BPSC Prelims 2019 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

In a parliamentary form of government, the executive (the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister) is collectively responsible to the legislature (the Parliament). This means the executive must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in power. The legislature is not responsible to the executive or the judiciary, nor are the legislature and executive entirely independent, as there is an interdependent relationship. Thus, none of the statements A, B, C, or D correctly describe this fundamental principle.

Explanation

The Panchayati Raj system, which is a system of rural local self-government in India, was constitutionally mandated by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. Under this system, a three-tier structure was established, with the Gram Panchayat being the institution at the village level. Khap Panchayats and Caste Panchayats are informal bodies based on social customs and are not part of the formal constitutional Panchayati Raj structure.

Explanation

The Patwari is a village-level government functionary responsible for maintaining land records, including ownership details, crop information, and other land-related statistics. They are crucial in the administration of land revenue and play a key role in documenting land transfers and ensuring accurate boundaries. The Patwari's primary duty involves surveying land, keeping records, and assisting in the collection of land taxes.

Explanation

A unitary form of government centralizes all governmental powers in a single national government. While this structure allows for swift decision-making, greater flexibility in policy, and uniformity of laws across the nation, it is generally not considered ideal for large countries. Large countries with diverse populations and geographical areas often find a unitary system inefficient as it struggles to cater to varied regional needs and aspirations, making federalism a more suitable model for such nations.

Explanation

The primary objective of Community Development Programmes (CDPs), first launched in India in 1952, was the all-round development of rural areas. These programmes aimed at improving the economic and social conditions of the rural population by promoting self-help and local participation. This comprehensive approach included better agricultural practices, health, education, and infrastructure, all contributing directly to enhancing the overall standard of living and fostering a better quality of life for the communities involved.

Explanation

As of 2019, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) was recognized as a 'State Party' by the Election Commission of India. A party is considered a state party if it fulfills certain conditions in state assembly or Lok Sabha elections within a particular state, such as securing a certain percentage of votes or seats. While AAP had significant presence and formed governments in states like Delhi and Punjab by 2019, it had not yet met the more stringent criteria for recognition as a 'National Party' across multiple states.

Explanation

The writ of Certiorari is often referred to as 'postmortem' because it is issued by a higher court to quash or correct the order of a lower court or tribunal that has already been passed. This means it reviews a decision after it has been made, effectively performing a retrospective examination of the legality or jurisdiction of the lower court's judgment. Unlike Prohibition, which prevents an action before it happens, Certiorari remedies an error after the fact, hence the metaphorical comparison to a postmortem examination.

Explanation

The M3 version of the VVPAT machine, along with M3 Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), was the standardized and latest technology used for voting in India by 2019. These machines incorporated advanced security features and were designed to ensure transparency and accuracy in the electoral process, providing a verifiable paper trail for each vote cast.

Explanation

Among the given options, Himachal Pradesh has the largest number of members in its State Legislative Assembly. As of 2019, the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly had 68 members. In comparison, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Meghalaya each had 60 members in their respective State Legislative Assemblies.

Explanation

In the Indian Order of Precedence, the Chairman of UPSC, the Chief Election Commissioner, and the Comptroller and Auditor General all hold the same rank (Rank 9A). The Chief Justice of a High Court ranks lower (Rank 14 within their jurisdiction, Rank 16 outside). Since the question asks who comes "first" among the options, and three of the options (A, B, C) share the highest rank, there isn't a single individual who exclusively comes first. Therefore, option E is correct because multiple individuals share the highest precedence among the listed options.

Explanation

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) in India is recommended by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). The CACP is an expert body under the Ministry of Agriculture Farmers Welfare that analyzes various factors like cost of cultivation, demand-supply, market prices, and other economic indicators to propose MSPs for major agricultural commodities. The final decision on MSP is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) based on CACP's recommendations.

Explanation

The term "Hindu growth rate" was coined by economist Raj Krishna in 1978 to describe the consistently low annual growth rate of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from the 1950s to the 1980s. This period saw India's economy growing at an average of around 3.5% per annum, a rate significantly lower than other developing nations during the same time. The term is specifically associated with the country's economic growth measured by GDP.

Explanation

The 'Krishi Kumbha Mela, 2019' in Bihar was held in Motihari, which is located in the East Champaran district. This agricultural fair was inaugurated by central and state ministers, aiming to promote agricultural development and technology among farmers in the region. The event showcased various agricultural innovations and practices.

Explanation

In NITI Aayog's Health Index, 2019, which assessed health performance for the reference year 2017-18, Bihar recorded an overall score of 32.11. This score placed Bihar among the lowest-performing states in terms of health outcomes and system performance. The index evaluated states on various health indicators, including health outcomes, governance, and key inputs and processes.

Explanation

As per the Census 2011, the child sex ratio (0-6 years) in Bihar was recorded as 935 females per 1000 males. This figure represents the number of girls for every thousand boys in the 0-6 age group. The child sex ratio is a crucial demographic indicator reflecting societal gender preferences and health conditions.

Explanation

According to the Economic Survey of Bihar 2018-19, the tertiary sector, which primarily comprises services, demonstrated a significant growth rate of 14.6% during the financial year 2017-18. This growth rate, calculated at constant prices, highlights the services sector as a major contributor to Bihar's economic expansion during that period.

Explanation

As per the data from the Economic Survey of Bihar 2018-19, the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at current prices for the year 2017-18 was estimated to be ₹ 4,87,628 crores. This figure represents the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the state's boundaries in that fiscal year, valued at prevailing market prices.

Explanation

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was a major anti-poverty initiative that was initiated in 1978-79 and significantly expanded across all blocks in India during the Sixth Five-Year Plan period (1980-1985). Its primary objective was to provide assistance to the rural poor for various income-generating activities to lift them above the poverty line.

