BPSC Prelims 2024 Re-exam Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The Mesopotamian civilization, located in present-day Iraq, is widely recognized as the oldest civilization in the world. Its origins, particularly with the Sumerian civilization, date back to approximately 4500-4000 BCE. Key developments like the invention of writing (cuneiform), the wheel, and the first cities emerged in this region.

Explanation

For two liquids A and B to form an ideal solution, the intermolecular forces of attraction between A-A, B-B, and A-B molecules must be nearly identical. This condition implies that there is no net energy absorbed or released during the mixing process. Therefore, the enthalpy of mixing (delta Hₘix) for an ideal solution is equal to zero.

Explanation

To find the missing term in the series 117, 98, 80, 64, ?, 42, we analyze the differences between consecutive numbers. The differences are 117 - 98 = 19, 98 - 80 = 18, and 80 - 64 = 16. Observing the pattern of these differences (19, 18, 16), they are decreasing by 1, then by 2. Following this pattern, the next difference should be 16 - 3 = 13. Subtracting 13 from 64 gives 51. To verify, the subsequent difference should be 13 - 4 = 9, and 51 - 9 equals 42, which matches the last term in the series.

Explanation

Rai Bahadur Satish Chandra was the first elected Chairman of the Bihar Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935. Following the provincial elections held in 1937, which were a direct result of the Act's provisions for greater provincial autonomy, the legislative bodies were constituted. Satish Chandra was chosen to preside over the newly formed Legislative Council, playing a key role in the initial functioning of the provincial legislature in Bihar during that period.

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand. Both the Damodar and Suwarnarekha rivers are significant river systems originating and flowing through this plateau. The Damodar River is known to cut the Tropic of Cancer twice due to its meandering course in the region. Similarly, the Suwarnarekha River, which originates near Ranchi (a city close to the Tropic of Cancer line), also traverses the Tropic of Cancer twice as it flows through the plateau before eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.

Explanation

Globalization has significantly transformed the Indian economy, with the services sector emerging as the primary beneficiary. The liberalization policies allowed India to integrate deeply into the global economy, particularly in information technology, business process outsourcing, and other service-based industries. This led to massive foreign investment, export growth, and job creation in the services sector, making it the fastest-growing and most impactful sector in terms of leveraging global opportunities.

Explanation

When antigens are introduced into the body through vaccination, they stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. These antibodies are primarily produced by B lymphocytes, commonly known as B cells. Upon activation by antigens (often with the help of T helper cells), B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized cells that produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies into the bloodstream to fight off the specific infection.

Explanation

The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes arising between the Centre and one or more States, or between two or more States, falls exclusively under its Original Jurisdiction. This is a unique feature outlined in Article 131 of the Indian Constitution, which grants the Supreme Court the authority to hear these specific types of cases directly, without them having to be filed in a lower court first. This jurisdiction ensures federal disputes are resolved at the highest judicial level.

Explanation

The Indian Mirror newspaper, published from Calcutta, was a significant voice during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, known for its progressive nationalist views. It often expressed optimism regarding the future of Indian self-governance and the role of the Indian National Congress. The quoted statement reflects the newspaper's belief that the Congress had the potential to evolve into a legislative body, serving as the foundation for a future Indian Parliament and bringing immense good to the country.

Explanation

Madhya Pradesh shares its boundaries with five Indian states: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Among these, Rajasthan shares the longest border with Madhya Pradesh. The extensive boundary between these two states makes Rajasthan the state with the most substantial shared territorial limit with Madhya Pradesh, spanning approximately 1,600 kilometers.

Explanation

The Champaran Satyagraha, which took place in 1917, was Mahatma Gandhi's first major experiment with Satyagraha (non-violent civil disobedience) in India. He was invited to Champaran in Bihar by local farmers who were suffering under the exploitative tinkathia system, which forced them to cultivate indigo on a fixed portion of their land for British planters. Gandhi successfully organized the farmers, challenged the oppressive system, and ultimately secured significant concessions for them, marking a crucial moment in India's freedom struggle.

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees North latitude) passes through eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Of these, Madhya Pradesh is the largest and most centrally located state on this line. Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, and Bihar all lie either north or south of this latitude and are not bisected by the Tropic of Cancer.

Explanation

Dr. M. S. Swaminathan was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, in 2024. He is widely recognized as the principal architect of India's Green Revolution, a transformative period in Indian agriculture that significantly increased food production and ensured national food security. His pioneering work in genetics and agricultural research played a crucial role in developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, benefiting millions of farmers.

Explanation

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of photons. Unlike charged particles such as electrons or protons, photons do not possess an electric charge or significant magnetic moment that would allow them to be deflected by static electric or magnetic fields. Therefore, X-rays travel in straight lines in such fields and are not deflected.

Explanation

Renewable energy sources are those that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Electricity produced from solar (1) and wind (4) are prime examples of renewable energy sources, as their resources are naturally inexhaustible or regenerate quickly. In contrast, electricity produced from thermal plants (2) typically refers to those burning fossil fuels like coal (3), which are finite and non-renewable resources.

Explanation

The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) converted Bihar's unicameral legislature into a bicameral one, creating the Bihar Legislative Assembly and the Bihar Legislative Council. Bihar was among the provinces given a second chamber under this Act. The Government of India Act 1935 later further expanded provincial autonomy, but the two-chamber legislature in Bihar was first introduced by the 1919 Act.

Explanation

The Pacaraima Mountains are part of the Guiana Shield, one of the oldest geological formations on Earth, dating back to the Precambrian era. This makes them significantly older than the Andes Mountains, which are a relatively young mountain range formed during the Cenozoic era. The Tumuc-Humac Mountains are also part of the ancient Guiana Shield, sharing a similar geological age. Among the given options, Pacaraima represents an ancient mountain range within South America.

