MPPSC Prelims 2014 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar International Sports Stadium is located in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a prominent sports complex in the region, offering facilities for various sports like cricket, football, and athletics. The stadium is part of a multi-crore sports complex project funded by the Uttar Pradesh government. While it is situated in the Ayodhya district, it is specifically near Faizabad, which was formerly a separate city and is now integrated into the Ayodhya district.

Explanation

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) was not a profit-making central public sector enterprise during 2013-14. The Economic Survey for 2014-15 identified BSNL as the worst-performing and one of the top five loss-making CPSEs in that period, reporting a net loss of approximately Rs 7,019.76 crore. In contrast, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), and Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) were among the top five profit-making CPSEs during the same fiscal year. ONGC recorded a profit after tax of Rs 220.95 billion (Rs 22,095 crore), and IOC posted a net profit of Rs 7,019 crore.

Explanation

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in Geneva, Switzerland, on October 30, 1947. It officially came into effect on January 1, 1948. The purpose of GATT was to promote international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers. Therefore, the office of GATT was established in Geneva in 1948.

Explanation

The nickname "Black Pearl" is most famously associated with the legendary Brazilian footballer Pelé. Pelé, whose full name was Edson Arantes do Nascimento, is widely regarded as one of the greatest football (soccer) players of all time. He earned this moniker due to his exceptional skill, prolific goal-scoring ability, and impact on the sport. Pelé was a key player in the Brazilian national teams that won three World Cup championships in 1958, 1962, and 1970. While other footballers like Eusébio and Paul McGrath have also been referred to as "Black Pearl," Pelé is the most prominent figure globally associated with this nickname in the context of football.

Explanation

Kabaddi is the sport where a bonus line is marked on the playing court. The bonus line is a specific marking on the kabaddi mat, located between the baulk line and the end line in each half of the court. A raider can earn an additional point, known as a bonus point, by successfully crossing this line with one foot while keeping the trailing foot in the air, provided there are a minimum of six defenders on the mat. This strategic line adds an extra dimension to the game, offering raiders an opportunity to score even without tagging a defender.

Explanation

The Holkar Trophy is famously associated with the card game of bridge. It was established with the vision of the late Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar to promote bridge through regular national tournaments in the erstwhile Holkar state. The Holkar Trophy Bridge Championship is a premier event in the bridge calendar, organized by the Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar Bridge Trust. This yearly tournament is popular among bridge enthusiasts and is considered one of the best tournaments in the country.

Explanation

The word 'libero' is used in volleyball. A libero is a specialized defensive player who wears a different colored jersey from their teammates and is restricted to playing in the back row. Their primary role is to excel in digging, passing, and serve reception, aiming to keep the ball in play and set up offensive opportunities for their team. Liberos can substitute freely for any back-row player without counting towards the team's limited number of substitutions. This position was introduced in 1998 to enhance defensive play and create longer, more exciting rallies.

Explanation

Sunil Gavaskar, a legendary Indian cricketer, is the author of the book "One-day Wonders". This book focuses on One Day International (ODI) cricket, offering insights and analysis into the format, memorable matches, and changing strategies. Gavaskar has authored several other cricket-related books, including "Sunny Days" and "Idols". His extensive experience as a player and commentator makes him a credible authority on the subject of cricket.

Explanation

The Prabhash Joshi Award is presented by the Madhya Pradesh Government specifically for the Indian traditional sport of mallakhamb. Mallakhamb was officially declared the state sport of Madhya Pradesh in April 2013. This award was instituted to recognize and encourage players who demonstrate outstanding performance and dedication in mallakhamb. It aims to promote and nurture talent in this traditional form of gymnastics within the state.

Explanation

The Narmada valley is a classic example of a rift valley, which is a linear depression formed by the pulling apart of the Earth's lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. It is bordered by the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges, which act as horsts (uplifted blocks) flanking the subsided Narmada graben (the dropped-down block forming the valley). This geological formation is a result of tectonic forces causing the continental crust to stretch and thin, leading to the development of parallel faults and the subsequent sinking of the central block. The Narmada River flows westward through this rift valley, an unusual direction for major Indian rivers, influenced by this ancient structural alignment.

Explanation

The Hockey India League (HIL) officially commenced its first season in 2013. The league was established by Hockey India to promote field hockey in the country and featured five inaugural teams. The first match was played on January 14, 2013, and the inaugural season concluded with Ranchi Rhinos as the champions. The HIL played a significant role in revitalizing Indian hockey by providing a platform for both domestic and international talent.

Explanation

The Narmada Valley is a significant geological feature in central India. It is a rift valley that runs between two prominent mountain ranges: the Vindhya Range to the north and the Satpura Range to the south. The Narmada River flows westward through this valley, making it one of the few major peninsular rivers in India to do so. This geographical positioning is crucial as these ranges form a natural boundary for the river's course.