Explanation

The Antyodaya Programme, which aimed at the upliftment of the poorest sections of society, was first launched in the state of Rajasthan. This initiative began in 1977 and focused on providing benefits and assistance to the most vulnerable families in rural areas, demonstrating a commitment to poverty alleviation at the grassroots level.

Explanation

India's share in global meat and meat preparation exports in the year 2017 was approximately 4-5%, primarily driven by buffalo meat exports. Given the options provided, none of them accurately represent this range as a single exact percentage, making 'None of the above' the appropriate choice for this specific statistical question.

Explanation

The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system introduced by the British in parts of India, notably in Madras and Bombay Presidencies. Under this system, the cultivators, known as ryots, were recognized as the owners of the land and were directly responsible for paying land revenue to the government. There were no intermediaries like zamindars.

Explanation

India's total foreign exchange reserves at the end of the fiscal year 2018-19 (i.e., around March 29, 2019) stood at approximately USD 411.78 billion. Converting this to Indian Rupees using an approximate exchange rate of 69.45 INR per USD gives roughly 28,59,944 crores. Option D, ₹ 28,55,882 crores, is the closest figure among the given choices, accounting for slight variations in reporting dates or exchange rates.

Explanation

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), State Bank of India (SBI), and Allahabad Bank are commercial banking institutions that directly provide loans and advances to individuals, farmers, and businesses. While NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) is primarily an apex refinancing institution, it also operates specific direct financing schemes for various rural development projects, producer organizations, and self-help groups. Therefore, all the institutions listed in options A, B, C, and D are, to some extent, sources of direct finance. Since none of the given options are exclusively not a source of direct finance, the correct answer is E.

Explanation

The acronym EPCG stands for Export Promotion Capital Goods. The EPCG scheme is an important initiative under India's Foreign Trade Policy, allowing for the import of capital goods at a concessional (often zero) rate of customs duty. The objective is to promote exports by enabling domestic manufacturers to upgrade their technology and produce quality goods for the global market.

Explanation

The Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM) Scheme is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme launched by the Government of India for unorganized workers. Under this scheme, subscribers are assured a minimum guaranteed pension of ₹3,000 per month after they attain the age of 60 years. The scheme aims to provide social security to these workers.

Explanation

The Individual Satyagraha Movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in October 1940. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was chosen as the first Satyagrahi, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru and then Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Explanation

India House was an Indian student residence in London, which also served as a hub for Indian nationalist activities, particularly during the period between 1905 and 1910. It was founded in 1905 by Shyamji Krishnavarma, a prominent Indian revolutionary and journalist. India House became a significant centre for promoting nationalist views among Indian students in Britain and fostering anti-colonial sentiments.

Explanation

Mahadev Lal Sarraf was a prominent figure in Bihar's freedom struggle and actively led the Salt Satyagraha in Bhagalpur. He organized numerous public meetings and processions, mobilizing people to defy the British salt laws as part of Mahatma Gandhi's Civil Disobedience Movement. His leadership was crucial in extending the reach of the Satyagraha in the region.

Explanation

Rahul Sankrityayan, a renowned scholar and activist, led the Ambari Satyagraha in 1939 in Bihar. This peasant movement primarily focused on the rights of agricultural laborers and tenants against oppressive landlords in the Saran district. Sankrityayan's leadership was instrumental in mobilizing peasants and highlighting their grievances.

Explanation

The book Desher Katha (The Story of the Country) was written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar. Published in Bengali in 1904, it was a highly influential nationalist work that critically analyzed the economic exploitation of India by the British and advocated for swadeshi and self-reliance. It significantly contributed to the rise of anti-colonial sentiments.

Explanation

Murali Mohan Prasad served as the editor of The Searchlight newspaper, a significant English daily published from Patna, Bihar. Established in 1918, The Searchlight was an important voice of Indian nationalism, advocating for self-rule and critiquing British colonial policies. Prasad's editorship played a key role in shaping public opinion during the freedom struggle.

Explanation

The Bihar Socialist Party was formed in 1931 by leaders like Phulan Prasad Varma and Jayaprakash Narayan, with Phulan Prasad Varma being a key initiator and its first general secretary. This party was established to promote socialist ideas within the nationalist movement and to organize peasants and workers for their rights. It paved the way for the formation of the All India Congress Socialist Party later.

Explanation

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant. He played a crucial role in bringing together various Indian leaders and initiating the formation of this organization. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay, with W.C. Bonnerjee presiding as the president. Hume's objective was to create a platform for civic and political dialogue among educated Indians and the British government.

Explanation

The powerful slogan "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it" was famously coined by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement, used this phrase to ignite a strong sense of nationalism and a demand for self-rule among the Indian masses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His advocacy for Swaraj made him a central figure in the extremist faction of the Congress.

Explanation

Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. This horrific massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, when British troops under General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, killing hundreds of unarmed civilians. Tagore was deeply horrified by the brutality and the repressive policies of the British government, which led him to give up the title bestowed upon him in 1915.

Explanation

Gopal Krishna Gokhale established the 'Servants of India Society' in 1905 in Pune, Maharashtra. The primary objective of this organization was to train men to dedicate their lives to the service of the country in a religious spirit and to promote constitutional agitation for Indian self-rule. Gokhale believed in moderate methods of political struggle and social reform, focusing on education, sanitation, healthcare, and fighting social evils.

Explanation

The Kakori Train Robbery Case, also known as the Kakori Conspiracy, involved a train robbery on August 9, 1925, carried out by members of the Hindustan Republican Association. The aim was to fund their revolutionary activities against British rule. Following trials, several revolutionaries were convicted and sentenced. Among those who were subsequently hanged for their involvement were Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan.