Explanation

For certain constitutional amendments that affect the federal structure of India, a special majority in Parliament (two-thirds of members present and voting, and a majority of the total membership of each house) must be followed by ratification by the legislatures of not less than one-half of the states. The election of the President (1), the representation of states in Parliament (2), and any changes to the lists in the 7th Schedule (3) (which delineate legislative powers between the Union and states) all fall under this category. However, the abolition of a Legislative Council in a state (4) is a matter Parliament can decide by a simple majority, not requiring state ratification under Article 368.

Explanation

Jaipur was a princely state that was not annexed under Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse. The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy under which the British East India Company annexed Indian princely states if their ruler died without a natural heir. Satara, Sambhalpur, and Nagpur were all prominent states annexed by the British under this doctrine between 1848 and 1854.

Explanation

Rohtas district in Bihar consistently leads in wheat crop production due to its fertile agricultural land and well-developed irrigation systems. The district benefits from the Son river canal system, which provides ample water for cultivation. These factors make Rohtas a significant contributor to both wheat and rice output in the state.

Explanation

Soccer, widely known as Football, is globally recognized as the most popular field game. It boasts the largest number of participants, fans, and television viewership worldwide. Its simple rules and widespread accessibility contribute to its immense popularity across all continents.

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji published the influential book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ in 1901. In this work, he articulated his famous "drain of wealth" theory, explaining how British colonial policies led to the economic impoverishment of India. The book served as a powerful critique of British exploitation and its impact on the Indian economy.

Explanation

Fort William College was established in Calcutta in 1800 CE by Lord Wellesley. Its main objective was to train British civil servants, known as 'writers' of the East India Company, in Indian languages, laws, and customs. This was intended to prepare them for more effective administration of the Company's territories in India.

Explanation

The vast majority of Ashoka's inscriptions, including those on his famous pillars, were written in the Brahmi script. Brahmi was an ancient Indian script that was the ancestor of most modern Indian scripts. While some edicts in the northwestern parts of his empire also used scripts like Kharosthi, Aramaic, and Greek, Brahmi was the predominant script used across most of his territory.

Explanation

The process of hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils to convert them into saturated fats, such as vanaspati ghee. This reaction requires a catalyst to speed up the process. Finely divided Nickel (Ni) is the most commonly used catalyst for the industrial hydrogenation of vegetable oils due to its effectiveness and cost-efficiency.

Explanation

The Grey Revolution in India is specifically associated with the increase in fertilizer production and its application in agriculture. This revolution aimed at boosting agricultural output by ensuring the availability and effective use of chemical fertilizers, thereby complementing the Green Revolution's focus on high-yielding crop varieties and irrigation.

Explanation

Article 352 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to proclaim a National Emergency if the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. This is the primary article that deals with the proclamation of a general emergency across the country.

Explanation

The Firdousia Silsilah was a significant Sufi order that primarily flourished in Bihar. It was a branch of the Suhrawardi order, and its influence was profoundly established in the region by prominent saints like Shaikh Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri, who made Bihar a prominent center for this Sufi tradition.

Explanation

The G7 (Group of Seven) is an intergovernmental political forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Russia was formerly part of the G8, but its membership was suspended indefinitely in 2014 following its annexation of Crimea, reverting the group to the G7. Therefore, Russia is not a current member of the G7. France, USA, and Italy are all founding and current members.

Explanation

Photosynthesis comprises two main phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, also known as the dark reactions or Calvin cycle. While the light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, the dark reactions take place in the stroma. The stroma is the fluid-filled space within the chloroplast that surrounds the grana. This is where carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose.

Explanation

Let's trace Raj's movements assuming he starts at the origin (0,0) and travels along the axes. Raj travels from X straight to Y, 80 metres. Let's assume this is along the positive y-axis. Current position: (0, 80). He turns right (towards positive x-axis) and walks 50 metres. Current position: (50, 80). He again turns right (towards negative y-axis) and walks 70 metres. Current position: (50, 80 - 70) = (50, 10). Finally, he turns right (towards negative x-axis) and walks 50 metres. Current position: (50 - 50, 10) = (0, 10). His final position is (0, 10) and his starting point was (0,0). The distance from the starting point is 10 metres.

Explanation

The temple at Deogarh, specifically the Dashavatara Temple near Jhansi, is a renowned example of Gupta period architecture and sculpture. It is one of the earliest examples of a monumental Hindu temple with a shikhara. Similarly, the sculptures found in the temple ruins at Garhwa near Allahabad also date back to the Gupta era. Both sites provide significant insights into the artistic and architectural advancements of the Gupta Empire, which flourished from approximately 320 to 550 CE.

Explanation

Bihar is the largest producer of lychee (litchi) in India, contributing a significant majority of the country's total annual production. The state, particularly the Muzaffarpur district, is renowned for its high-quality 'Shahi Litchi'. While Bihar also cultivates other fruits like mangoes, oranges, and pineapples, its share in their national production is not as dominant as it is for lychee. This makes lychee the correct answer.

Explanation

The G20 Leaders' Summit in 2023, which marked the culmination of India's G20 Presidency, was held in New Delhi. The primary venue for the summit was the Bharat Mandapam International Exhibition-Convention Centre located at Pragati Maidan in the capital city.

Explanation

The Moon lacks an atmosphere because its gravitational force is too weak to hold onto gas molecules. The escape velocity on the Moon is very low. If the average thermal speed (root mean square velocity) of gas molecules is greater than the escape velocity, these molecules can easily escape the Moon's gravitational pull and dissipate into space, preventing the formation of a stable atmosphere.

Explanation

The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in ancient India around 322 BCE. He succeeded in overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty with the assistance of his mentor Chanakya, establishing one of the largest and most powerful empires in Indian history.

