islamic origins or influences. The sitar, for instance, evolved in the 18th century during the Mughal Empire from the Persian setar, an Iranian instrument. Similarly, the tabla's name likely derives from the Arabic word "tabl" for drum, and its development is linked to drums introduced by Muslim invaders or the evolution of indigenous Indian drums under Islamic rule. The sarangi is also thought to have evolved from traditional stringed instruments of Rajasthani folk music with modifications during the Mughal period, or from Islamic-imported folk lutes. In contrast, the sehnai is considered to have indigenous Indian origins, often traced back to the pungi, a folk instrument used by snake charmers, and it has long been associated with Hindu temple rituals and auspicious ceremonies. While its name may have Persian roots and it was used in Mughal courts, its fundamental development and traditional usage are deeply rooted in Indian culture prior to significant Islamic influence.

Explanation

The Mahakumbh, also known as Purna Kumbh Mela, is held every 12 years. This timing is determined by specific astrological alignments of the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter. Specifically, the Mahakumbh occurs when Jupiter is in Aries and both the Sun and Moon align in Capricorn. The 12-year cycle corresponds to Jupiter's approximate 12-year orbital period around the Sun, as it transits through the 12 zodiac signs. The festival rotates among four sacred sites in India: Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain, with each site's celebration based on distinct astronomical positions.

Explanation

The traditional 'Chardham' pilgrimage in Hinduism consists of four sacred sites: Badrinath, Dwarka, Puri, and Rameshwaram. These sites are located in different corners of India, representing a comprehensive spiritual journey. Mansarovar, on the other hand, is a holy lake located in Tibet, China, and is part of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, a distinct and highly revered pilgrimage, particularly significant for its association with Lord Shiva. Therefore, Mansarovar is not included in the 'Chardham' pilgrimage.

Explanation

'Panchtantra' is originally attributed to Vishnu Sharma. He was an Indian scholar and author who is believed to have compiled this ancient collection of interrelated animal fables. The work, written in Sanskrit, aims to impart practical wisdom, ethics, and principles of good governance through engaging stories. While the exact historical details of Vishnu Sharma are debated, he is widely recognized as the author in the prelude to the text itself.

Explanation

The Rigveda is widely recognized as the oldest of the four Vedas and the earliest extant text in any Indo-European language. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit between approximately 1500 and 1000 BCE, its hymns form the foundational layer of Sanskrit literature. The Rigveda's ancient collection of hymns and verses served as a crucial source for understanding early Indo-Aryan culture, religion, and philosophy, influencing subsequent Vedic and classical Sanskrit literature. Therefore, Sanskrit literature is considered to have begun with the Rigveda.

Explanation

Patliputra was an ancient city in India, known as the capital of the Magadha kingdom and later the Mauryan Empire, flourishing much later than the Indus Valley Civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, existed from approximately 2500 to 1900 BCE. Kalibangan, Ropar, and Lothal are all well-known archaeological sites associated with the Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing its urban planning and cultural artifacts. Therefore, Patliputra is not an Indus Valley Civilization site.

Explanation

A Kho-Kho team officially consists of 12 players. While 9 players from each team take the field during a contest, the remaining 3 players are substitutes. This allows for flexibility and strategic changes throughout the match.

Explanation

The 'butterfly stroke' is a distinct swimming technique characterized by both arms moving simultaneously forward above the water and then backward through the water, accompanied by a powerful, undulating "dolphin kick" with both legs moving together. This stroke is performed on the chest and requires significant strength, coordination, and timing. It is one of the four competitive swimming strokes, alongside freestyle, backstroke, and breaststroke.

Explanation

Pakistan holds the record for the most Men's Hockey World Cup titles, having won the tournament four times. Their victories came in 1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994. The Netherlands, Australia, and Germany have each won the title three times. India has won the Men's Hockey World Cup only once, in 1975. Therefore, Pakistan is the country that won the hockey (men) world cup title for the third time (and subsequently a fourth).

Explanation

A standard chessboard is a square grid composed of 8 rows and 8 columns. To find the total number of squares, you multiply the number of rows by the number of columns. Therefore, 8 multiplied by 8 equals 64, meaning there are 64 individual squares on a chessboard.

Explanation

Cricket is not currently a regular Olympic sport, although it was featured in the 1900 Summer Olympics and is scheduled to return for the 2028 Los Angeles Games. Skiing is a prominent sport in the Winter Olympics, with various disciplines like alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and freestyle skiing. Cycling has been a core part of the modern Olympic Games since 1896, encompassing road, track, BMX racing, and BMX freestyle disciplines. Archery has a long history in the Olympics, debuting in 1900 and being a consistent sport since 1972.