Explanation

Chittaranjan Das, popularly known as Deshbandhu, was a prominent Indian nationalist, lawyer, and a leading figure in the Indian independence movement. He authored the influential book titled "India for Indians", which articulated his vision for self-rule and critiqued British colonial policies. The book played a significant role in shaping nationalist discourse during the early 20th century.

Explanation

Jyotiba Phule, a prominent social reformer from Maharashtra, founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seeker's Society) in 1873. The primary objective of this society was to secure human rights and social justice for marginalized sections of society, including women, Shudras, and Dalits. Phule and the Samaj worked tirelessly against caste discrimination and promoted education for all.

Explanation

Mrs. Annie Besant was an Irish socialist, Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer, orator, educationist, and philanthropist, who later became a prominent leader in India's struggle for independence. She holds the distinction of being the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over its Calcutta session in 1917. She actively promoted the Home Rule League movement.

Explanation

The algebraic identity for the difference of cubes is x³ - y³ = (x - y)(x² + xy + y²). To find the value of x² + xy + y², we can rearrange this formula as x² + xy + y² = (x³ - y³) / (x - y). Substituting the given values, we get x² + xy + y² = f¹¹⁷⁄₈ / f³⁄₂. Using the rule for dividing exponents with the same base (aᵐ / aⁿ = a^(m-n)), the exponent becomes ¹¹⁷⁄₈ - ³⁄₂. Calculating this: ¹¹⁷⁄₈ - ¹²⁄₈ = ¹⁰⁵⁄₈. Therefore, the value of x² + xy + y² is f¹⁰⁵⁄₈. As this value is not among options A, B, C, or D, option E is the correct choice.

Explanation

To solve the equation 5^(x²+2x+7) = 125^(2x+1), the first step is to express both sides with the same base. Since 125 can be written as 5³, the equation becomes 5^(x²+2x+7) = (5³)^(2x+1). Using the exponent rule (aᵐ)ⁿ = a^(mn), the right side simplifies to 5^(3(2x+1)), which is 5^(6x+3). Now, with identical bases, the exponents must be equal: x² + 2x + 7 = 6x + 3. Rearranging this into a standard quadratic equation gives x² - 4x + 4 = 0. This is a perfect square trinomial, (x - 2)² = 0, which yields x = 2 as the solution.

Explanation

The sum S can be broken down into two parts: the sum of 'n' from 1 to 15, and the sum of '1/3' fifteen times. The formula for the sum of the first N natural numbers is N(N+1)/2. So, sum(n=1 to 15) n = 15(15+1)/2 = 15(16)/2 = 15 8 = 120. The sum of (1/3) fifteen times is 15 (1/3) = 5. Adding these two parts, S = 120 + 5 = 125.

Explanation

When two trains move in opposite directions, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds. Here, relative speed = 90 km/hr + 90 km/hr = 180 km/hr. To convert this to meters per second (m/s), multiply by 5/18: 180 * (5/18) = 50 m/s. The total distance the trains must cover to cross each other is the sum of their lengths: 150 m + 150 m = 300 m. Using the formula Time = Distance / Speed, we get Time = 300 m / 50 m/s = 6 seconds.

Explanation

Let x1 and x2 be the number of pens received by the two students. We are given that x1 + x2 = 12, with the condition that each student gets at least two pens (x1 >= 2, x2 >= 2). To solve this, we can first satisfy the minimum requirement by giving 2 pens to each student. This uses 2 + 2 = 4 pens, leaving 12 - 4 = 8 pens. Now, we need to distribute these 8 identical pens between two students, with no further restrictions. This is a classic stars and bars problem, where the number of ways is given by C(n+k-1, k-1), where n is the number of items (8 pens) and k is the number of bins (2 students). So, the number of ways is C(8+2-1, 2-1) = C(9, 1) = 9.

Explanation

The area of a circle is given by the formula A = pi r², where r is the radius. If the radii of two circles, A and B, are in the ratio rA : rB = 1.5 : 1, then the ratio of their areas will be the square of the ratio of their radii. So, AreaA / AreaB = (pi rA²) / (pi * rB²) = (rA / rB)². Substituting the given ratio, the ratio of areas = (1.5 / 1)² = (1.5)² = 2.25. Therefore, the ratio of the areas of circles A and B is 2.25 : 1.

Explanation

Let the total capacity of the tank be V units. The filling tap fills V/3 units per hour, and the emptying tap empties V/4 units per hour. When both are open, the net filling rate is (V/3 - V/4) = (4V - 3V)/12 = V/12 units per hour. The tank is initially one-third full, meaning V/3 volume is already present. The volume remaining to be filled is V - V/3 = 2V/3. To find the time taken to fill this remaining volume, divide the remaining volume by the net filling rate: Time = (2V/3) / (V/12) = (2V/3) (12/V) = 2 4 = 8 hours.

Explanation

The sequence is 1, 3, 9, 15, 25, 35, 49. Let's find the differences between consecutive terms: 3-1=2, 9-3=6, 15-9=6, 25-15=10, 35-25=10, 49-35=14. The first differences are 2, 6, 6, 10, 10, 14. Now, let's find the second differences: 6-2=4, 6-6=0, 10-6=4, 10-10=0, 14-10=4. The pattern for the second differences is 4, 0, 4, 0, 4. The next second difference should be 0. Thus, the next first difference will be 14 + 0 = 14. Adding this to the last term, 49 + 14 = 63.