Explanation

Vikramshila, Nalanda, and Valabhi were all renowned centers of Buddhist learning and monastic universities during ancient and medieval India. Nalanda and Vikramshila were particularly famous in eastern India, while Valabhi was a significant center in western India. Nagpur, while historically important, is not recognized as one of the historically famous centers for Buddhist learning in ancient India compared to the other options.

Explanation

The World Economic Forum's annual meeting, commonly referred to as the Davos meeting, is consistently hosted in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland. This tradition continued for the 2023 meeting, where leaders from various sectors gathered to address global challenges and discuss policy initiatives.

Explanation

Vitamins are classified into two main categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K, which are stored in the body's fatty tissues. Water-soluble vitamins, on the other hand, include the B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) and Vitamin C, which are not stored in large amounts and need regular replenishment. Options A, B, and C list Vitamin K, Vitamin A, and Vitamin D respectively, all of which fall under the category of fat-soluble vitamins. Therefore, none of the vitamins listed in the options are water-soluble.

Explanation

Subhash Chandra Bose was re-elected as the President of the Indian National Congress at the Tripuri Session in 1939, defeating Mahatma Gandhi's preferred candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya. However, due to significant ideological and working differences with Mahatma Gandhi and other members of the Congress Working Committee, Bose resigned from the presidency in April 1939. Following his resignation, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was then appointed as the interim President of the Indian National Congress to lead the party.

Explanation

To determine when the hands of a clock will be together between 2 and 3 o'clock, we use the formula for coinciding hands. At 2 o'clock, the minute hand is at 12 and the hour hand is at 2. The angle between them is 60 degrees (2 x 30 degrees). The minute hand gains 5.5 degrees on the hour hand every minute. To coincide, the minute hand must cover this 60-degree initial lead. The time taken is Angle / Relative Speed = 60 degrees / 5.5 degrees per minute = 60 / (11/2) = 120/11 minutes. Converting this to a mixed fraction, 120 divided by 11 equals 10 with a remainder of 10. So, the hands will be together at 10 and 10/11 minutes past 2 o'clock.

Explanation

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, enacted in 2003, introduced crucial changes regarding the size of the Council of Ministers at both the central and state levels. This amendment inserted new clauses into Articles 75 and 164 of the Constitution. Specifically for states, it mandated that the total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, shall not exceed 15 percent of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly of that State. It also stipulated that the number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in a State shall not be less than twelve.

Explanation

While Anopheles mosquitoes are primarily infamous for being the vectors that transmit the parasitic disease malaria, they are also capable of transmitting other significant diseases. Certain species of Anopheles mosquitoes can act as vectors for lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms. Additionally, some Anopheles species are known to transmit arboviruses that can lead to various forms of encephalitis, which are inflammations of the brain. Dengue, however, is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

Explanation

Emmanuel Macron was re-elected as the President of France in the second round of the 2022 presidential election. He defeated his challenger, Marine Le Pen, securing a second term in office. The election took place on April 24, 2022, confirming his continuation as the head of state.

Explanation

The First Five-Year Plan of India, implemented from 1951 to 1956, laid significant emphasis on the development of agriculture, irrigation, and power projects. This plan aimed to address the food scarcity issue and establish a strong agricultural base for the nation's economic growth. Options A, C, and D describe focuses that are either incorrect or not the primary emphasis of the respective plans.

Explanation

The Taurus Mountains are a mountain range in southern Turkey, running parallel to the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor (Anatolia). They are a significant geographical feature of the region, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the Anatolian interior. The Pontic Mountains are along the Black Sea coast, while Alborz (Alburg) and Kirthar are in Iran and Pakistan respectively.

Explanation

Japan is scheduled to host the 20th Asian Games in 2026. The multi-sport event will be held in Aichi Prefecture and its capital city, Nagoya. This will mark the third time Japan has hosted the Asian Games, after the 1958 Tokyo Games and the 1994 Hiroshima Games.

Explanation

The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games, were hosted by Beijing, China. The event took place from February 4 to February 20, 2022. Beijing became the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, having previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 2008.

Explanation

Turmeric powder is obtained from the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). A rhizome is a modified underground stem that stores nutrients and grows horizontally below the soil surface. The rhizomes are harvested, boiled, dried, and ground to produce the familiar yellow spice. Botanically, it is neither a seed nor a root. The correct answer is D (None of the above), as the accurate part — rhizome — does not appear among options A, B, or C.

Explanation

Lord Mayo, who served as Viceroy of India from 1869 to 1872, is credited with introducing financial decentralization in 1870. His reforms aimed at decentralizing provincial finances by granting fixed lump sums to provinces for managing specific services, thereby giving them greater control over local expenditure and administration. This move helped to address financial deficits and improve provincial governance.

Explanation

Switzerland is widely known as the "Playground of Europe" due to its breathtaking Alpine scenery, numerous lakes, and its reputation as a premier destination for tourism and recreational activities. It attracts visitors from across the continent and the world for skiing, hiking, mountaineering, and enjoying its pristine natural environment.

Explanation

The revolt of Birsa Munda, also known as the Ulgulan (Great Tumult), primarily took place in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region of present-day Jharkhand. Ranchi was a significant administrative and geographical center within this region and was a key area where the Munda rebellion unfolded during the late 19th century. Birsa Munda himself was born near Ranchi.

Explanation

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) became the first Indian company to cross a market capitalization of 200 billion USD. This significant milestone was achieved by the company in September 2020, becoming the first Indian entity to reach this valuation. While the question mentions 2023, RIL holds the distinction of being the pioneer in this regard.

Explanation

The capacitive reactance (Xc) of a capacitor is inversely proportional to the frequency (f) of the alternating current (AC) passing through it. The formula for capacitive reactance is Xc = 1 / (2 pi f * C), where C is the capacitance. This formula clearly shows that as the frequency increases, the capacitive reactance decreases, and vice-versa, confirming an inverse relationship.