Explanation

Kamaljeet Sandhu was the first Indian woman to win an individual gold medal at the Asian Games. She achieved this feat in the 400-meter race at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games, completing the distance in 57.3 seconds. M.L. Valsamma was the second Indian woman to win an individual gold at the Asian Games, securing it in the 400m hurdles at the 1982 Asian Games. P.T. Usha, while a highly decorated athlete with multiple Asian Games gold medals, including in the 400m, achieved her first Asian Games gold medals later in her career, notably four golds at the 1986 Seoul Asian Games. L. Malleswari (Karnam Malleswari) is a weightlifter and the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal, a bronze at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, but her Asian Games medals were silvers in weightlifting.

Explanation

The weight of a cricket ball is precisely regulated by international standards to ensure fair play and consistent performance. For men's senior match cricket, the official weight of a new ball must be between 155.9 grams and 163 grams (5.5 to 5.75 ounces). This specific weight range is crucial as it impacts various aspects of the game, including bowling speed, batting timing, and the ball's trajectory. Therefore, option A, 159.9gr. - 163gr., accurately reflects the regulation weight for a cricket ball.

Explanation

P.T. Usha, the legendary Indian track and field athlete, is the author of the autobiography titled 'Golden Girl'. The book details her extraordinary journey in athletics, her rigorous training, and her remarkable achievements on the global stage. Often referred to as the "Golden Girl" of Indian athletics due to her numerous gold medals, her autobiography provides insights into her dedication and impact on Indian sports. This book celebrates her legacy as an inspiration for aspiring athletes and highlights her contributions to raising the profile of Indian athletics internationally.

Explanation

Chanderi is a renowned traditional textile from Madhya Pradesh, particularly known for its fine silk and cotton fabrics adorned with intricate zari work. The town of Chanderi in Ashoknagar district is the origin of this exquisite handloom tradition. While Khadi is a widely recognized hand-spun, hand-woven fabric across India, and Kota Doria is a famous textile from Rajasthan, Chanderi specifically represents a unique and celebrated textile heritage of Madhya Pradesh. Tantuj is not a widely recognized textile name associated with Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

Singrauli district is known as the energy capital of Madhya Pradesh due to its vast reserves of high-grade coal. The region is home to numerous large thermal power plants operated by major companies like NTPC and Reliance Power. These power plants utilize the abundant local coal to generate a significant portion of electricity for both Madhya Pradesh and the national power grid. Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) also conducts extensive coal mining operations here, further solidifying Singrauli's role as a crucial energy hub.

Explanation

Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, located in Sagar, is recognized as the oldest university in Madhya Pradesh. It was established on July 18, 1946, by Dr. Sir Hari Singh Gour using his personal savings. The university was initially known as the University of Saugar and was later renamed in honor of its founder in February 1983. Therefore, the establishment year of the oldest (Sagar) university of M.P. is 1946.

Explanation

The Khajuraho temples are located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. These UNESCO World Heritage Site monuments are a group of Hindu and Jain temples known for their Nagara-style architecture and intricate sculptures. They were primarily built by the Chandela dynasty between 950 and 1050 CE. The town of Khajuraho, where the temples are situated, is approximately 50 km from the district center of Chhatarpur.

Explanation

The Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga temple, a revered Hindu shrine, is prominently located on the banks of the Kshipra River in the ancient city of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. The Kshipra River holds immense religious significance in Hinduism and is considered sacred, with pilgrims often taking holy dips in its waters. The temple's location by this river is central to its spiritual importance and the rituals performed there. Therefore, option C) Kshipra is the correct answer.

Explanation

Chachai Waterfall is recognized as the highest waterfall in Madhya Pradesh among the given options. It is situated on the Bihad River in the Rewa district and plunges from a height of 130 meters (430 feet). In comparison, Kapildhara Waterfall is approximately 30 meters (100 feet) high, Bhalkund Waterfall is 38 meters high, and Sahasradhara Waterfall in Madhya Pradesh is only 8 meters high. Therefore, Chachai Waterfall significantly surpasses the others in height.

Explanation

The Bhimbetka caves are located in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh, approximately 45 kilometers southeast of Bhopal. They are situated near the town of Abdullaganj, within the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is renowned for its prehistoric rock shelters and ancient rock paintings. Therefore, Abdullaganj-Raisen accurately identifies the location of the Bhimbetka caves.

Explanation

Maharani Laxmibai's Samadhi is situated in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. This memorial marks the site where she was martyred while fighting against the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Samadhi is located in the Phool Bagh area of Gwalior and features a tall white marble memorial with a statue of Rani Laxmibai. It serves as a significant historical landmark and a tribute to her bravery and sacrifice.