Explanation

Given x² - y² = 7 and x - y = 1. We know that x² - y² can be factored as (x - y)(x + y). Substituting the given values, we get 7 = (1)(x + y), which means x + y = 7. Now we have two equations: x - y = 1 and x + y = 7. Adding these equations yields 2x = 8, so x = 4. Substituting x = 4 into x - y = 1 gives 4 - y = 1, so y = 3. The rectangle has length x = 4 cm and width y = 3 cm. The length of a diagonal (d) of a rectangle is found using the Pythagorean theorem: d = sqrt(x² + y²). Therefore, d = sqrt(4² + 3²) = sqrt(16 + 9) = sqrt(25) = 5 cm.

Explanation

Total students are 80. Students playing carrom are 60% of 80, which is 48. Students playing chess are 45% of 80, which is 36. Students who play neither are 10% of 80, which is 8. The number of students who play at least one game is 80 - 8 = 72. Using the principle of inclusion-exclusion, n(Carrom U Chess) = n(Carrom) + n(Chess) - n(Carrom intersection Chess). So, 72 = 48 + 36 - n(Carrom intersection Chess). This simplifies to 72 = 84 - n(Carrom intersection Chess), which means n(Carrom intersection Chess) = 84 - 72 = 12. The number of students who play only chess is n(Chess) - n(Carrom intersection Chess) = 36 - 12 = 24.

Explanation

The famous book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," commonly known as The Origin of Species, was authored by Charles Darwin. This seminal work, published in 1859, laid the foundation for evolutionary biology. It introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over generations through a process of natural selection.

Explanation

The interaction between algae (or cyanobacteria) and fungi to form lichen is a classic example of mutualism. In this symbiotic relationship, both organisms benefit: the alga produces food for both through photosynthesis, while the fungus provides protection, structural support, and absorbs water and minerals from the environment. This interdependent relationship allows lichens to thrive in diverse and often harsh conditions.

Explanation

A habitat is the specific natural environment or place where an organism normally lives. It provides all the necessary resources for the organism's survival, such as food, water, shelter, and space. This term precisely defines the actual physical location an organism occupies within its ecosystem.

Explanation

Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Within the chloroplasts, specifically on the thylakoid membranes, light energy from the sun is captured by pigments and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH during the light-dependent reactions. This ATP then powers the subsequent synthesis of sugars.

Explanation

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. During this process, carbon dioxide and water are used to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen. While glucose is the primary organic product used for energy, oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a significant by-product of the light-dependent reactions, essential for most aerobic life forms.

Explanation

Osteology is the specific branch of anatomy that deals with the scientific study of bones. It encompasses the detailed examination of bone structure, function, development, diseases, and the skeletal system as a whole. This field is crucial in anthropology, archaeology, and forensic science for identifying remains and understanding past populations.

Explanation

Viruses are unique biological entities that are acellular and do not possess a metabolic machinery of their own. Unlike living cells such as bacteria, algae, or the components of lichen, viruses consist primarily of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat. They lack ribosomes and most enzymes necessary for metabolism and replication, instead hijacking the host cell's enzymatic machinery to reproduce. Thus, they essentially do not contain their own complete set of enzymes.

Explanation

Lymphocytes, which are crucial components of the immune system, are a type of white blood cell. Like all other blood cells, lymphocytes are initially formed from hematopoietic stem cells primarily in the red bone marrow. B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, while T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to mature. Therefore, the bone marrow is the organ where lymphocytes are formed.

Explanation

Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a major hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Its synthesis critically depends on the availability of iodine. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodine to incorporate it into the structure of thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3) molecules. Both hormones play vital roles in regulating metabolism throughout the body.

Explanation

AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets and destroys CD4+ T cells, which are critical components of the human immune system. The progressive destruction of these immune cells leads to a weakened immune system, making the body susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers, which define the condition of AIDS.

Explanation

The unit of pressure is defined as force per unit area. In the International System of Units (SI), the derived unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to one Newton per square meter (N/m²). A Newton is defined as kg·m/s², so a Pascal is kg/(m·s²). Examining the given options, kg/cm² (option A) represents mass per unit area, not force per unit area. Similarly, the other options (B, C, D) are also dimensionally incorrect units for pressure. Therefore, none of the options A, B, C, or D correctly represents a standard unit of pressure.

Explanation

Sunlight, which travels at the speed of light, takes a specific amount of time to reach Earth from the Sun. The average distance between the Sun and Earth is approximately 149.6 million kilometers. Given the speed of light in a vacuum is about 299,792.458 kilometers per second, the time taken for light to travel this distance is approximately 499 seconds. This converts to roughly 8 minutes and 19 seconds. Therefore, 8 minutes is the closest and most commonly accepted approximate duration.

Explanation

Pressure is a scalar quantity because it describes the magnitude of force exerted perpendicularly per unit area, acting equally in all directions at a given point within a fluid. Force, velocity, and acceleration are all vector quantities, possessing both magnitude and a specific direction.

Explanation

Strain is defined as the ratio of the change in dimension to the original dimension (e.g., change in length divided by original length). Since it is a ratio of two quantities with identical units, the units cancel out, making strain a dimensionless quantity with no associated unit. Stress and pressure both have units of Pascals (N/m²), and force has units of Newtons.

Explanation

Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves. This means that the particles of the medium (air molecules) vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave propagates. This creates areas of compression and rarefaction as the sound travels through the air. Transverse waves involve particle vibration perpendicular to the wave direction, and electromagnetic waves do not require a medium.

Explanation

To convert temperature from Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F), the formula F = (C 9/5) + 32 is used. Substituting C = 50 °C into the formula: F = (50 9/5) + 32 = (10 * 9) + 32 = 90 + 32 = 122 °F. Therefore, 50 °C is equivalent to 122 °F.