Explanation

Land ceiling refers to the legally stipulated maximum limit on the amount of land that an individual or a family can own. This measure was a key component of land reforms in India, aimed at promoting equitable distribution of agricultural land by identifying and redistributing surplus land above the prescribed limit to landless farmers and small landholders.

Explanation

The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was enacted to curb the freedom of the vernacular press in British India. It empowered the government to confiscate the printing press, paper, and other assets of any vernacular newspaper if it published anything deemed "objectionable" or seditious, which meant any content critical of the government. Both options A and B describe provisions of the Act, making "More than one of the above" the correct answer.

Explanation

The Kosi Plain is a part of the North Bihar alluvial plain, characterized by very low, flat topography and frequent flooding from the Kosi River. Its average height from mean sea level is approximately 30 metres.

Explanation

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. It is responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State Governments on issues related to GST. The Union Finance Minister serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the GST Council.

Explanation

Bihar was carved out of the Bengal Presidency and established as a separate province on March 22, 1912, along with Orissa. This date is officially celebrated as Bihar Diwas. The year 1912 is not among the three options listed (1906, 1915, 1911), so option D (None of the above) is the correct answer.

Explanation

Vinegar is primarily an aqueous solution of acetic acid. The distinct sour taste of vinegar is specifically attributed to the presence of acetic acid (CH3COOH). Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, tartaric acid in grapes, and lactic acid in dairy products like yogurt and sour milk. As acetic acid is not listed in options A, B, or C, the correct answer is D) None of these.

Explanation

During the Delhi Sultanate, the terms 'Muqaddam' and 'Chaudhuri' were commonly used to refer to village headmen. These individuals were local intermediaries who held significant influence within their villages. They were responsible for maintaining law and order, and, crucially, for collecting land revenue from the peasants on behalf of the state, thereby playing a vital role in the rural administration.

Explanation

Narges Mohammadi, an Iranian human rights activist, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2023. The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognized her courageous fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her unwavering efforts to promote human rights and freedom for all. Her activism and advocacy have consistently highlighted the injustices faced by women and prisoners in her home country.

Explanation

'Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi' is an important historical chronicle detailing the reign of Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq. This significant work was authored by Shams Siraj Afif, who served as a contemporary historian during Firuz Shah's time. Another prominent work with the same title was written by Ziauddin Barani, but Afif's text specifically focuses on the entirety of Firuz Shah's rule.

Explanation

The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa, covering much of Botswana, parts of Namibia, and South Africa. It is not located in America. The Thar Desert is primarily in India, the Sahara Desert is in Africa, and the Gobi Desert is in Mongolia and China. Therefore, the pair "Kalahari : America" is incorrect, making it the odd one out.

Explanation

Physical storage of hydrogen primarily involves storing it as a high-pressure gas or as a cryogenic liquid. Compressing hydrogen gas to high pressures (typically 350 or 700 bar) is a common method for its physical storage and transportation. Storing hydrogen in the form of hydrides involves chemical reactions, not physical storage. Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, not a form of elemental hydrogen storage.

Explanation

During the interim government formed in 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was assigned the portfolio of Food and Agriculture. Other key portfolios included Jawaharlal Nehru as Vice-President and head of External Affairs, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for Home, and Sardar Baldev Singh for Defense. This allocation of ministries was crucial in the lead-up to India's independence.

Explanation

Among the listed options, the Koyali Refinery (Gujarat Refinery), operated by Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), has the maximum crude oil processing capacity. It is one of India's oldest and largest public sector refineries. While the Jamnagar Refinery (Reliance Industries) is the largest overall in India, among the specific options provided, Koyali is the biggest.

Explanation

The Panchayati Raj system in India, as enshrined by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, mandates a three-tier structure of local self-government. This structure comprises elected bodies at the village level (Gram Panchayat), the intermediate or block level (Panchayat Samiti), and the district level (Zila Parishad). This tiered system aims to facilitate decentralized administration and grassroots development.

Explanation

Blood groups in humans, such as the ABO system, are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens are essentially carbohydrate or protein molecules. Neither the shape of RBCs, the presence of haemoglobin within them, nor a combination involving white blood cells (WBCs) directly determines an individual's blood group. Therefore, none of the given options accurately describe the mechanism.

Explanation

The 33rd Olympic Games, also known as Paris 2024, will feature a variety of sports. While Fencing, Modern Pentathlon, and Triathlon are all included as established Olympic disciplines, Cricket is not part of the official program for the 2024 Paris Olympics. Although Cricket has been approved for inclusion in the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics, it will not be played in Paris.

Explanation

Meghalaya is widely known as the "Scotland of the East" or "Scotland of North-East India." This appellation is due to its striking resemblance to Scotland's landscape, characterized by rolling hills, lush green valleys, numerous waterfalls, and a misty, cool climate, particularly around its capital city, Shillong.

Explanation

The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding the Anti-defection Act. This schedule was added to the Constitution by the 52nd Amendment Act in 1985, aiming to prevent political defections by members of Parliament and State Legislatures from one party to another. The other schedules deal with different aspects: the Eighth Schedule lists official languages, the Second Schedule covers emoluments of constitutional authorities, and the Fifth Schedule pertains to the administration of Scheduled Areas.

Explanation

Manav is recognized as India's first 3D printed humanoid robot. It was developed by A-SET Training and Research Institute in 2015 under the guidance of Professor Diwakar Vaish. This innovative creation demonstrated India's growing capabilities in robotics and 3D printing technology, marking a significant milestone in the country's technological advancements.

Explanation

Article 112 of the Indian Constitution explicitly mandates that the President shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before both Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year. This document is commonly referred to as the Annual Financial Statement or the Union Budget. Therefore, this article makes it constitutionally necessary to present the Budget to Parliament.