Explanation

Bauxite is the principal ore from which aluminum is extracted. It is a sedimentary rock with a high aluminum content, composed mainly of aluminum-bearing minerals like gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore. Approximately 90% of the world's bauxite production is used for the production of alumina (aluminum oxide), which is then refined into pure aluminum metal. This makes aluminum the correct answer, as bauxite is its primary source.

Explanation

The Birsinghpur Hydro Power Station is located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh. This hydroelectric project is situated on the Johila River, a tributary of the Son River. It has an approved capacity of 20 MW and was commissioned in 1991. The power station plays a role in the region's energy supply.

Explanation

Malanjkhand in Madhya Pradesh is renowned for its significant copper deposits. It hosts the Malanjkhand Copper Project (MCP), which is the single largest copper deposit in India and one of the largest open-pit copper mines in Asia. The region's copper ore is primarily found in granitic rocks. Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) operates the mine, which contributes a substantial portion of India's total copper production.

Explanation

The Nimar festival is an annual three-day cultural event held in Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh. It takes place on the banks of the sacred Narmada River, usually around Kartik Purnima in November. The festival celebrates the heritage, spirituality, and art of the Nimar region, featuring music, dance, drama, and water activities. Maheshwar, a historic town and former capital of Queen Ahilyabai Holkar, is renowned for its ghats, temples, and Maheshwari sarees, making it a fitting venue for this cultural extravaganza. The event is organized by the Madhya Pradesh Tourism Department and other cultural bodies.

Explanation

The temples of Khajuraho were primarily constructed by the rulers of the Chandela dynasty. This powerful dynasty, known for its patronage of art and architecture, built most of these magnificent temples between 950 and 1050 CE. Khajuraho served as one of the capitals of the Chandela rulers, and the temples showcase the culmination of northern Indian temple art and architecture during their reign. These Hindu and Jain temples are renowned for their Nagara-style architecture and intricate sculptures, including the famous erotic carvings.

Explanation

The Chola dynasty is renowned for its highly efficient and well-organized rural administration. A distinctive feature of their governance was the robust system of local self-government, which granted significant autonomy to villages. Village assemblies, known as Ur, Sabha, and Nagaram, managed local affairs, including tax collection, justice, and public works. These assemblies operated through various committees, or Variyams, whose members were often elected, as detailed in inscriptions like those found at Uttaramerur. This decentralized yet effective system ensured smooth administration at the grassroots level.

Explanation

Dharmvir Bharti was a prominent Hindi writer, poet, and playwright born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his education at Allahabad University and later became the chief editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug in Mumbai. In contrast, Sharad Joshi was born in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, and had strong ties to the state. Prabhakar Machwe was also born in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, and spent significant parts of his life and career there. Harishankar Parsai, another renowned satirist, was born in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh and settled in Jabalpur. Thus, Dharmvir Bharti is the literary figure among the options who is not associated with Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

The Gaur dance is primarily associated with the Muriya tribe, also known as the Bison Horn Maria or Dandami Maria tribe. This vibrant folk dance is predominantly performed in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh. The dance symbolizes the hunting spirit of the tribe, with male dancers mimicking the movements of a wild bison (Gaur). Performers wear elaborate headdresses adorned with bison horns, peacock feathers, and cowrie shells, accompanied by rhythmic drumming and flutes.

Explanation

Pandit Prabhakar Karekar, an acclaimed Indian Hindustani classical vocalist, was awarded the Tansen Samman in 2014. This prestigious award is presented annually by the Government of Madhya Pradesh to individuals who have made significant contributions to Hindustani classical music. Karekar was recognized for his distinguished service and mastery in the field, particularly his expertise in genres like khayal, thumri, bhajan, and natyasangeet. He was also known for his unique baritone voice and his dedication to preserving traditional vocal techniques.

Explanation

Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks or functions. Word processing, spreadsheet, and photo editing programs are all examples of software created for end-users to accomplish particular tasks, such as creating documents, managing data, or manipulating images. In contrast, system software, including operating systems, manages the computer's hardware and provides a platform for application software to run. Platform software refers to the underlying environment (hardware or software) that hosts applications, with operating systems being a common example. Therefore, the given examples clearly fall under the category of application software.

Explanation

Baghelkhand, a region in the northeastern part of Madhya Pradesh, is historically renowned for its association with White Tigers. The district of Rewa, located within Baghelkhand, is often referred to as the "Land of the White Tiger." The first documented white tiger, named Mohan, was captured in the forests near Rewa in 1951 by Maharaja Martand Singh. All white tigers in captivity today are descendants of Mohan. The Maharaja Martand Singh Ju Dev White Tiger Safari at Mukundpur in the Govindgarh area of Baghelkhand further highlights the region's connection to these rare animals.

