BPSC Prelims 2018 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

In the first week of October 2018, India's then Defence Minister, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, undertook a three-day official visit to Kazakhstan from October 2-4, 2018. During this visit, she held bilateral meetings with the Kazakh Defence Minister and participated in various discussions aimed at strengthening defence cooperation between the two nations. This visit was part of India's broader engagement with Central Asian countries.

Explanation

In October 2018, the Parliament of Canada voted unanimously to revoke the honorary citizenship of Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's de facto leader. This decision was made in response to her failure to condemn the atrocities committed against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar, which many international bodies and governments had described as ethnic cleansing or genocide. Canada had originally granted her honorary citizenship in 2007.

Explanation

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Great Britain, being a European country and part of the United Kingdom, was not a signatory or member of NAFTA. Therefore, Great Britain is not associated with NAFTA, while Canada, Mexico, and the USA were its core members.

Explanation

In September 2018, India and France signed the 'Mobilize Your City' agreement. This partnership aimed to support India in implementing sustainable urban transport projects, promoting green and low-carbon mobility. This initiative was part of a broader collaboration between the two nations on climate change and sustainable development.

Explanation

Foreign Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj inaugurated the 'Panini Language Laboratory' in August 2018 at the Mahatma Gandhi Institute in Mauritius. This initiative was part of India's efforts to promote Indian languages, particularly Sanskrit, among the Indian diaspora and the wider public in Mauritius, strengthening cultural ties between the two countries.

Explanation

In August 2018, the United Kingdom enacted a new 'Human Organ Transplantation Law' aimed at increasing organ donation rates. This law, often referred to as 'Max and Keira's Law' or an opt-out system, was designed to address the shortage of organs by assuming consent for donation unless an individual explicitly opts out. The discussions around this law included efforts to encourage donation across all communities, including those of Indian origin, to better reflect the diverse population needing transplants.

Explanation

Emmerson Mnangagwa became the President of Zimbabwe in November 2017, following the resignation of long-time leader Robert Mugabe. Although he was sworn in to serve out the remainder of Mugabe's term, a formal presidential election was subsequently held in July 2018, which he also won. His initial ascent to the presidency in November 2017 marked a significant political transition in Zimbabwe.

Explanation

Turkey ended its two-year state of emergency on July 18, 2018, which had been imposed following a failed coup attempt on July 15, 2016. The emergency powers had allowed the government to bypass parliament in enacting new laws and to suspend rights and freedoms. The expiration of the state of emergency was a significant development in the country's political landscape at that time.

Explanation

Papua New Guinea declared a national health emergency in June 2018 due to an outbreak of polio. This declaration followed the confirmation of a polio case in a six-year-old boy in Morobe province, marking the first re-emergence of the disease in the country after 18 years of being polio-free. The emergency was crucial for mobilizing resources and coordinating efforts to contain the spread of the virus.

Explanation

India won the Cricket Asia Cup in 2018 by defeating Bangladesh in the final match on September 29, 2018. This victory marked India's seventh triumph in the history of the tournament. Prior to 2018, India had secured the Asia Cup title six times, making the 2018 win their record seventh championship.

Explanation

In the 18th Asian Games held in Jakarta and Palembang in 2018, India achieved a total medal tally of 69. This tally was composed of 15 Gold medals, 24 Silver medals, and 30 Bronze medals. Therefore, the correct order of medals won by India is 15 Gold, 24 Silver, and 30 Bronze, summing up to 69 total medals.

Explanation

SpiceJet became the first Indian airline company to successfully operate a flight using biofuel as aviation turbine fuel (ATF) in August 2018. The flight, a Bombardier Q400, flew from Dehradun to Delhi, utilizing a blend of biojet fuel, partly derived from Jatropha plants. This marked a significant milestone for sustainable aviation in India.

Explanation

The 'Atal Bhujal Yojana' is a central sector scheme of the Government of India, implemented by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, with the aim of improving groundwater management through community participation. In June 2018, the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors approved a loan for the project. The total outlay for the scheme was 6,000 crore rupees, with 50% of the funding, i.e., ₹3,000 crore, coming from a World Bank loan and the remaining 50% from central assistance.