Explanation

As per the Bihar Economic Survey for 2020-21, the Service Sector held the largest share in Bihar's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in the fiscal year 2019-20. This sector contributed approximately 60.2 percent to the state's economy, underscoring its dominant role. The agriculture and industrial sectors had significantly smaller shares during the same period.

Explanation

Muzaffarpur district in Bihar is widely recognized as the largest producer of Litchi in India. The region is famous for its 'Shahi Litchi,' which has received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag due to its unique quality and taste. The favorable climatic and soil conditions in Muzaffarpur are ideal for extensive Litchi cultivation, making it a prominent hub for this fruit.

Explanation

The Kosi River is infamously known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to its highly unpredictable nature and devastating annual floods. The river frequently changes its course, leading to widespread inundation, destruction of agricultural lands, displacement of populations, and significant loss of life and property in the northern plains of Bihar.

Explanation

The average height of the snow-line in the Himalayan regions, which historically included parts that were Uttar Pradesh (now primarily Uttarakhand), typically varies with latitude, aspect, and season. In the Western Himalayas, which would be relevant to the mountainous areas historically associated with Uttar Pradesh, the average snow-line height is generally around 4500 meters to 6000 meters. 4500 m represents a plausible average for the perennial snow-line in these areas.

Explanation

The Ishihara test is a diagnostic tool used to detect color vision deficiencies, commonly known as color blindness. It consists of pseudo-isochromatic plates, which are patterns of colored dots arranged to form numbers or shapes that are visible to people with normal color vision but difficult or impossible to see for those with certain types of color blindness, particularly red-green color blindness.

Explanation

S. A. Dange was a prominent communist leader and trade unionist in India, co-founder of the Communist Party of India. He was not associated with the Azad Hind Fauz (Indian National Army). General Mohan Singh was the founder of the first Indian National Army, while Shahnawaz Khan and Prem Singh Sehgal were high-ranking officers in the INA, famously tried along with Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon in the Red Fort trials.

Explanation

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a crucial demographic indicator defined as the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. It serves as a key measure of the overall health and development of a population or country, reflecting factors like healthcare access, nutrition, and sanitation.

Explanation

The 141° W longitude forms a significant portion of the boundary between Alaska, which is part of the United States, and Canada. Specifically, it separates the state of Alaska from the Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, running in a mostly straight north-south line.

Explanation

The correct pairings for authors and their books on 1857 are: V.D. Savarkar wrote The Indian War of Independence (i), S.N. Sen wrote Eighteen Fifty-Seven (iv), Eric Stokes wrote The Peasant and the Raj (ii), and S.B. Chaudhuri wrote Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies (iii). The complete correct code is a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii, which corresponds to option A.

Explanation

Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahma Samaj, a monotheistic reformist movement, in 1828. Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897, an organization dedicated to spiritual and humanitarian service. Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train national missionaries for the service of India. Vishnu Shastri Pandit was a prominent social reformer who established the Vidhwa Vivah Uttejak Mandal (Society for the Encouragement of Widow Remarriage) in 1866, aligning with the efforts for widow remarriage. Therefore, the correct matches are a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i.

Explanation

Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, known for its very high tensile strength-to-weight ratio. These properties make it an ideal material for ballistic applications, such as in bulletproof helmets, vests, and body armor, as it can effectively absorb and dissipate the energy from projectiles.

Explanation

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the presiding officer of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, generally does not cast a vote in the first instance on any matter. To ensure impartiality, the Speaker only exercises a casting vote in the event of a tie, meaning when the votes for and against a motion are equal. This principle is fundamental to parliamentary procedure to break deadlocks.

Explanation

The term Zillillah, meaning "Shadow of God" or "Deputy of God," was prominently used by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban of the Delhi Sultanate. Balban introduced this concept as part of his theory of kingship, asserting the divine origin and authority of the monarch. This was aimed at elevating the prestige and power of the Sultan, making him answerable only to God and thereby consolidating his rule.

Explanation

The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the specific proportion of a commercial bank's total deposits that it is required to maintain as reserves with the central bank, which is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in this context. It is a monetary policy tool used by the RBI to control liquidity in the banking system and influence the money supply.

Explanation

When an electron with charge 'e' travels through a potential difference 'V' from rest, the work done on it by the electric field is converted into its kinetic energy. This work done, and consequently the final kinetic energy, is calculated as the product of the charge and the potential difference. Therefore, the final energy acquired by the electron is given by the formula E = eV. This energy is expressed in joules when 'e' is in coulombs and 'V' is in volts.

Explanation

As per the 2011 Census, Kerala recorded the highest literacy rate among all Indian states. It had a literacy rate of 94.0%, making it the most literate state in the country. This consistent high performance in education has been a hallmark of Kerala for many decades.

Explanation

Sanchi is primarily known for its Great Stupa and other Buddhist monuments, whose construction and major expansion are historically attributed to Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. While Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire, the significant development of the Sanchi site occurred during Ashoka's reign, making it not directly associated with Chandragupta Maurya himself. The Junagadh inscription mentions his governor, Vishnugupta is another name for his advisor Chanakya, and Susima was his grandson.

Explanation

Kerala has consistently topped the NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index since its inception, including the latest available report, the SDG India Index 2020-21. This state has demonstrated strong performance across various Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in areas like health, education, and poverty reduction. Its consistent high ranking reflects dedicated efforts towards achieving the UN's SDGs.

Explanation

Buds in plants are typically found in two primary locations: at the tip of branches (known as terminal or apical buds) and at the base of leaves (known as axillary or lateral buds). Terminal buds are responsible for the primary growth in length of the stem, while axillary buds have the potential to develop into new branches, flowers, or leaves.