Explanation

Hertz (Hz) is the standard SI unit for measuring frequency. Frequency quantifies the number of cycles or oscillations per second. For example, a frequency of 1 Hz means one cycle per second. Energy is measured in Joules, while heat is a form of energy also measured in Joules. Quality is a descriptive characteristic and not a physical quantity measured in Hertz.

Explanation

The hypothalamus is a small but vital part of the brain responsible for regulating numerous physiological processes, including maintaining the body's internal balance, known as homeostasis. One of its key functions is thermoregulation, where it acts as the body's thermostat, sensing changes in core body temperature and initiating appropriate responses like sweating to cool down or shivering to generate heat.

Explanation

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. It is designed to be connected in series with the component through which the current is to be measured, ensuring that the entire current flows through the ammeter. The unit for electric current, after which the device is named, is the ampere.

Explanation

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of electric power is the watt (W). Electric power quantifies the rate at which electrical energy is transferred or converted. One watt is defined as one joule per second. Other options like ampere, volt, and coulomb are units for electric current, electric potential, and electric charge, respectively.

Explanation

Antoine Lavoisier is widely recognized as the Father of Modern Chemistry. His significant contributions include the formulation of the law of conservation of mass, identifying and naming oxygen and hydrogen, and helping to construct the metric system. He revolutionized chemistry by moving it from qualitative observations to a quantitative science based on precise measurements.

Explanation

The mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. Given that the number of electrons is 18, the number of protons is also 18. With 20 neutrons, the mass number is calculated as the sum of protons and neutrons: 18 protons + 20 neutrons = 38.

Explanation

Nitrous oxide, with the chemical formula N2O, is widely known as laughing gas. It is recognized for its anesthetic and analgesic properties, leading to its use in medical and dental procedures. The name "laughing gas" comes from the euphoric effects it can induce when inhaled.

Explanation

Elements are fundamentally classified into categories such as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their inherent physical and chemical properties. "Gases" refers to a state of matter, not a type of element classification. Many elements, including some metals and nonmetals, can exist in a gaseous state under various conditions.

Explanation

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14. A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Pure water is considered neutral, meaning it has an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, hence its pH value is 7.

Explanation

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere, accounting for 36-70% of the natural greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are other significant greenhouse gases but are present in far smaller concentrations. Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, while water vapor is the dominant natural one. Since no single option among A-D correctly identifies the primary greenhouse gas component, option E (None of the above/More than one of the above) is the correct answer.

Explanation

Kerosene is a refined petroleum product composed primarily of hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds made exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Therefore, oxygen is absent from its chemical composition. In contrast, glass, soil, and cement all contain various oxygen-bearing compounds, such as silicates, oxides, and carbonates.

Explanation

Natural rubber is a polymer formed from the polymerization of isoprene units. Chemically, isoprene is 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. The repeating unit in natural rubber is cis-1,4-polyisoprene, giving it its characteristic elastic properties.

Explanation

Glucose is a simple sugar, a monosaccharide, and one of the most important carbohydrates in biology. Its chemical formula is C₆H₁₂O₆, indicating that it contains six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms. It is a primary source of energy for living organisms.

Explanation

The bond order of the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule is 3. This is determined by its electronic configuration, which involves a triple bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms, consisting of two pi bonds and one sigma bond. This high bond order contributes to its stability and strong bond energy.

Explanation

Tulsi Gabbard is a former US Representative from Hawaii and the first Hindu member of the US Congress. She ran as a Democratic presidential candidate in the 2020 election cycle. In 2019, she filed a lawsuit against Google, alleging discriminatory actions that suppressed her campaign visibility.

Explanation

"A Gallery of Rascals" is a collection of stories written by Ruskin Bond. Ruskin Bond is a celebrated Indian author of British descent, known for his engaging short stories, essays, and novels, particularly those set in the Himalayan foothills and often featuring characters from everyday life.

Explanation

The retail furniture giant Ikea opened its first showroom in India in the city of Hyderabad in 2018. This highly anticipated store was inaugurated on August 9, 2018, marking Ikea's entry into the Indian market with its extensive range of home furnishing products.

Explanation

As of 2019, the Summer Olympic Games in 2020 were scheduled to be held in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee had selected Tokyo as the host city during its 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on September 7, 2013.

Explanation

UNESCO celebrated 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Dmitri Mendeleev's discovery of the Periodic System of elements in 1869. This initiative aimed to highlight the significance of the Periodic Table in science and education worldwide.

Explanation

The Parliament of India passed the 'Triple Talaq Law' (The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act) in 2019, which effectively criminalized instant triple talaq. This legislation endorsed the Supreme Court of India's landmark ruling from August 22, 2017, in the Shayara Bano case, which had declared the practice of Talaq-e-Biddat (instant triple talaq) unconstitutional.

Explanation

The BRICS Summit in 2019, which was the 11th such summit, was scheduled to be held and subsequently took place in Brazil. Following the rotational presidency among BRICS member states, Brazil hosted the summit from November 13 to 14, 2019, in its capital city, Brasília.

Explanation

Suresh Nambath was appointed as the Editor of The Hindu newspaper in March 2019, succeeding Mukund Padmanabhan.

Explanation

Justice Amreshwar Pratap Sahi, often referred to as A. P. Sahi, was the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court in July 2019.

Explanation

Bihar Diwas, or Bihar Day, is celebrated annually on March 22 to commemorate the formation of the state of Bihar. On this date in 1912, the British Indian government carved out the provinces of Bihar and Orissa from the larger Bengal Presidency. This historical event marked the establishment of Bihar as a distinct administrative entity.