Explanation

A study conducted by researchers from IIT Kharagpur, whose findings were widely reported around 2015, proposed that the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization was primarily caused by a prolonged drought. According to their research, which analyzed monsoon patterns using oxygen isotope data from a stalagmite, continuous low rainfall persisted for approximately 900 years. This extended period of arid conditions severely impacted the agricultural production of the civilization, leading to its eventual de-urbanization and collapse.

Explanation

The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2017, released by the Forest Survey of India in February 2018, provides an assessment of the forest and tree cover in the country. According to this report, the total forest and tree cover of India stood at 802,088 square kilometers. This figure accounted for 24.39% of the total geographical area of the country. When rounded to one decimal place as per the options, this becomes 24.40%.

Explanation

In January 2018, the state government of Sikkim introduced an innovative initiative to foster environmental conservation. This scheme allowed residents to adopt trees and formally establish a humanitarian relationship with them, such as declaring them as a brother or sister. The aim was to encourage people to emotionally connect with trees, take responsibility for their well-being, and actively participate in increasing the green cover and protecting the natural environment of the state.

Explanation

The 'Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2018' was a comprehensive rural sanitation survey conducted by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The survey aimed to assess the progress of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) and rank districts and states based on various cleanliness and sanitation parameters. According to the results of this survey, which were announced in October 2018, Satara district in Maharashtra achieved the first position as the top-performing district.

Explanation

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat Yojana, was officially launched in September 2018. This scheme aimed to provide health insurance coverage of Rs 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Covering over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families, it was recognized as the world's largest government-funded healthcare program at its inception.

Explanation

India's first National Rail and Transportation Institute (NRTI), envisioned as a university dedicated to railway and transportation education, was established in September 2018. This pioneering institution was set up in Vadodara, Gujarat. It utilized the existing campus facilities of the Indian National Rail Academy, aiming to create a skilled workforce and foster research and development in the rail and transportation sectors.

Explanation

JIMEX stands for Japan-India Maritime Exercise. JIMEX 2018 was the third iteration of the bilateral maritime exercise conducted between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). These exercises are crucial for enhancing interoperability, mutual understanding, and strengthening naval cooperation between the two nations, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.

Explanation

The air pollution control system named 'VAYU' (Wind Augmentation Purifying Unit) was developed by CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) to combat severe air pollution. In September 2018, this system was notably installed and launched in Delhi, specifically at the ITO intersection, a highly congested area, as part of efforts to clean the city's air.

Explanation

On January 6, 2018, Bihar Chief Minister Shri Nitish Kumar launched over 750 development schemes across Begusarai and Khagaria districts. These initiatives were part of his extensive "Vikas Samiksha Yatra," a program where the Chief Minister traveled across various districts of Bihar to review the progress of development projects and interact with the local populace regarding government schemes.

Explanation

Bihar's first 'Start-up Hub' was inaugurated by Deputy Chief Minister Shri Sushil Modi in Patna on March 16, 2018. As the state capital and a major urban center, Patna is the natural location for such an initiative aimed at fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. The hub was established to provide infrastructure and support to budding start-ups in the state.

Explanation

On March 22, 2018, on the occasion of the 106th Bihar Day celebrations in Patna, Vice President Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu unveiled the book "Neel Ke Dhabbe". This book sheds light on the historical context and impact of indigo cultivation in Bihar, aligning with the cultural and historical significance often highlighted during Bihar Day events.

Explanation

The Madhepura Locomotive Factory, a joint venture between Alstom and Indian Railways, is responsible for manufacturing India's most powerful electric locomotive engines. These WAG-12 class locomotives were designed with a capacity of 12000 horsepower (HP). They are specifically built to haul heavy freight trains, significantly improving the efficiency and speed of railway logistics.

Explanation

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed the 'Swachhagrahis National Convention' in Motihari, Bihar, on April 10, 2018. This significant event was held to commemorate the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha, linking the historical movement with the modern Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission). The convention recognized and encouraged grassroots cleanliness volunteers.