Explanation

The electoral college for the election of the President of India consists of elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. However, the impeachment process for the President is carried out solely by the Parliament, meaning both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha participate, but State Legislative Assemblies do not. Thus, State Legislative Assemblies are part of the electoral college but not the forum for impeachment.

Explanation

The Son river originates near Amarkantak, which is a plateau region located in the Maikal range. The Maikal range is part of the Satpura Range in central India, primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The other options are geographically distinct regions; Makalu is a Himalayan peak, Mahadeo hills are part of Satpura but distinct from Maikal, and Rajmahal hills are in eastern India.

Explanation

To determine the pattern, let's observe the transformation from CIRCLE to RICELC. The letters are rearranged as follows: the 3rd letter (R) moves to the 1st position, the 2nd letter (I) stays in the 2nd position, the 1st letter (C) moves to the 3rd position. Similarly, the 6th letter (E) moves to the 4th position, the 5th letter (L) stays in the 5th position, and the 4th letter (C) moves to the 6th position. Applying this exact pattern (3-2-1, 6-5-4) to SQUARE (S-Q-U-A-R-E) yields UQSERA.

Explanation

An electrophile is an electron-deficient species that seeks out electrons to form a chemical bond. H⁺ (a proton) is electron-deficient and acts as an electrophile. Na⁺ (sodium ion) is also positively charged but is generally less reactive as an electrophile in organic reactions compared to H⁺. However, BF₃⁻ (tetrafluoroborate anion) has a negative charge, indicating it is electron-rich. Therefore, BF₃⁻ acts as a nucleophile (electron donor) or a Lewis base, not an electrophile.

Explanation

Article 253 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Parliament to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any international treaty, agreement, or convention. This specific provision allows the Parliament to legislate on matters, even those falling in the State List, without requiring the consent of the concerned State Governments. This ensures that India can fulfill its international obligations effectively.

Explanation

Data on agricultural production in Bihar indicates that Muzaffarpur district is a significant producer of maize. While maize is cultivated across many districts, Muzaffarpur frequently ranks among the top districts for total maize production, especially during the Rabi season. This makes Muzaffarpur a leading contributor to Bihar's overall maize output.

Explanation

Quinine, a well-known antimalarial drug, is naturally extracted from the Cinchona tree. Specifically, the active compounds including quinine are found in the bark of the Cinchona tree. This stem bark has been traditionally used for centuries for its medicinal properties and is the primary source for the pharmaceutical production of quinine.

Explanation

Badruddin Taiyabji holds the distinction of being the first Muslim to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress. He presided over the third session of the Indian National Congress, which was held in Madras (now Chennai) in 1887. His leadership marked a significant moment in the early history of the organization.

Explanation

The Kashmir Valley is a classic example of a tectonic valley. Its formation is attributed to the intense geological activity resulting from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. This collision led to the uplift of mountain ranges, such as the Pir Panjal, and the simultaneous subsidence of the valley floor, creating a large, enclosed basin that subsequently filled with sediments.

Explanation

Lord Macaulay's famous Minute on Indian Education was issued on 2 February 1835. This document was instrumental in shaping British education policy in India, advocating for the promotion of Western education through the medium of English. Macaulay argued for the creation of an educated Indian class that would serve as intermediaries between the British rulers and the Indian masses.

Explanation

The period from January 1, 2008, to January 1, 2009, spans exactly one year. The year 2008 is a leap year because it is divisible by 4. A leap year has 366 days, which is equivalent to 52 weeks and 2 odd days (366 divided by 7 leaves a remainder of 2). Therefore, January 1, 2009, will be 2 days after January 1, 2008. Counting two days forward from Tuesday gives Wednesday, then Thursday.

Explanation

The conductivity of an electrolyte solution refers to its specific conductance, which is the conductance of a unit volume of the solution. Upon dilution, the concentration of ions per unit volume decreases for both strong and weak electrolytes. Although the molar conductivity of a strong electrolyte increases slightly on dilution due to reduced inter-ionic attractions and increased ionic mobility, the overall number of charge carriers in a unit volume decreases, leading to a decrease in its specific conductivity.

Explanation

The Santhal Hool, also known as the Santhal Rebellion, was a significant tribal uprising against the British East India Company and the oppressive zamindari system. This rebellion occurred in the present-day Jharkhand and West Bengal regions between the years 1855 and 1856. The Santhals rose up against exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, and the British administration.

Explanation

As of 2024, S. Somanath is the current Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). He assumed the office on January 14, 2022, succeeding K. Sivan. S. Somanath is an aerospace engineer and played a crucial role in the development of ISRO's rocket technology.

Explanation

The Nullarbor Plain is a vast, arid plain on the southern coast of Australia. Lake Eyre (Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre) is the largest lake in Australia, located in South Australia. Both of these are prominent geographical features of the Australian continent. The Salween River, often spelled Salwin, is a major river in Southeast Asia, flowing through China, Myanmar, and Thailand, so "Salwin Mountain" would be associated with Asia, not Australia. "Salvin Valley" is not a recognized major geographical feature associated with the Australian continent.

Explanation

The COP28 climate summit, officially known as the 28th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, was held in Expo City Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from November 30 to December 13, 2023. The UAE served as the host nation for this significant international event focused on addressing climate change.

Explanation

The Aditya L-1 mission, India's first space-based observatory to study the Sun, carries a total of seven scientific payloads. These payloads are designed to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun, known as the corona, using electromagnetic particle and magnetic field detectors, as well as conducting in-situ studies.

Explanation

In April 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns, the Bihar Education Department initiated a program through DD Bihar to ensure continuity of learning. This program involved the telecast of e-content specifically designed for students of classes IX and X. The objective was to provide educational support and resources to students who were unable to attend physical classes during that period.