Explanation

Special Category Status (SCS) is a classification given by the Centre to assist in the development of states facing historical or geographical disadvantages. While states like Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir have historically been granted SCS due to their specific challenges, Bihar has consistently demanded this status but has not been granted it by the Central Government. The criteria for SCS include hilly and difficult terrain, strategic international borders, economic and infrastructural backwardness, and non-viable state finances.

Explanation

Yousuf Shah Chak, the last independent Muslim ruler of Kashmir, was exiled to Bihar by the Mughal emperor Akbar after his defeat. He spent his final years in Bihar and was eventually buried in a village named Biswak, which is located in the Nalanda district of Bihar. His tomb is a historical site in the region, marking his final resting place after his exile from Kashmir.

Explanation

The tagline of the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation (BSTDC) is "Blissful Bihar". This slogan is used to promote tourism in the state, highlighting its rich cultural heritage, historical sites, and natural beauty. The tagline aims to attract visitors by conveying a sense of peace, contentment, and enjoyment associated with experiences in Bihar.

Explanation

In January 2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the Mandal Dam Project, which is being constructed on the North Koel river. The North Koel is a tributary of the Son River. The project is situated in the Palamu district of Jharkhand and aims to provide irrigation facilities to the command area spread across Jharkhand and Bihar, after being stalled for nearly five decades.

Explanation

In July 2019, experts and archaeologists visited the Kaimur district of Bihar for the first detailed documentation of a megalithic site in the state. The Kaimur hills region is known for its ancient rock art and prehistoric remains, including various megalithic structures. This initiative was part of an effort to study, map, and preserve these significant archaeological findings.

Explanation

India was invited by the host country, UAE, as the 'Guest of Honour' to attend the 46th Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held in Abu Dhabi in March 2019. This was a landmark diplomatic event, as it marked the first time India, a non-member state, was extended such an invitation to address the influential grouping of Muslim-majority nations.

Explanation

CNES stands for Centre National d'Études Spatiales, which is the national space agency of France. In 2019, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and CNES signed an agreement for cooperation, including the establishment of a joint maritime surveillance system. This collaboration aims to enhance the monitoring of maritime traffic and ensure security in the Indian Ocean region.

Explanation

Asuncion is the capital city of Paraguay. In March 2019, the Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu, undertook an official visit to Paraguay, and such high-level diplomatic visits typically involve engagements in the capital city of the host nation.

Explanation

The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) sessions are regularly held at the headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). UNEP's headquarters are located in Nairobi, Kenya. Therefore, the 4th Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in March 2019.

Explanation

In March 2019, the second edition of the Indian Sign Language (ISL) Dictionary was released by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. This expanded edition, developed by the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC), included 6,000 words, increasing from the 3,000 words in the first edition.

Explanation

Manohar Parrikar, the Chief Minister of Goa, passed away on March 17, 2019. Following his demise, Pramod Sawant, who was then the Speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly, was sworn in as the new Chief Minister of Goa on March 19, 2019.

Explanation

The International Gandhi Peace Prize for 2018 was awarded to Mr. Yohei Sasakawa. He was recognized for his significant contributions to leprosy eradication globally, particularly in India, and for his efforts in combating the discrimination faced by leprosy patients.

Explanation

The world's first camel hospital was established in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It officially opened its doors in December 2017. The hospital provides specialized veterinary care for camels, including surgery, X-rays, and even a mini-race track for rehabilitation, reflecting the cultural and economic importance of camels in the region.

Explanation

The Men's Singles title at the YONEX All England Open Badminton Championships in 2019 was won by Kento Momota of Japan, who defeated Viktor Axelsen of Denmark in the final.

Explanation

The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos, 2019, was signed by India, Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Explanation

Steve Smith is the second fastest batsman in Test cricket history to reach 25 centuries, achieving this milestone in 119 innings. The fastest to reach this record was the legendary Sir Don Bradman, who accomplished it in just 68 innings. Smith surpassed Virat Kohli, who reached 25 centuries in 127 innings.

Explanation

The Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, India's second lunar exploration mission, was launched in July 2019. The launch took place from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR at Sriharikota. Sriharikota is an island located off the coast of the Nellore district in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Explanation

In the 2019 Conservative Party leadership contest, after the first round of voting on June 13, 2019, ten candidates initially contested. Mark Harper was one of the three candidates who failed to secure the minimum 17 votes required to proceed, thus being eliminated in the first round. The seven candidates who remained in the contest after the first round included Boris Johnson, Matthew Hancock (Matt Hancock), and Rory Stewart, among others.

Explanation

The Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 2019 was held in Caracas, Venezuela. This meeting took place from July 20-21, 2019, in preparation for the 18th NAM Summit. Venezuela held the presidency of NAM at the time, which later transitioned to Azerbaijan in October 2019 during the Baku Summit.

Explanation

Syed Akbaruddin served as India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from January 2016 to April 2020. Prior to his tenure, Asoke Kumar Mukerji held the position. Asoke Kumar Mukerji served as India's Permanent Representative to the UN from August 2013 until December 2015, immediately preceding Syed Akbaruddin.

Explanation

The systematic suppression of the Thugs, a notorious criminal fraternity in British India, was primarily achieved under the leadership of Captain William Henry Sleeman. Appointed by Lord William Bentinck in the 1830s, Sleeman's dedicated efforts and investigative work led to the capture, conviction, and eventual eradication of the Thuggee cult.

Explanation

Lord Lytton, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, adopted an aggressive foreign policy, particularly towards Afghanistan. His "Forward Policy" aimed to establish British influence in Afghanistan to counter perceived Russian expansionism in Central Asia. This aggressive stance ultimately led to the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880).