Explanation

Gwalior city is indeed situated on the bank of the Chambal River. The Chambal River is a major river in central India, flowing through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. It is a significant tributary of the Yamuna River, originating from the Vindhya Range. Gwalior has historically been a "nerve-center" of civilization prospering on the banks of the Chambal River. While the city itself is not directly on the river, it is closely associated with the Chambal, with the National Chambal Sanctuary located nearby.

Explanation

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network, such as the internet. This protocol enables users to upload, download, and manage files between different computers. FTP operates on a client-server model, establishing separate connections for commands and data transfer.

Explanation

A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Its primary purpose is to establish a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the internet. By filtering traffic, firewalls prevent unauthorized access to a computer or network, shielding it from outside cyber attackers. While firewalls can help prevent some malware from entering a system, they are not designed to detect and remove viruses already on a computer, which is the role of antivirus software. "Fire attack" refers to physical fire, which is unrelated to network security. Data-driven attacks can sometimes bypass firewalls, but the firewall's fundamental role is to prevent unauthorized access in the first place.

Explanation

A bit is the smallest unit of digital information, representing either a 0 or a 1. A byte is a collection of these bits, and it has been standardized to consist of 8 bits. This 8-bit structure allows a single byte to represent 256 different patterns (2 to the power of 8), which is sufficient to encode a single character, such as a letter, number, or symbol. While historically the number of bits in a byte could vary, the 8-bit definition became the de facto standard due to its convenience and widespread adoption in computer architectures. Therefore, one byte is universally understood to be equal to 8 bits.

Explanation

Routers, hubs, and switches are all network connecting devices that facilitate communication between multiple computers or network segments. A router directs data packets between different computer networks, a hub connects multiple devices in a local area network (LAN) and broadcasts data to all connected devices, and a switch connects devices in a LAN and sends data only to the intended recipient. A keyboard, on the other hand, is an input device used by a user to enter text, characters, and other commands into a computer, and it does not connect network segments or facilitate network communication. Therefore, the keyboard is not a connecting device.

Explanation

Offenses under the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, are classified as cognizable and triable summarily. A Judicial Magistrate First Class is empowered to conduct summary trials for such offenses. While some states may designate Special Courts, often at the Additional District and Sessions Court level, for these cases, the general jurisdiction for summarily triable offenses lies with the Judicial Magistrate First Class. Therefore, a Judicial Magistrate First Class is the appropriate court for trying offenses under this Act.

Explanation

SMPS stands for Switched Mode Power Supply. It is an electronic power supply that efficiently converts electrical power using high-frequency switching regulators. Unlike traditional linear power supplies, an SMPS rapidly switches input power on and off, which minimizes energy loss and makes the device more compact and efficient. This technology is widely used in modern electronics like computers, televisions, and chargers to provide stable and regulated DC power.

Explanation

Dial-up service is the slowest internet connection because it uses a modem to transmit data over a standard telephone line, limiting its maximum theoretical speed to 56 kilobits per second (kbps). In practice, dial-up speeds are often much slower, typically ranging from 21.6 to 50 kbps due to factors like line noise. This is significantly slower than other options; for example, DSL offers speeds from 384 kbps to 20 Mbps, cable modems can reach up to 10 Gbps, and leased lines provide dedicated speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps. Additionally, dial-up connections tie up the phone line, preventing simultaneous voice calls.

Explanation

Offences committed by any public servant under Section 3 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, carry a minimum punishment. The Act specifies that such an offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year. This minimum punishment can extend up to ten years and also includes a fine. Therefore, one year is the correct minimum punishment.

Explanation

Section 14 of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, addresses offenses committed by companies. It states that if a company commits an offense under this Act, every person who was in charge of, and responsible to, the company for the conduct of its business at the time of the offense shall be deemed guilty. This includes directors, managers, and secretaries. Furthermore, if an offense is committed with the consent or connivance of any director, manager, secretary, or other officer, they shall also be held guilty. Therefore, all these individuals can be held responsible.

Explanation

Section 16 of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, explicitly grants the State Government the power to impose and realize collective fines. This provision allows the State Government to impose a collective fine on the inhabitants of an area if they appear to be involved in or abetting the commission of an offense under the Act, or if they fail to assist in preventing such offenses or apprehending offenders. The Act refers to Section 10A of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, for the procedures related to the imposition and realization of these collective fines. Special Courts, while crucial for speedy trials and determining guilt, do not have the authority to impose collective fines.

Explanation

Shankaracharya is a central figure in Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of thought that posits the ultimate identity of the individual soul (Atman) with the Absolute Reality (Brahman). Ramanuja is associated with Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, a qualified non-dualism that views individual souls and matter as distinct but inseparable attributes of Brahman. Madhava founded the Dvaita Vedanta school, which advocates for a dualistic philosophy asserting a fundamental difference between God, individual souls, and matter. In contrast, Abhinavagupta was a prominent philosopher and mystic of Kashmir Shaivism, a distinct monistic tradition, and is not associated with the Vedanta schools of thought.