Explanation

The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in the year 1920. It was established on October 31, 1920, in Bombay. AITUC is one of the oldest trade union organizations in India and was founded to represent the interests of the working class. Lala Lajpat Rai presided over its first session, marking a significant milestone in the Indian labor movement.

Explanation

The resolution of a telescope, which is its ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects, is directly related to the diameter of its objective lens. According to the Rayleigh criterion for angular resolution, the resolving power is inversely proportional to the diameter of the objective lens. Therefore, as the diameter of the objective lens of a telescope increases, its ability to resolve finer details also increases, leading to better resolution.

Explanation

Giorgia Meloni is the current Prime Minister of Italy, having assumed office on 22 October 2022. She is the leader of the Brothers of Italy party and continues to hold the position as of 2024. She is Italy's first female prime minister.

Explanation

Kozhikode (formerly Calicut) in Kerala was officially declared India's first UNESCO "City of Literature" in October 2023. This recognition is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN), which highlights cities that leverage creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.

Explanation

Madhubani painting, also known as Mithila painting, is a world-renowned folk art form that originated in the Mithila region of Bihar, India. The Madhubani district is particularly famous as the traditional heartland for this distinctive style of painting, practiced primarily by women.

Explanation

In India, certain fundamental rights are available exclusively to citizens, while others are available to all persons, including foreigners. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, which includes the right to freedom of trade and profession, is available only to Indian citizens. Rights such as equality before law, protection of life and personal liberty, and freedom of religion are available to non-citizens as well.

Explanation

The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. This land revenue system made zamindars the hereditary owners of the land and fixed the revenue demand that they had to pay to the British East India Company, aiming to ensure a stable income for the Company.

Explanation

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were the two revolutionaries who threw harmless bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. Their intention was not to cause harm but to "make the deaf hear" and protest against oppressive bills like the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill. Since both Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt participated in the act, option D, "More than one of the above," is the correct answer.

Explanation

Engineered diamonds, also known as lab-grown or synthetic diamonds, are primarily produced using methods like High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). In the HPHT method, graphite, which is an allotrope of carbon, is used as the raw material. This graphite is subjected to extreme heat and pressure to transform into diamond. While a small diamond 'seed' is often used to initiate growth, particularly in CVD, graphite serves as the fundamental carbon source material for the diamond's formation, making it a key component in its production process.

Explanation

Madhubani district in Bihar is renowned for being the largest producer of fox nut, commonly known as makhana. This aquatic crop is extensively cultivated in the wetlands and ponds of the Mithila region of Bihar, with Madhubani being the primary hub for its production and processing. Makhana cultivation is a significant part of the agricultural economy of this district.

Explanation

The famous book 'Gulamgiri' (meaning Slavery) was written by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule in 1873. This seminal work is a powerful critique of the caste system, untouchability, and the exploitation of the lower castes in India. Jyotiba Phule dedicated the book to the American movement for the abolition of slavery, drawing parallels between the conditions of the Shudras in India and the enslaved people in America.

Explanation

The Dalmatian Coast, located along the Adriatic Sea, primarily in Croatia, is characterized by its distinctive "Dalmatian type" coastline. This geological feature is a result of submerged parallel mountain ranges and river valleys, which were formed from ancient Karst topography. Karst refers to a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. The Dalmetian Coast is essentially the foot-hills of these prominent Karst mountains meeting the sea, creating its unique rugged and island-filled geography.

Explanation

A Central Bank, such as the Reserve Bank of India, performs a variety of crucial functions for an economy. It acts as a banker, agent, and financial advisor to the government, managing public debt and providing short-term loans. It also implements monetary policy by managing key interest rates like the Repo rate to control inflation and liquidity. Furthermore, the Central Bank serves as a banker to commercial banks, providing them with liquidity support and regulating their operations. Therefore, all the listed options are indeed functions of a Central Bank.

Explanation

Trees grow by adding new cells at their tips (apical meristems) and by widening their trunks through secondary growth, but the existing wood cells in the trunk do not elongate vertically after they mature. Therefore, a nail hammered into the trunk of a tree will remain at the same height from the ground level over time. While the trunk will grow thicker around the nail, its vertical position will not change.

Explanation

The matching of leaders with their territories during the 1857 Revolt is as follows: Kunwar Singh was a prominent leader from Jagdishpur, Bihar. Begum Hazrat Mahal led the revolt in Lucknow. Khan Bahadur was a key figure who led the rebellion in Bareilly. Maulvi Ahmadullah played a significant role in the revolt, particularly in Faizabad. Thus, the correct match is a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i.

Explanation

Lothal was a significant city of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in present-day Gujarat, India. It possessed a sophisticated dockyard, making it a crucial maritime trade center. Archaeological discoveries at Lothal, including Persian Gulf seals and evidence of craft production, strongly indicate that it maintained extensive trade relations with Mesopotamia and other regions in West Asia.

Explanation

Shadows are formed because light travels in straight lines. When an opaque object blocks the path of light, the light rays cannot bend around the object. Consequently, the area behind the object that is shielded from the light source remains unilluminated, creating a shadow. This phenomenon is fundamentally explained by the principle of rectilinear propagation of light.

Explanation

Chittaranjan Das was the President of the Indian National Congress at the Gaya Session held in December 1922. During this session, significant debates arose regarding the Council entry program following the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Das, along with Motilal Nehru, advocated for Council entry to oppose the British government from within, a stance that led to the formation of the Swaraj Party after the session.

Explanation

UPI stands for Unified Payment Interface. It is an instant real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) for facilitating inter-bank peer-to-peer and person-to-merchant transactions. It allows users to link multiple bank accounts into a single mobile application, making digital payments seamless and secure.

Explanation

The liver plays a crucial role in storing various substances, including vitamins. It is a major storage site for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and also stores a significant amount of water-soluble vitamin B12 for several years. While the liver processes Vitamin C, it does not store it in large quantities for extended periods. Therefore, none of the given options accurately represent the full spectrum of vitamins stored by the liver.