Explanation

In April 2018, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) conducted a comprehensive mock drill at Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan (LNJP) Airport in Patna. This exercise simulated a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) emergency. The drill aimed to test and improve the preparedness and response mechanisms of various agencies involved in managing such critical incidents at airports.

Explanation

Patna secured the first rank among 20 cities in India for 4G signal availability, according to an OpenSignal report published in February 2018. The report analyzed data from December 2017 to February 2018, indicating that users in Patna spent the highest proportion of their time connected to a 4G network. This performance highlighted Patna's strong network coverage during that period.

Explanation

Sulabh International, a social service organization, launched its 'Sulabh Jal' project, offering the cheapest drinking water, in Darbhanga city of Bihar. This initiative involved setting up a water purification plant to provide clean drinking water at an affordable price of 50 paisa per liter. Darbhanga was chosen as the pilot city for this innovative project.

Explanation

The statement that every girl child will receive a total of ₹60,000 from her birth to graduation level education under Bihar's Mukhyamantri Kanya Utthan Yojana is not true. The actual total financial assistance provided under the scheme, paid in various installments from birth through graduation, amounts to ₹54,100. This scheme aims to promote education and reduce child marriage by providing financial support at different stages of a girl's development.

Explanation

Mehrgarh, an important Neolithic site located in present-day Balochistan, Pakistan, provides the earliest known evidence of animal domestication and agriculture in the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological findings at Mehrgarh indicate the presence of farming communities cultivating crops like wheat and barley, and domesticating animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, dating back to approximately 7000 BCE. This site is crucial for understanding the transition to settled agricultural life in the region.

Explanation

The first Buddhist council was convened shortly after the Mahaparinirvana of Lord Buddha in 483 BCE to preserve his teachings and monastic discipline. This significant assembly took place at the Sattapanni Cave, located near Rajgriha, which is present-day Rajgir, in Bihar. The council was presided over by Mahakasyapa and was held under the patronage of King Ajatashatru.

Explanation

The Kushana ruler Vima Kadphises is credited with being the first to issue gold coins on a large scale in India. While Indo-Greeks issued gold coins, their scale was limited. Vima Kadphises introduced a standardized and abundant system of pure gold coinage, which significantly contributed to the economic prosperity and trade of the Kushana empire, making gold currency widely available in the subcontinent during his reign.

Explanation

Aryabhata, a renowned Indian mathematician and astronomer from the Gupta period, was the first to accurately explain that the apparent daily rising and setting of the sun is due to the Earth's rotation on its own axis. He articulated this concept in his influential work, the Aryabhatiya, in the 5th century CE, centuries before similar ideas gained prominence in the Western world.

Explanation

The ruler of Suvarnabhumi who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested the Pala ruler Devapala for the grant of five villages for its maintenance was Balaputradeva. Balaputradeva was a king of the Shailendra dynasty, based in present-day Sumatra. His request was sent through an ambassador to Devapala, who granted the villages, highlighting the strong cultural and religious ties between India and Southeast Asia.

Explanation

The "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" is an ancient Greco-Roman document that describes navigation and trade routes in the Indian Ocean. Its author is unknown and remains anonymous to this day. It is generally believed to have been written by a merchant or navigator living in the 1st century CE. Therefore, none of the named individuals like Ctesias, Pliny, Ptolemy, or Strabo are identified as its author.

Explanation

The earliest and most comprehensive description of Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion of Bihar and Bengal is found in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri. This historical text was written by Minhaj-us-Siraj Juzjani in the 13th century CE, shortly after the events he described. It serves as a crucial primary source for understanding the early Muslim conquests in eastern India, including the destruction of prominent Buddhist centers like Nalanda.

Explanation

Ala-ud-din Khilji implemented stringent land revenue policies, demanding half (50%) of the crop as revenue from the peasants. He was also notable for introducing the system of measurement (masahat) of land as the basis for assessing and collecting revenue, aiming to ensure a more direct and efficient collection from the cultivators. This was a significant increase from previous rates and a key feature of his agrarian reforms.