Explanation

Bhojpuri is primarily spoken in parts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand, and is not considered a dialect of Madhya Pradesh. Brijbhasha is spoken in the northern parts of Madhya Pradesh, particularly in the Bhind and Morena districts. Malvi is a prominent dialect spoken in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Nimadi is another significant dialect found in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh. Therefore, Bhojpuri is the correct answer as it is not native to Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

Dewas is renowned for its Bank Note Press (BNP), which is one of the four currency printing presses in India. Established in 1974, this facility is responsible for printing Indian currency notes of various denominations, including Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, and Rs 500. The Bank Note Press in Dewas also plays a crucial role in manufacturing high-quality security inks used by various security printing organizations. This makes the printing of currency notes a significant industry and a key identifier for the city.

Explanation

The Gond tribe is widely recognized as one of the largest tribal groups in India, with a significant population spread across several central Indian states. They are primarily found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. Historically, the Gond people have formed powerful kingdoms in central India, contributing to their widespread presence and cultural influence. Their population is estimated to be over 12 million, making them a very numerous and prominent indigenous community in the country.

Explanation

Tansen, the legendary musician in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar, was originally named Ramtanu Pandey. He was born into a Hindu Gaur Brahmin family in Gwalior, in present-day Madhya Pradesh. While his exact birth date is debated, most sources place it around 1493 or 1506. The name "Tansen" was an honorific title bestowed upon him, not his birth name.

Explanation

The Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, also known as the Vidhan Sabha, has 230 seats. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are directly elected from single-seat constituencies for a term of five years. This number of seats has been in place since the reorganization of states in India in 1956, and it was further solidified after the carving out of Chhattisgarh in 2000, which reduced the assembly's strength to its current 230 elected members. Out of these, 35 constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes and 47 for Scheduled Tribes to ensure their representation.

Explanation

The Akashwani Kendra (All India Radio station) in Indore was officially inaugurated on May 22, 1955. This date marks a significant event in the expansion of broadcasting services within the Indore region and Madhya Pradesh. All India Radio, known as Akashvani since 1957, is India's national public radio broadcaster.

Explanation

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) is the technology primarily used for checking objective-type answer papers in examinations. It works by detecting the presence or absence of marks in specific positions on a form, such as shaded bubbles or boxes. This allows for rapid and accurate scoring of multiple-choice questions. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is used for processing checks, OCR (Optical Character Recognition) recognizes printed or handwritten text, and MCR is not a commonly recognized technology for this purpose. Therefore, OMR is the most suitable and widely adopted method for automated evaluation of objective answer sheets.

Explanation

Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, is widely recognized as the inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW). He developed the WWW in 1989 while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. His initial goal was to create an information-sharing system to meet the demand for automated information exchange among scientists. Berners-Lee wrote the first web client and server in 1990, and his specifications for URIs, HTTP, and HTML became the foundational protocols for the Web. He made his idea available freely, without patents or royalties, which allowed the Web to grow into a global medium.

Explanation

A digital watch contains an embedded computer because these are specialized computer systems designed to perform specific functions within a larger device. Embedded computers are compact, power-efficient, and built for focused tasks, making them ideal for small, battery-powered devices like watches. They manage functions such as timekeeping, alarms, and timers without needing external peripherals. Mainframe, super, and notebook computers are far too large and powerful for such an application.

Explanation

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and see, such as the mouse, printer, and monitor. These are tangible parts essential for the computer's operation. Excel, on the other hand, is a software application, which is a set of instructions or programs that tells the hardware what to do. Software is intangible and cannot be physically touched, making it distinct from hardware. Therefore, Excel is not a computer hardware component.

Explanation

Junk e-mail is commonly known as spam. Spam refers to unsolicited messages, typically commercial advertisements, sent in bulk to a large number of recipients via email. These unwanted messages often clutter inboxes and can sometimes contain malicious links or scams. In contrast, "spoof" involves disguising an email sender to appear legitimate, "spool" is a process for managing data flow to peripheral devices like printers, and a "sniffer script" is used to intercept network data. Therefore, "spam" is the correct term for junk e-mail.

Explanation

A menu in a computer interface presents a list of options to the user. These options are typically actions or functions that the user can select to perform a specific task. Each option on a menu represents a command that the software will execute upon selection. Therefore, a menu primarily contains a list of commands that the user can choose from to interact with the program.

Explanation

An email address is composed of two main parts separated by the "@" symbol. The first part is the user name, which uniquely identifies the individual user on a particular mail server. The second part is the domain address, which specifies the mail server or organization that hosts the user's email account. For example, in "exampleuser@gmail.com", "exampleuser" is the user name and "gmail.com" is the domain address. This structure allows for a unique identifier for each email account globally.