Explanation

Jharkhand is often referred to as the "State of Minerals" or the "Ruhr of India" due to its rich and abundant mineral resources. The state is a major producer of coal, iron ore, copper ore, mica, bauxite, uranium, and other vital minerals. This vast mineral wealth makes it a significant contributor to India's mining industry and economy.

Explanation

Chitrakoot is a revered pilgrimage site associated with Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana, where they spent eleven and a half years of their fourteen-year exile. This sacred region is located across the border of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. However, many of the most significant pilgrimage spots and temples, such as Kamadgiri, Gupt Godavari, and Sphatik Shila, are situated within the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

The minimum age requirement for a Member of Parliament (M.P.) for the Lower House (Lok Sabha) is 25 years, as specified in Article 84 of the Indian Constitution. For a Member of Parliament for the Upper House (Rajya Sabha), the minimum age is 30 years. The minimum age for a person to be eligible for election as President of India is 35 years, according to Article 58. Therefore, the correct sequence is 25, 30, and 35 years respectively.

Explanation

The unit of measure for magnetic field strength, specifically magnetic flux density, is the Tesla (T). This unit is named after Nikola Tesla and is part of the International System of Units (SI). Ohm is the unit for electrical resistance, Ampere is the unit for electric current, and Cobalt is a chemical element.

Explanation

K. R. Narayanan served as the 10th President of India from 1997 to 2002. Before his presidency, he had a distinguished career as a diplomat, serving as Ambassador to several countries including China, Turkey, Thailand, and the United States. He also held the position of Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) from 1979 to 1980, making him the person described.

Explanation

Divi Island, also known as Diviseema, is a deltaic region located at the mouth of the Krishna River in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The island is formed by the various distributaries of the Krishna River as it flows into the Bay of Bengal, creating a fertile alluvial plain.

Explanation

Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Among the given options, Taxes are a primary tool of fiscal policy, as changes in tax rates directly affect disposable income and investment. Credit Ceiling, Bank Rate, and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) are all instruments of monetary policy, which are controlled by the central bank to regulate the money supply and credit in the economy.

Explanation

Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a widely used industrial process for producing hydrogen from natural gas (methane) and steam. This reaction produces hydrogen (H2) along with carbon dioxide (CO2) as a significant byproduct. Because this method releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the hydrogen produced through SMR is classified as 'grey hydrogen'. Green hydrogen, in contrast, is produced using renewable energy with no carbon emissions, while brown hydrogen is derived from coal.

Explanation

The Finance Commission is a constitutional body in India established under Article 280 of the Constitution. Its primary function is to define the financial relations between the central government and the individual state governments. Specifically, it makes recommendations to the President regarding the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States, and the allocation of grants-in-aid to the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India.

Explanation

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, a prominent Indian revolutionary and political activist, was the first to describe the Revolt of 1857 as the ‘First Indian War of Independence’. He presented this interpretation in his book titled "The Indian War of Independence 1857," which was originally published in 1909. Savarkar's work challenged the British narrative that the revolt was merely a 'sepoy mutiny' and instead highlighted its nationalist character.

Explanation

Let's establish the relationships: C is brother of B, meaning B and C are siblings. B is son of A, which means A is a parent of both B and C. D is father of C, which means D is also a parent of both B and C. A is female. Since A and D are the parents of B and C, and A is female while D is male (father), A must be the mother of B and C, and therefore the wife of D.

Explanation

The reducing power of a metal is inversely related to its standard electrode potential (E°). A more negative standard electrode potential indicates a greater tendency for the metal to lose electrons (get oxidized), thus acting as a stronger reducing agent. Conversely, a more positive standard electrode potential indicates a greater tendency for the metal ion to gain electrons (get reduced), making the metal itself a weaker reducing agent. Given the standard electrode potentials: A = 0.5 V, B = -3 V, C = -1.2 V. Arranging them from most negative to most positive potential: -3 V (B), -1.2 V (C), 0.5 V (A). Therefore, the order of reducing power is B > C > A.

Explanation

NNP at factor cost is defined as the total income earned by the residents of a country for their contribution to the production of goods and services, before direct taxes. This measure is conceptually equivalent to National Income. While NNP at market prices includes indirect taxes and excludes subsidies, NNP at factor cost adjusts for these, reflecting the true cost of factors of production, which is precisely what National Income represents.

Explanation

The correct matches are: Indian Association was founded by Surendranath Banerjee (a - iv). Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded by M. Viraraghavachariar (b - ii). The Bombay Presidency Association had Dadabhai Naoroji as a prominent leader (c - i). Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was prominently associated with Justice Ranade (d - iii). Combining these, the sequence is iv, ii, i, iii, which corresponds to option C.

Explanation

A burn from steam at 100°C is significantly more dangerous than a burn from air at the same temperature because of the high latent heat of evaporation of water. When steam condenses on the skin, it releases a large amount of latent heat in addition to the sensible heat it carries. This extra energy transfer causes more extensive tissue damage and a more severe burn compared to hot air, which only transfers sensible heat.

Explanation

There are 15 chairs in a row. The position of P, being at the middle, is (15+1)/2 = 8th from the left end. Q is at the 12th position counting from the right. To find Q's position from the left, we calculate 15 - 12 + 1 = 4th position from the left. Thus, P is at the 8th chair and Q is at the 4th chair from the left. The number of chairs between them is 8 - 4 - 1 = 3 chairs (specifically, the 5th, 6th, and 7th chairs).

Explanation

Patna College, a distinguished institution in Bihar, India, was established on 9 January 1863. It holds historical significance as one of the oldest colleges in the region, initially operating under the affiliation of Calcutta University before becoming a constituent college of Patna University.