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 with the famous Dandi March. This historic march began on March 12, 1930, from his ashram located at Sabarmati, near Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The march concluded at the coastal village of Dandi, where he symbolically broke the salt law, thus launching the movement.

Explanation

The Sarabandi Campaign, also known as the No-Tax Campaign, took place in Bardoli, Gujarat, in 1922, and was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Explanation

At the crucial time of India's partition in 1947, J. B. Kripalani was the President of the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the presidency in November 1946 at the Meerut session. He continued in this significant role during the events leading up to and immediately following India's independence and partition.

Explanation

Kunwar Singh was a prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, particularly in the state of Bihar. A zamindar from Jagdishpur, he effectively organized and led the rebellious sepoys and local chieftains against the British in his region. His leadership was instrumental in the spread and sustenance of the revolt in Bihar.

Explanation

During the Non-cooperation Movement in the early 1920s, Swami Vidyanand emerged as a key leader for cultivators in Bihar. He mobilized peasants, especially in the Darbhanga district, against the oppressive practices of zamindars, focusing on issues like arbitrary rent hikes and illegal cesses. His efforts significantly contributed to the peasant awakening in the region.

Explanation

Sachchidananda Sinha is widely regarded as the architect of modern Bihar, playing a crucial role in the creation of Bihar as a separate province in 1912.

Explanation

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a prominent ascetic and a fiery orator who dedicated his life to the cause of peasants. He founded the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) in 1929 to organize and mobilize the peasants against the oppressive zamindari system and fight for their rights. His work laid the groundwork for a broader peasant movement, and he later became a key leader of the All India Kisan Sabha.

Explanation

The Dutch East India Company established its factory at Patna in 1632. Patna was a significant trading hub, particularly for saltpetre, which was in high demand in Europe for gunpowder manufacturing. The Dutch, like other European trading companies, sought to control and profit from the lucrative trade routes and resources available in the Gangetic plain, establishing a presence in this strategic location.

Explanation

Shri Krishna Singh, widely known as 'Bihar Kesari', was a prominent figure in Bihar's political landscape and the freedom struggle. He was instrumental in establishing the Swaraj Dal in Bihar in 1923, following the Gaya session of the Indian National Congress. The Swaraj Dal aimed to enter legislative councils and oppose the British government from within, thereby carrying forward the nationalist agenda.

Explanation

In most of his inscriptions, Emperor Ashoka is referred to by the title 'Devanampriya Priyadarshi'. 'Devanampriya' means "Beloved of the Gods," and 'Priyadarshi' means "He who looks with kindness." While 'Devanampriya' is also a common epithet, 'Priyadarshi' is the specific name or descriptive title by which he is generally identified, emphasizing his benevolent and compassionate nature, especially in relation to his Dhamma policy.

Explanation

Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon and physician, renowned for his treatise "Sushruta Samhita," a foundational text in Ayurveda. While his exact dating is debated, his seminal work on medicine and surgery was a cornerstone of medical knowledge in ancient India, influencing practices and studies even during the Gupta period. Among the given options, he is the only figure primarily known for his contributions to medicine.

Explanation

Kharosthi is an ancient Indic script that was primarily used in the Gandhara region (present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan) from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. A distinguishing feature of Kharosthi script is its direction of writing, which proceeds from right to left. In contrast, scripts like Brahmi, Sharada, and Nandanagari are all written from left to right.

Explanation

During the Gupta period, Tamralipti, located on the eastern coast in present-day West Bengal, was a vital port for maritime trade. It served as a primary outlet for goods from North India, particularly from the Gangetic plains, to be traded with Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, and other eastern regions. Western ports like Kalyan, Broach, and Cambay primarily facilitated trade with the Roman Empire and the Middle East, serving western and central India.

Explanation

Mughal painting reached its zenith during the reign of Emperor Jahangir. He was a great patron and connoisseur of art, with a discerning eye and a deep personal interest in painting. Under his patronage, Mughal painting developed a remarkable level of sophistication, realism, and individual portraiture, often focusing on naturalistic studies and fine details. While Akbar laid the foundations, Jahangir's reign saw the style achieve its highest artistic refinement.

Explanation

The Mansabdari system was introduced by Emperor Akbar in Mughal India primarily to organize the nobility and military administration efficiently. It was a grading system that assigned a numerical rank (mansab) to officials, determining their status, salary, and military obligations. This system directly facilitated recruitment to the army by requiring mansabdars to maintain a specified number of cavalry and horses, thereby streamlining the process of raising and managing the vast Mughal military force.

Explanation

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, established the Ashta Pradhan Mandal. This was a council of eight ministers who assisted him in the efficient administration of the empire. Each minister was assigned specific responsibilities related to various departments of the state, such as finance, foreign affairs, and military.

Explanation

Firuz Shah Tughluq, a sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty, is credited with building the maximum number of canals among the Delhi Sultans. He was known for his extensive public works, and his irrigation projects, including the construction and repair of several canals, significantly contributed to agricultural development and prosperity in his kingdom.

Explanation

The Portuguese were known to use Hooghly as a base for their trading activities, but also for widespread piracy in the Bay of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries. A section of the Portuguese, often called 'feringis', engaged in plundering ships and capturing people for the slave trade, causing significant disruption in the region and leading to conflicts with local powers.

Explanation

There are 12 districts in Bihar that are situated on the banks of the Ganga river. These districts include Buxar, Bhojpur, Saran, Patna, Vaishali, Samastipur, Begusarai, Lakhisarai, Munger, Khagaria, Bhagalpur, and Katihar. The Ganga acts as a vital waterway and economic lifeline for these regions.