Explanation

Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria was a prominent Sufi saint who established and popularized the Suhrawardi Silsilah in India, particularly in Multan (now in Pakistan) during the 13th century. Unlike the Chishtis, the Suhrawardi order did not completely shun state patronage and often held positions of influence, with Zakaria himself being recognized by the Delhi Sultans.

Explanation

Islam Shah Suri, the son and successor of Sher Shah Suri, continued and refined his father's administrative and military reforms. He is specifically credited with further systematizing the military organization, including the division of troops into distinct units of two hundred, two hundred fifty, and five hundred soldiers, which aimed to improve command structure and efficiency.

Explanation

William Finch was an English merchant who traveled to India in the early 17th century. His travelogue provides valuable insights into the Mughal Empire. He specifically recorded the observation that between five thousand and twenty thousand men worked for forty years to construct the palace of forty pillars (Chehel Sutun) at Allahabad during Emperor Akbar's reign, highlighting the scale of Mughal architectural projects.

Explanation

Sultan Zainul Abidin, who ruled Kashmir from 1420 to 1470, is widely known as the 'Akbar of Kashmir'. He earned this epithet due to his policies of religious tolerance, promotion of Sanskrit and local languages, patronage of arts and crafts, and administrative reforms, including the abolition of the jizya tax, which mirrored many aspects of Emperor Akbar's later reign.

Explanation

Haji Shariatullah initiated the Faraizi Movement in East Bengal in 1818. This movement aimed at reforming the religious and social lives of Bengali Muslims by advocating a return to the pure form of Islam and discarding un-Islamic practices. After his death in 1840, his son Dudu Miyan continued the movement.

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the influential book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India," published in 1901. In this work, he meticulously documented the economic exploitation of India under British rule and propounded the "Drain of Wealth" theory. He was a prominent early Indian nationalist and economist.

Explanation

The Bengal Tenancy Act was enacted in 1885 to define and protect the rights of tenants on land in Bengal and Bihar. This legislation aimed to address the grievances of ryots (cultivators) against oppressive landlords, granting them occupancy rights and regulating the enhancement of rent. It provided some security and stability to tenant farmers.

Explanation

Bihar became a separate province in India on March 22, 1912. This administrative reorganization occurred during the Delhi Durbar when the British government decided to shift the capital from Calcutta to Delhi and also to re-demarcate the provincial boundaries, separating Bihar and Orissa from the Bengal Presidency.

Explanation

Raj Kumar Shukla, a local indigo cultivator from Champaran, invited Mahatma Gandhi to visit the district to investigate the oppressive system of indigo cultivation. His persistent efforts brought Gandhi to Champaran in 1917, leading to the Champaran Satyagraha, which was Gandhi's first major civil disobedience movement in India.

Explanation

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the historic Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929. At this session, the resolution for Purna Swaraj (complete independence) was adopted. On the midnight of December 31, 1929, he unfurled the Flag of Independence (the tricolor flag) on the banks of the Ravi River, symbolizing India's resolve for complete self-rule.

Explanation

The Bihar Socialist Party was formed in 1931 by prominent leaders like Ganga Sharan Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri, Phulan Prasad Varma, and Ramanand Mishra. This party was an early initiative to promote socialist ideas within the Indian independence movement, laying the groundwork for the broader Congress Socialist Party which was formed a few years later.

Explanation

Following the provincial elections of 1937, the Indian National Congress formed ministries in several provinces. In Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha became the first Chief Minister (then known as Premier) of the Congress Ministry. He led the government that implemented various reforms during its short tenure before resigning in protest against British involvement in World War II.

Explanation

Hungary is a landlocked country located in Central Europe. It shares borders with Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria, and does not have direct access to an ocean or sea. In contrast, Belgium, Romania, and Ukraine all have coastlines (on the North Sea, Black Sea, and Black Sea/Sea of Azov, respectively).