Explanation

The committee for the appointment of the chairperson and members of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a six-member body. It consists of the Prime Minister (as chairperson), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Union Home Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha, and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman of the Council of States (who is the Vice-President of India) is not a member of this committee. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Explanation

The Chairperson and members of a State Human Rights Commission are appointed by the Governor of the concerned state. This appointment is made based on the recommendations of a selection committee. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, governs these appointments, as outlined in Section 21(2) of the Act. While the Governor makes the appointment, the removal of the Chairperson and members can only be done by the President.

Explanation

The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, reduced the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years. This amendment was enacted to increase the participation of youth in the electoral process, acknowledging their maturity and awareness. It amended Article 326 of the Indian Constitution, which deals with adult suffrage. The bill was introduced in 1988 and received presidential assent on March 28, 1989, thereby coming into force.

Explanation

The Hazara Rama Temple, a significant historical structure in Hampi, was built during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, one of the most famous rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire. Krishnadevaraya's reign (1509-1529 CE) is considered a golden age for the empire, marked by considerable architectural and literary achievements. The temple, dedicated to Lord Rama, is renowned for its intricate carvings depicting scenes from the Ramayana and served as a private royal chapel for the Vijayanagara kings. While some sources mention an initial construction or additions during Devaraya I's reign, the temple as it is largely known today is attributed to Krishnadevaraya in the early 16th century.

Explanation

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was indeed the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas in the Constituent Assembly. This committee was formed on January 24, 1947, to address crucial issues related to fundamental rights and the safeguarding of minority and tribal interests during the drafting of the Indian Constitution. Under his leadership, the committee played a significant role in shaping the provisions for equality, justice, and the protection of minority rights, which influenced parts III and IV of the Constitution. Patel's leadership ensured a balanced approach to these sensitive matters, contributing to national unity.

Explanation

India holds the second position globally in silk production. China is the world's largest producer, accounting for a significant majority of the global output. India's sericulture industry is substantial, producing various types of natural silks like Mulberry, Eri, Tasar, and Muga. The industry also plays a vital role in the country's rural economy, employing millions of people.

Explanation

Article 324 of the Indian Constitution explicitly provides for the establishment of the Election Commission. This article vests the superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of all elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission. It outlines the composition of the Election Commission, including the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners by the President. This constitutional provision ensures an independent body to oversee free and fair elections in India.

Explanation

The Rangarajan Committee of 1993 was constituted by the government to provide recommendations concerning disinvestment in public sector undertakings. This committee suggested identifying units for disinvestment and proposed that disinvestment could occur at any level, except in defense and atomic energy where the government should retain majority holding. It also emphasized a transparent disinvestment process that protects workers' rights and recommended establishing an autonomous body to monitor the program. Therefore, the committee's primary focus was on outlining guidelines and strategies for disinvestment.

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty specifically designed to protect the Earth's ozone layer. It aims to achieve this by phasing out the production and consumption of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were identified as major ozone-depleting substances, widely used in aerosols, refrigerants, and foams. Therefore, the Montreal Protocol directly addresses the control and elimination of CFCs to safeguard the ozone layer.

Explanation

Sundarlal Bahuguna was a prominent Indian environmentalist and a key leader of the Chipko Movement. He played a crucial role in bringing the movement to national and international attention through his extensive foot marches across the Himalayas, spreading the message of forest conservation. Bahuguna's advocacy, rooted in Gandhian principles of non-violent resistance, significantly influenced environmental policies, including a 15-year ban on felling green trees in the Himalayan regions by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1980. His slogan, "Ecology is permanent economy," encapsulated the movement's philosophy of sustainable development. While the Chipko movement involved many local leaders, particularly women, Bahuguna emerged as one of the most well-known figures who amplified its message on a wider stage.

Explanation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the organization responsible for the "Red Data Book" or "Red List". Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. It provides information on species' range, population size, habitat, threats, and conservation actions. The Red List categorizes species into nine groups, from "Least Concern" to "Extinct," to highlight those at high risk of global extinction and guide conservation efforts.

Explanation

"Ozone Layer Preservation Day," also known as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, is celebrated annually on September 16th. This date commemorates the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. The Montreal Protocol is a landmark international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The United Nations General Assembly officially proclaimed September 16th as this international day in 1994 to raise awareness about the importance of the ozone layer and the success of the Protocol. The ozone layer acts as Earth's natural sunscreen, shielding living organisms from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

Explanation

Neptune is often considered the coldest planet because it is the farthest planet from the Sun, receiving the least amount of solar radiation. This great distance means it absorbs very little heat from the Sun, leading to extremely low atmospheric temperatures. Its cloud tops approach -218 °C (-361 °F). While Uranus has recorded lower minimum temperatures, Neptune's extreme distance makes it a strong contender for the coldest, and it is frequently cited as such in general knowledge contexts.