Explanation

Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary is indeed situated in the Munger district of Bihar. This sanctuary is known for its rich biodiversity, including various species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, as well as its natural hot springs. The other options, Valmiki, Rajgir, and Gautam Buddha, are located in different districts of Bihar.

Explanation

As per the 2011 Census, Gopalganj district in Bihar recorded the highest sex ratio. The sex ratio for Gopalganj was 1021 females per 1000 males, which is the only district in Bihar to have a sex ratio above 1000. This demographic characteristic makes it stand out among other districts in the state.

Explanation

Paschim Champaran district is home to the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, which is Bihar's only national park and a significant wildlife sanctuary. This region features extensive dense deciduous forest cover, making it the district with a larger area under this type of forest among the given options. The presence of the reserve contributes significantly to its higher concentration of dense forest.

Explanation

The Ganga river flows through several districts in Bihar, but Patna district has the longest stretch of the river within its boundaries. The river meanders along the northern border of Patna for approximately 120 kilometers. This significant length makes Patna the district with the longest Ganga river course among the options provided.

Explanation

As per the 2011 Census, Sheohar district in Bihar recorded the highest density of population, with 1880 persons per square kilometer. This makes it the most densely populated district in the state. Its relatively small geographical area combined with a substantial population contributes to this high density figure.

Explanation

The phrase "country without borders" typically refers to an island nation that does not share any land boundaries with other countries. Among the options provided, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, and Cuba are all island nations without land borders. Comparing their geographical areas, Japan has the largest area at approximately 377,975 square kilometers.

Explanation

Chile is renowned for its extreme north-south elongation, stretching approximately 4,300 kilometers along the Pacific coast of South America. This makes it the country with the longest latitudinal extension among the options provided and indeed one of the longest in the world. Its narrow shape covers a vast range of climates from arid deserts in the north to alpine tundras and glaciers in the south.

Explanation

Indonesia is an archipelago nation consisting of a massive number of islands. While exact counts vary, it is generally recognized as having over 17,500 islands, making it the country with the highest number of islands in the world. This extensive collection of islands spans a vast area across the equator.

Explanation

Iran is the undisputed largest producer of saffron globally, accounting for over 90% of the world's total output. The unique climate and fertile soils in regions such as Khorasan are ideally suited for cultivating this highly prized spice. Saffron production is a significant part of Iran's agricultural economy and cultural heritage.

Explanation

Kazakhstan has been the world's largest producer of uranium since 2009, consistently supplying a substantial portion of the global demand for this nuclear fuel. The country's extensive uranium deposits and efficient in-situ leach mining techniques contribute to its leading position in the international market.

Explanation

Kanyakumari is situated at the southernmost tip of peninsular India. The Cardamom Hills are part of the southern Western Ghats, located in southeastern Kerala and southwestern Tamil Nadu, and are geographically closest to Kanyakumari among the given options. The Anaimalai and Nilgiri Hills are further north, while the Shevaroy Hills are in the Eastern Ghats.

Explanation

The Ganga river basin includes many tributaries. The North Koel River is a tributary of the Son River, which itself is a major southern tributary of the Ganga. The Barakar River is the principal tributary of the Damodar River, which flows into the Hooghly River, a distributary of the Ganga. Therefore, both North Koel and Barakar are part of the Ganga river basin, making option E the correct answer as "More than one of the above" is applicable.

Explanation

The Kanan Devan Hills in Kerala, the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, and the Darjeeling Hills in West Bengal are all renowned regions for extensive tea plantations in India. In contrast, the Girnar Hills, located in Gujarat, are primarily known for their religious significance and forest ecosystem, being adjacent to the Gir National Park, and do not have tea plantations.

Explanation

According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) data, Madhya Pradesh consistently has the largest forest cover among all states in India. A significant portion of this extensive forest cover comprises dense deciduous forests, which include both tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry deciduous forest types. This makes Madhya Pradesh the state with the largest area under dense deciduous forest cover.

Explanation

Coral reefs in India are primarily found in the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kachchh, Lakshadweep and Minicoy Islands, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Gulf of Cambay (also known as Gulf of Khambhat) is characterized by high turbidity, significant freshwater influx from rivers like the Narmada and Tapti, and strong tidal currents. These environmental conditions are generally unsuitable for the growth and survival of coral reefs.

Explanation

As per the 2011 Census of India, the Jain community recorded the highest percentage of literacy rate among all major religious groups in the country, with approximately 94.9%. This was notably higher than the literacy rates recorded for Christians (around 84.5%), Sikhs (around 75.4%), and Hindus (around 73.2%) during the same census period.

Explanation

The Todas are an ancient tribal community primarily residing in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, not Kerala. They are known for their unique culture, buffalo rearing, and traditional barrel-vaulted houses. The other pairs are correctly matched: Bhils are a major tribe in Gujarat, Gaddis are found in Himachal Pradesh, and Kotas are also a tribal group inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu. Therefore, the pair Todas-Kerala is incorrectly matched.

Explanation

The Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) is a flagship infrastructure project being developed with substantial financial and technical assistance from Japan. This ambitious project aims to create a high-tech industrial zone spanning approximately 1,500 km between Delhi and Mumbai, leveraging the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor. It involves the development of new industrial cities, power projects, high-speed rail, and logistics facilities to boost industrial output and trade.

Explanation

Rohtas district in Bihar does not have Dharwar geological formations. The geology of Rohtas district is predominantly characterized by rocks of the Vindhyan Supergroup, which include sandstones, shales, and limestones, representing a younger geological era compared to the ancient Dharwar system. In contrast, districts like Munger, Jamui, and Nawada, located in the southeastern parts of Bihar, are known to contain older geological formations, including parts of the Dharwar system, which are among the oldest metamorphic rocks in India.