Explanation

The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, explicitly states that all offenses under its purview are cognizable. This is outlined in Section 15 of the Act. A cognizable offense is one where a police officer can arrest an offender without a warrant and can start an investigation without the permission of the court. This provision ensures prompt action against those who violate the civil rights protected by the Act, reflecting the seriousness with which the law addresses the practice of untouchability.

Explanation

In a prosecution for an offence under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, the court can presume abetment, common intention, and common object. Section 8 of the Act specifically deals with presumptions as to offences. It states that if an accused person has committed an offence under the Act, the court shall presume that they abetted the offence, acted with a common intention, or shared a common object, unless the contrary is proved. Therefore, all the options listed are presumptions that the court can make.

Explanation

The state government can specify a court of session to be a special court to try offenses under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. This designation requires the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court. This provision ensures judicial oversight and maintains the independence of the judiciary in the establishment of such specialized courts. The High Court, through its Chief Justice, plays a crucial role in the administration of justice and the proper functioning of the subordinate judiciary.

Explanation

Section 18 of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, explicitly bars the application of Section 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which deals with anticipatory bail. This legislative intent is to protect victims from intimidation and ensure effective prosecution in cases of caste-based atrocities. The Supreme Court has consistently upheld the constitutional validity of this bar, affirming that it does not violate fundamental rights. While courts can examine if a prima facie case under the Act is made out from the FIR, they cannot conduct a "mini-trial" at the bail stage. Therefore, anticipatory bail is generally not granted when a clear case of an offense under the SC/ST Act is established.

Explanation

Offences committed under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, must be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). This requirement is explicitly stated in Rule 7(1) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995, which were framed under the 1989 Act. The purpose of this provision is to ensure that investigations into such sensitive cases are conducted with diligence, impartiality, and the necessary expertise that comes with a higher position in the police hierarchy. Various High Courts have affirmed the mandatory nature of this rule, emphasizing that an investigation carried out by an officer of a lower rank is improper and can lead to the quashing of proceedings.

Explanation

Under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, a Special Court is empowered to remove a person likely to commit an offense, forfeit the property of certain persons, and take measurements and photographs of individuals against whom an order for removal has been made. However, the power to impose a collective fine is vested with the State Government, as explicitly stated in Section 16 of the Act. This section specifies that the provisions of Section 10A of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, apply for the imposition and realization of collective fines under the SC/ST Act, 1989, indicating that this authority lies with the State Government, not the Special Court.

Explanation

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly deals with the abolition of untouchability. It declares that "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" is an offense punishable in accordance with law. This article is a fundamental right enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, aiming to dismantle centuries-old social hierarchies and promote human dignity and equality. It serves as a crucial provision for social justice, prohibiting discrimination based on caste.

Explanation

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (SC/ST Act) was enacted to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, recognizing that existing laws were inadequate to address caste and ethnicity-based crimes. The Act aims to protect these communities from various forms of humiliation, violence, discrimination, and exploitation. The offenses listed under Section 3 of the Act are specifically designed to address acts that cause injury, insult, or annoyance, or are derogatory to human dignity, when committed against members of SC/ST communities. Unlike general criminal law, which might consider "slight harm" as a defense, the SC/ST Act focuses on the discriminatory intent and the impact of the act on the dignity and social standing of the victim, making the defense of "slight harm" inapplicable. The purpose of the Act is to provide social justice and protect marginalized sections, and allowing such a defense would undermine its core objective.

Explanation

The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, which was originally known as the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, specifically addresses offenses committed on the ground of 'untouchability'. Section 12 of this Act states that where any act constituting an offense under the Act is committed in relation to a member of a Scheduled Caste, the Court shall presume, unless the contrary is proved, that such act was committed on the ground of "untouchability". This legal provision is designed to aid in the prosecution of offenses related to untouchability by placing the burden of proof on the accused to demonstrate that the act was not committed on such grounds. While the Act aims to eradicate discrimination broadly, this specific presumption is triggered when the victim belongs to a Scheduled Caste.

Explanation

The United Nations officially observed 1975 as International Women's Year (IWY). This designation aimed to highlight the need for improved conditions for women worldwide and to evaluate the effectiveness of programs dedicated to women's issues. A significant event during this year was the first UN World Conference on Women, held in Mexico City, which adopted the World Plan of Action to enhance women's economic, educational, legal, political, and social conditions. The year also led to the establishment of the United Nations Decade for Women (1976-1985) and the ongoing celebration of International Women's Day on March 8th.