Explanation

The Sun's diameter is approximately 109 times larger than the Earth's diameter. This means that if you were to line up Earths across the Sun's face, you could fit about 109 of them. While the Sun is considered an average-sized star, its immense size relative to Earth allows it to contain about 1.3 million Earths by volume. This significant difference in size is crucial to the Sun's role as the dominant gravitational force and energy source in our solar system.

Explanation

Excess nitrate in the blood, particularly in infants, leads to "Blue Baby Syndrome," medically known as methemoglobinemia. When ingested, nitrates are converted to nitrites in the digestive system. These nitrites then oxidize the iron in hemoglobin from its ferrous (Fe2+) to its ferric (Fe3+) state, forming methemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen effectively, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. This lack of oxygen causes the infant's skin to appear bluish, hence the name "Blue Baby Syndrome."

Explanation

Halophytes are specialized plants that have evolved to thrive in environments with high salt concentrations, such as saline soils, salt marshes, and coastal areas. Unlike most plants, which are negatively affected by salinity, halophytes possess unique physiological and morphological adaptations to tolerate and even require salt for optimal growth. These adaptations include mechanisms like salt exclusion at the roots, accumulation of salts in specific tissues, or excretion of excess salt through specialized glands on their leaves. This allows them to maintain water uptake and metabolic functions despite the challenging osmotic conditions of saline soils.

Explanation

K. Chandrashekhar Rao was sworn in as the first chief minister of Telangana on June 2, 2014, the day the state was officially formed. He is also the founder and leader of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) party, which secured a majority in the 2014 assembly elections. Rao played a pivotal role in the movement advocating for the creation of a separate Telangana state.

Explanation

The 102nd Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3 to 7, 2015. It was hosted by the University of Mumbai. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the event, which focused on the theme "Science and Technology for Human Development".

Explanation

The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the human eye. Light entering the eye is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina. The retina then converts this light into electrical signals through specialized photoreceptor cells. These signals are subsequently sent to the brain via the optic nerve, where they are interpreted as images.

Explanation

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted in 1997 that aimed to reduce the emission of gases contributing to global warming. Its primary goal was to set legally binding targets for industrialized countries to limit and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Protocol specifically targeted a basket of six key greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. By focusing on these gases, the Kyoto Protocol sought to mitigate their impact on the Earth's atmosphere and address climate change.

Explanation

The Swachh Bharat Mission was officially launched by the Indian Prime Minister on October 2, 2014. This date is celebrated annually as Gandhi Jayanti, marking the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The mission was launched on this significant day to honor Gandhi's vision of cleanliness and sanitation for India. Therefore, option C, Gandhi Jayanti, is the correct answer.

Explanation

Liberia was the country most affected by the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). By September 8, 2014, Liberia had the highest cumulative number of reported cases, reaching nearly two thousand cases and over one thousand deaths. The country's fragile health system, devastated by a protracted civil war, struggled to cope with the magnitude of the outbreak, with only about 50 doctors for its 4.3 million population before the epidemic. By the end of the outbreak, Liberia recorded a total of 10,678 confirmed cases and 4,810 deaths. The intense transmission in its capital, Monrovia, further exacerbated the crisis.

Explanation

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year 2014 was awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and William E. Moerner. They received the prize for their groundbreaking work in the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. This innovation bypassed the long-held physical limitation that optical microscopes could not achieve a resolution better than 0.2 micrometers. Their methods, including STED microscopy and single-molecule microscopy, allowed scientists to visualize structures at the nanolevel, such as individual molecules inside living cells. This breakthrough has significantly advanced our understanding of biological processes and diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's.

Explanation

Australia introduced the "Green Army" for environment conservation. This initiative, launched by the Australian government in 2014, was a hands-on program that engaged young Australians aged 17-24 in local environmental and heritage conservation projects. Participants gained practical skills and experience in areas like restoring native vegetation, protecting endangered species, and cleaning up waterways. The program aimed to both preserve Australia's natural environment and provide valuable training for young people. Although the program was discontinued in late 2016 due to budget re-allocation, it involved approximately 5000 participants over its three years.

Explanation

In the 17th Asian Games, held in Incheon, South Korea in 2014, India secured the 8th position in the overall medal standings. India won a total of 57 medals at these games. The medal tally included 11 gold, 10 silver, and 36 bronze medals.

Explanation

The 19th SAARC Summit was proposed to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan, from November 15-19, 2016. Pakistan was the designated host following the 18th summit in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2014, under the body's rotational hosting protocol. However, the summit was ultimately cancelled due to rising diplomatic tensions and the withdrawal of several member states, including India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Bhutan, following the Uri attack in India.

Explanation

The APEC Summit in 2014, officially known as the 22nd APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, was held in Beijing, China. The event took place from November 10-12, 2014, at Yanqi Lake in the Huairou District of Beijing. China was the host economy for the APEC meetings that year, and the summit focused on themes such as advancing regional economic integration and promoting innovative development.