Explanation

Among the given options, Borneo is the largest island by area. Its approximate area is about 748,000 square kilometers. For comparison, Madagascar is approximately 587,041 sq km, Sumatra is approximately 473,481 sq km, and Great Britain is approximately 209,331 sq km.

Explanation

The Pampas is a fertile lowland region in South America, primarily covering parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Its climate is generally temperate, characterized as humid subtropical (Cfa) with hot, humid summers and mild winters. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year, distinguishing it from the Mediterranean climate, which experiences dry summers and wet winters. Central Chile, Cape Town in South Africa, and Adelaide in Australia are all well-known regions that experience a Mediterranean climate.

Explanation

China has historically been and continues to be the largest producer of silk in the world. It accounts for a significant majority of global silk production, dominating the sericulture industry. India is the second largest producer, but its output is considerably less than that of China.

Explanation

As of 2018, the United States of America was the largest crude oil producer globally. Among the remaining options, Saudi Arabia was the second largest crude oil producer, surpassing Russia, China, and Canada in terms of production volume. Saudi Arabia has consistently been one of the top producers, leveraging its vast oil reserves and production capacity.

Explanation

The Meghalaya Plateau, located in Northeast India, is geographically characterized by three prominent hill ranges named after the local tribal communities: the Garo Hills, the Khasi Hills, and the Jaintia Hills. These three ranges constitute the core components of the plateau. The Bhuban Hills, on the other hand, are located in the Barak Valley region of Assam and parts of Manipur, forming part of a different geographical system and are not considered part of the Meghalaya Plateau.

Explanation

Among the given passes, Nathu La is situated at the highest elevation. Nathu La is located at approximately 4,310 meters (14,140 feet) above sea level. Zoji La is at about 3,528 meters, Rohtang Pass is around 3,980 meters, and the Khyber Pass has a much lower elevation of approximately 1,070 meters. Therefore, Nathu La is the highest among the options provided.

Explanation

Karewas are thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines found in the Kashmir Valley. These lacustrine deposits are well-known for their fertility, making them ideal for the cultivation of saffron (locally known as Zafran), almonds, and other cash crops. Therefore, Karewa soils are primarily associated with the Kashmir Himalaya region.

Explanation

As per the 2011 Census of India, the total urban population constituted approximately 31.16% of the country's total population. This figure represented a significant increase in urban residents compared to previous census periods. Option B, which is 31%, accurately reflects this percentage as per the 2011 Census data.

Explanation

NITI Aayog is a premier policy 'think-tank' of the Government of India, established to replace the Planning Commission. The acronym NITI stands for National Institution for Transforming India. It aims to foster cooperative federalism and provide strategic and technical advice to the central and state governments.

Explanation

After India gained Independence, the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis was a significant policy decision. The States Reorganisation Act was enacted in 1956, which led to the redrawing of state boundaries primarily based on language, establishing 14 states and 6 union territories. This was a crucial step in shaping the political map of modern India.

Explanation

Uttar Pradesh is widely known as the 'Sugar Bowl of India' due to its extensive cultivation of sugarcane and large number of sugar mills. The state is the largest producer of sugarcane in India, contributing significantly to the country's sugar output. This prominence in sugar production has earned it this distinctive moniker.

Explanation

India has historically been one of the world's largest producers and leading exporters of mica, particularly sheet mica. The country possesses significant reserves of high-quality mica, especially in regions like Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan. While India produces various minerals, its dominance in the production and export of sheet mica, known for its excellent insulating properties, has been notable globally. This makes sheet mica the mineral in which India historically held a leading position in world production.

Explanation

Bihar was separated from the Bengal Presidency and constituted as a separate province by the British in 1912. This administrative reorganization aimed to streamline governance due to the vast size of the Bengal Presidency. The new province, initially known as Bihar and Orissa, was officially created on March 22, 1912. This marked the formation of Bihar as a distinct administrative unit, laying the foundation for its subsequent development as an Indian state.