Explanation

Soli J. Sorabjee is the author of the book 'World of All Human Rights'. He was a distinguished Indian jurist and human rights advocate who served as the Attorney General of India twice. Sorabjee was widely respected for his expertise in constitutional law and human rights, and he wrote extensively on these subjects. The book reflects his deep understanding and views on human rights issues.

Explanation

Human Rights Day is observed annually on December 10th. This date commemorates the day in 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The UDHR is a landmark document that outlines the fundamental human rights to which everyone is entitled, regardless of race, color, religion, sex, language, or any other status. The formal establishment of Human Rights Day occurred in 1950, when the General Assembly invited all states and interested organizations to celebrate this day.

Explanation

Rights and duties are often considered two sides of the same coin, intrinsically linked in a functional society. A right is an entitlement, while a duty is an obligation. The statement implies that rights, when not accompanied by corresponding duties, are incomplete or lack substance, much like a man without a shadow is not fully present or lacks a complete reflection. For every right an individual possesses, there is often a corresponding duty, either on the part of the individual or others, to uphold or respect that right. Therefore, "rights" without duties are seen as lacking the necessary framework for their existence and enforcement.

Explanation

Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The term "apartheid" means "apartness" in Afrikaans, reflecting its goal of separating racial groups. This system dictated where people could live and work, the education they received, and even who they could marry, ensuring the political, social, and economic domination of the white minority. It classified South Africans into racial categories such as white, black, Coloured, and Indian, with laws designed to maintain white power and discriminate against non-white citizens. Apartheid led to widespread human rights abuses and international condemnation before its eventual dismantling.

Explanation

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) consists of 30 articles. These articles detail the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. The UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations.

Explanation

PIL stands for Public Interest Litigation. It is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or groups to file petitions in court to seek judicial remedy for matters affecting the public interest or society at large, rather than just personal interests. This tool enables citizens to raise issues like human rights, environmental protection, and broader social concerns before the courts. The primary purpose of PIL is to provide access to the judicial system for the protection of the larger community or marginalized sections of society.

Explanation

Article 24 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) explicitly protects child rights. It states that every child has the right to such measures of protection as are required by their status as a minor, without any discrimination. This protection is to be provided by their family, society, and the State. Additionally, Article 24 also ensures a child's right to be registered immediately after birth, to have a name, and to acquire a nationality.

Explanation

Regur soil is widely known as black soil, a name derived from its characteristic dark color. This soil type is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks, particularly basalt, and is rich in minerals like iron, magnesium, and calcium. It is highly fertile and possesses an excellent capacity to retain moisture, making it ideal for cultivating crops such as cotton, which is why it's also called "black cotton soil". Regur soil is predominantly found in the Deccan Trap region of India, covering parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and other states.

Explanation

The Great Ice-Age is directly associated with the Pleistocene epoch, which began approximately 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago. This geological period is characterized by repeated cycles of extensive glacial advances and retreats across the Earth's landmasses. During the Pleistocene, global temperatures dropped significantly, leading to vast ice sheets covering large portions of North America, Europe, and Asia. The term "Great Ice Age" is often used informally to refer to this epoch due to its prominent glacial periods.

Explanation

Devprayag is the sacred confluence of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers. This is the point where these two major Himalayan rivers merge to form the holy Ganges River. It is one of the Panch Prayag, or five sacred confluences, of the Alaknanda River. The other options, Vishuprayag, Karnaprayag, and Rudraprayag, are confluences of the Alaknanda with different tributaries.

Explanation

Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India by area. It is an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with a total land area of approximately 32 square kilometers. In comparison, Chandigarh has an area of about 114 square kilometers, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu covers approximately 603 square kilometers, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands span about 8,249 square kilometers. This makes Lakshadweep significantly smaller than the other options.

Explanation

The Gandak Project is a significant irrigation and power generation undertaking that serves as a joint venture between the Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. This project utilizes the waters of the Gandak River to provide irrigation facilities to agricultural lands in both states, particularly benefiting eastern Uttar Pradesh and northern Bihar. While the project also involves Nepal for irrigation and hydroelectric power, the question specifically asks about the two Indian states involved. Therefore, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are the correct states.

Explanation

The term 'Monsoon' originated from the Arabic word 'mawsim' (or 'mausim'), which means 'season'. This term was historically used by Arab navigators and traders to describe the seasonal reversing winds of the Arabian Sea, which were vital for maritime trade. These winds blow from the northeast for half the year and from the southwest for the other half. The word then passed into Portuguese as 'monção' and Dutch as 'monssoen' before being adopted into the English language.