Explanation

Madhya Pradesh was constituted on November 1st, 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. This act reorganized the states of India primarily along linguistic lines. The new state of Madhya Pradesh was formed by merging the erstwhile states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, Bhopal, and the existing "Madhya Pradesh" (Central Provinces & Berar, excluding the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region). Bhopal was chosen as its capital.

Explanation

Betul district in Madhya Pradesh is widely recognized for its significant graphite production. Geological surveys have identified substantial graphite deposits in areas like Tikri, Gauthana, and Chiklar within the district. These graphite zones, hosted in quartz mica schist, can extend for several kilometers with considerable width. The presence of these reserves has led to the establishment of commercial-grade graphite operations in Betul, supporting various high-technology applications such as battery manufacturing and advanced composites.

Explanation

Uranium, particularly its isotopes uranium-235 and uranium-233, is a fissile material, meaning its atoms can be split when struck by neutrons, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. This process, known as nuclear fission, forms the basis of nuclear weapons. When a sufficient quantity of fissile uranium is brought together (a critical mass), a self-sustaining chain reaction occurs, leading to an uncontrolled release of energy in a nuclear explosion. Zirconium, molybdenum, and vanadium are not fissile materials and therefore are not used as the primary explosive material in nuclear bombs.

Explanation

Lentic habitats refer to freshwater ecosystems characterized by still or standing water. Examples include ponds, lakes, marshes, ditches, and swamps. These environments have minimal water flow, with movement primarily influenced by wind and thermal stratification. In contrast, lotic habitats are defined by flowing water, such as rivers, streams, and waterfalls. Therefore, ponds and swamps, with their characteristic still water, are correct examples of lentic habitats.

Explanation

The approximate present irrigation potential of Madhya Pradesh is 44.94 lakh hectares. This figure represents the cumulative potential created through various irrigation projects, including large, medium, and minor schemes, aimed at providing assured water supply to agricultural land. This is a key metric used in agricultural planning and development for the state.

Explanation

Teak forests constitute approximately 17.8% of the total forest area in Madhya Pradesh. This figure aligns with recorded data regarding the distribution of teak forests in the state. Some sources indicate the percentage as 17.88%. While other estimations suggest "about 20%", 17.8% is the most precise option provided and supported by specific data.

Explanation

The Fossil National Park, officially known as Ghughua Fossil National Park, is located in the Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh. However, it is closely associated with Mandla district, as it was discovered by Dr. Dharmendra Prasad, a statistical officer of the Mandla district, in the 1970s. The park preserves plant fossils dating back 40 to 150 million years, including petrified trunks of trees, leaves, fruits, and seeds. Therefore, among the given options, Mandla is the correct answer.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest female-male ratio (sex ratio) among all districts. It had a sex ratio of 1021 females per 1000 males, indicating a higher number of females than males. This figure was higher than the state average of 931 females per 1000 males. The other districts listed in the options, such as Jhabua, Dindori, and Mandla, had lower sex ratios compared to Balaghat in the 2011 census.

Explanation

Mandsaur district in Madhya Pradesh is widely known for its significant opium cultivation. India is one of the few countries that legally cultivates opium poppy for medicinal and scientific purposes, and this cultivation is primarily concentrated in specific districts across Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Mandsaur is a prominent district in Madhya Pradesh where farmers are issued licenses by the Central Bureau of Narcotics to grow opium poppies under strict government supervision. The fertile soil and favorable climate of the region contribute to its suitability for opium production, which is then used in the pharmaceutical industry for various medications.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census, 72.37% of the total population of Madhya Pradesh resided in rural areas. When rounded to one decimal place, this figure becomes 72.4%. This indicates that the majority of the state's population lived in villages at the time of the census.

Explanation

The Sutta Pitaka is the primary collection of the Buddha's discourses and sermons, covering matters of ethics, doctrine, and various aspects of Buddhist teachings. It contains the core principles and moral guidelines expounded by the Buddha himself. In contrast, the Vinaya Pitaka focuses on monastic rules and discipline, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka delves into the philosophical and psychological analysis of Buddhist doctrine. Jataka stories, while part of Buddhist literature, are narratives about the Buddha's previous lives, not his direct sermons on ethics and doctrine.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census of India, Sikkim has the lowest urban population among the given options. Approximately 25.15% of Sikkim's total population resides in urban areas. In comparison, Kerala has an urban population of 47.7%, Nagaland has 28.86%, and Manipur has 29.21%. This makes Sikkim the state with the smallest proportion of its population living in urban centers among the choices provided.

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest coastline among all states in India. Its coastline stretches for approximately 2,340 kilometers. A significant portion of this extensive coastline lies along the Kathiawar peninsula, bordering the Arabian Sea. This long coastline plays a crucial role in the state's economy, supporting numerous ports and maritime activities.

Explanation

Ala-ud-din Khilji is credited with introducing extensive market reforms in the Delhi Sultanate. He implemented strict price controls on a wide range of essential commodities, including grains, cloth, horses, and slaves, to ensure their availability at fixed, affordable rates. These reforms were primarily aimed at maintaining a large and efficient army at lower costs and preventing inflation. He established separate markets for different goods, appointed market superintendents (Shahna-i-Mandi), and utilized a network of spies to enforce regulations and punish violators, including those involved in hoarding or black marketing.

Explanation

During the Gupta Empire, Brahmins were frequently granted tax-free agrarian land, a practice known as Agrahara or Brahmadeya grants. These grants served to strengthen the economic position of Brahmins and facilitate the spread of Brahmanical culture. The land was often given for religious and educational purposes, or for the personal use and maintenance of the Brahmins. These grants were typically perpetual, hereditary, and exempted from various taxes and obligations, including land revenue.

Explanation

The Tomar dynasty, a Rajput clan, is credited with founding the city of Dhillika, which later became Delhi. Historical accounts and bardic traditions suggest that Raja Anangpal Tomar I established the city, likely in the 8th century CE. The Tomars ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana from the 8th to the 12th century. Anangpal II, a later ruler, is also significant for consolidating the city and building structures like Lal Kot fort and Anang Tal.

Explanation

Saint Tulsidas is renowned for his numerous literary works, including Gitawali, Kavitawali, and Vinay Patrika, which are all significant contributions to Hindi literature. These compositions showcase his devotion and poetic prowess. Sahitya Ratna, however, is not attributed to Saint Tulsidas. Therefore, Sahitya Ratna is the correct answer as it is not one of his known works.

Explanation

During Shivaji's rule, the foreign minister was known as the Sumant, also referred to as Dabir. The Sumant was a key member of Shivaji's Ashtapradhan (Council of Eight Ministers) and was responsible for managing diplomatic relations, corresponding with other states, and negotiating with foreign envoys. This role was crucial for the Maratha kingdom to navigate its relationships with powerful neighbors like the Mughal Empire. In contrast, the Amatya was the finance minister, the Sar-i-naubat (or Senapati) was the commander-in-chief of the army, and the Sachiv handled royal correspondence.

Explanation

Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh Guru, instituted the Khalsa panth in 1699 at Anandpur Sahib. This significant event transformed Sikhs into a disciplined community of "saint-soldiers" dedicated to defending righteousness and fighting against oppression. He administered 'Amrit' (nectar) to the Panj Pyare (Five Beloved Ones), initiating them into the Khalsa and giving them the surname "Singh" (lion) for men and "Kaur" (princess) for women. The Khalsa also adopted the Five Ks, five articles of faith that members wear at all times. This act solidified a distinct Sikh identity and challenged the discriminatory practices of the time.

Explanation

Akbar is credited with introducing significant educational reforms during his reign. He established numerous schools and colleges, emphasizing a broad curriculum that included not only religious studies but also subjects like science, mathematics, history, and philosophy. Akbar also encouraged the study of Sanskrit and Persian, and promoted the translation of various works into Persian. His reforms aimed at a more inclusive and comprehensive system of education, moving beyond purely religious instruction.

Explanation

Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the president of the Indian National Congress for the year 1938 at the Haripura Session. He was a prominent leader who advocated for complete independence from British rule. His election marked a significant moment in the Congress's history, showcasing his growing influence and popularity within the party. This was his first term as president, followed by his re-election in 1939.

Explanation

The Mountbatten Plan, also known as the 3 June Plan, regarding the partition of India was officially declared on June 3, 1947. Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, announced the plan at a press conference on this date. This plan outlined the framework for the division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League accepted this plan.

Explanation

Lord Cornwallis, as Governor-General of Bengal, introduced the Permanent Settlement of land revenue in 1793. This system, also known as the Zamindari System, was an agreement between the East India Company and the zamindars (landlords) to fix the land revenue that had to be paid to the Company. It was initially implemented in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, and later extended to other regions. The aim was to ensure a stable and predictable source of revenue for the British and to create a class of loyal landlords who would invest in land improvement. Under this system, zamindars were recognized as hereditary owners of the land and were responsible for collecting revenue from the cultivators.

Explanation

The All India Muslim League was founded on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka, British India (now Bangladesh). This political party was established to safeguard the rights and interests of Indian Muslims, who felt marginalized by the growing influence of Hindu nationalist organizations like the Indian National Congress. The formation of the League provided a unified platform for Muslims to voice their concerns and seek political representation. Its establishment was a significant event in the history of British India, ultimately playing a crucial role in the movement for a separate Muslim nation.

Explanation

The Sunderban Delta, the largest delta in the world, is primarily formed by the confluence of the Ganga (also known as the Padma in Bangladesh) and Brahmaputra (also known as the Jamuna in Bangladesh) rivers. These mighty rivers carry enormous amounts of sediment, which they deposit as they flow into the Bay of Bengal, creating the vast deltaic plain. The combined flow of these two river systems is crucial to the formation and ongoing shaping of the Sunderban region.

Explanation

Chilka Lake, also known as Chilika Lake, is a large brackish water lagoon located on the east coast of India. It is situated in the state of Odisha, which was previously called Orissa. The lake spans across the Puri, Khurda, and Ganjam districts of Odisha and is connected to the Bay of Bengal. It is recognized as the largest coastal lagoon in India and a significant wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.

Explanation

Bangladesh was established as an independent nation following the Indo-Pakistan War of December 1971. The Bangladesh Liberation War began on March 26, 1971, but India officially intervened after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on December 3, 1971. This led to a full-scale war, culminating in the surrender of Pakistani forces in Dhaka on December 16, 1971. This surrender marked the end of the conflict and the formal creation of Bangladesh as a sovereign country.

Explanation

The Government of India nationalized 14 major private banks on July 19, 1969. This significant decision was taken by the Indira Gandhi government through the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969. The primary objectives behind this move were to achieve social welfare, control the flow of credit to priority sectors like agriculture and small industries, and expand banking services to underserved rural areas. These 14 banks held over 80% of the country's bank deposits at the time. A second round of nationalization, involving 6 more banks, occurred in 1980.

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line of latitude at 23.5 degrees North of the Equator that passes through eight states in India. These states include Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Therefore, the Tropic of Cancer passes through Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, and Mizoram. Since all three options are correct, "All of these" is the accurate answer.

Explanation

Durban is a major port city located on the east coast of South Africa, in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is the third-most populous city in South Africa and is situated on Natal Bay of the Indian Ocean. European settlement began in the area in 1824, and the city was officially founded in 1835.

Explanation

Kanchenjunga, the third-highest mountain in the world, is situated in the eastern Himalayas. Its summit lies on the border between the Sikkim state of India and Nepal's Koshi Province. While some of its peaks are entirely within Nepal, the main, central, and south peaks are directly on the border, with a significant portion in Sikkim. Therefore, Sikkim is the correct option as it is the Indian state where Kanchenjunga is located.

Explanation

An inland drainage river is one that does not flow into an ocean or sea, but instead terminates in an inland basin, lake, or dries up within the landmass. The Ghaggar River originates in the Shivalik Hills and flows southwest through parts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana before eventually disappearing into the Thar Desert in Rajasthan. This characteristic of not reaching the sea makes it an example of an inland drainage river. In contrast, the Mahi River, Narmada River, and Krishna River all drain into the sea; the Mahi and Narmada flow into the Arabian Sea, while the Krishna flows into the Bay of Bengal.

Explanation

The Communist Party of India (CPI) formally split into two parties, the CPI and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), in 1964. This division was the culmination of decades of ideological, political, and organizational tensions within the party. Key factors included differing views on the Indian National Congress, the Sino-Soviet split, and the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The CPI adopted a more pro-Soviet and parliamentary approach, while the CPI(M) favored a more revolutionary strategy, often drawing inspiration from Chinese models of class struggle.

Explanation

Article 171 of the Indian Constitution specifically addresses the composition of the Legislative Councils (Vidhan Parishads) in states. It outlines the structure and method of formation for these upper chambers in bicameral state legislatures, including provisions for elected and nominated members. The article also stipulates that the total number of members in a Legislative Council cannot exceed one-third of the total members in the Legislative Assembly, and must have a minimum of 40 members. In contrast, Article 170 deals with the composition of Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas), Article 172 pertains to the duration of State Legislatures, and Article 173 sets out the qualifications for membership of the State Legislature.

Explanation

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was formally established on April 6, 1980, after the dissolution of the Janata Party. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a prominent leader and former member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (the BJP's predecessor), was elected as its first president. He served in this role from 1980 to 1986. Vajpayee later went on to become the Prime Minister of India.

Explanation

The industrial growth rate of India during the financial year 2013-14, using 2011-12 as the base year, was 4.5%. This figure represents the percentage change in the value added by the industrial sector compared to the base year. The industrial growth rate is a key economic indicator that reflects the performance of sectors like manufacturing, mining, and electricity.

Explanation

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, appointed in 1957, was tasked with examining the Community Development Programme and the National Extension Service. The committee recommended the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system to promote democratic decentralization and effective local self-governance. This system proposed Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block level, and Zila Parishads at the district level. These recommendations laid the foundation for the modern Panchayati Raj system in India. Rajasthan was the first state to implement these recommendations in 1959.

Explanation

The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) explicitly adopted the objective of establishing a "socialistic pattern of society" in India. This goal was emphasized in the plan's framework, which aimed for rapid industrialization, particularly in basic and heavy industries, and a significant expansion of the public sector. The plan sought to reduce inequalities in income and wealth, ensuring that the basic criterion for development was social gain rather than private profit. This approach was influenced by the Mahalanobis model, which prioritized investment in capital goods industries to build the economy's capacity for future growth.