Explanation

The Kharagpur Hills, located in the Munger district of Bihar, are part of the ancient Peninsular Shield region of India. These hills are primarily composed of very old Precambrian rocks, including quartzites, phyllites, and schists, which makes them one of the oldest geological formations in the state. In contrast, the Rohtas Plateau belongs to the Vindhyan system, which is also old but relatively younger than the Precambrian rocks. The North-Western Hills (Shivaliks) are much younger, and the North Ganga Plains are the youngest, formed by recent alluvial deposits.

Explanation

As of July 2018, Patna district in Bihar shared its boundaries with nine other districts. These bordering districts include Arwal to the southwest, Jehanabad to the south, Nalanda to the southeast, Lakhisarai to the east, Begusarai to the northeast, Samastipur to the northeast, Vaishali to the north, Saran to the northwest, and Bhojpur to the west. This geographical arrangement makes Patna a central district surrounded by a significant number of neighboring administrative units.

Explanation

Most of the area in Bihar is covered by alluvial soil. Bihar is predominantly situated in the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains, which are formed by the extensive deposition of alluvium carried by the River Ganga and its tributaries. These rivers originate in the Himalayas and flow through the state, depositing fine silt, sand, and clay over millennia. This alluvial soil is highly fertile and supports extensive agriculture, making it the most widespread soil type across the vast plains of Bihar.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census of India, Bihar had the lowest literacy rate among all states. Its literacy rate was 61.80%. Therefore, Bihar ranked first in terms of the lowest literacy rate.

Explanation

Bihar is a significant producer of jute in India. Among the states, West Bengal holds the first position in jute production. Bihar consistently ranks second in the country for jute production, following West Bengal.

Explanation

Bihar is predominantly an agrarian state with fertile land and a large agricultural base, producing various crops like rice, wheat, maize, pulses, and fruits. Consequently, agro-based industries such as food processing, sugar mills, dairy, and fruit processing have immense potential and promising prospects for development within the state, leveraging its abundant raw materials.

Explanation

According to Article 124(2)(a) of the Constitution of India, a Judge of the Supreme Court can resign from their office. This resignation must be submitted in writing and addressed directly to the President of India. The President is the appointing authority for Supreme Court judges.

Explanation

The First Backward Classes Commission was constituted in 1953 under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution. This commission was famously known as the Kaka Kalelkar Commission, named after its chairman, Kaka Saheb Kalelkar. Its mandate was to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes.

Explanation

The Chairman and other members of a State Public Service Commission are appointed by the Governor of the State. This provision is enshrined in Article 316(1) of the Indian Constitution. While they are appointed by the Governor, they can only be removed by the President of India.

Explanation

To be eligible for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), a person must meet certain qualifications. As per Article 84(b) of the Constitution of India, one such qualification is that the person must not be less than twenty-five years of age.

Explanation

The Governor of a State holds a crucial position as the constitutional head of the state. According to Article 155 of the Indian Constitution, the Governor is appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal. The Governor serves at the pleasure of the President.

Explanation

Article 330 of the Constitution of India makes specific provisions for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha, which is the House of the People. This ensures adequate representation of these communities in the Union legislature. Article 332 provides for similar reservations in the State Legislative Assemblies.

Explanation

According to Article 79 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Therefore, the President is an integral part of the Parliament, although the President is not a member of either House and does not sit or vote in the Parliament.

Explanation

Article 40 of the Indian Constitution, which is a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to take steps to organize village Panchayats. It mandates the State to endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. This article reflects the Gandhian principle of village self-governance.

Explanation

The state of Jharkhand came into existence on November 15, 2000. It was formed by carving out the southern districts of Bihar to create a separate state. The creation of Jharkhand fulfilled a long-standing demand for a distinct state for the tribal population and resources-rich region.

Explanation

The Sarkaria Commission, established in June 1983 to review the Centre-State relations, submitted its comprehensive report in January 1988. The Commission made 247 recommendations aimed at strengthening Centre-State relations while maintaining the unitary character of the Indian federation. Since 1988 is not among the options A, B, C, or D, option E is the correct choice.

Explanation

Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for the formation of a Finance Commission. The President of India is mandated to constitute a Finance Commission every fifth year, or at such earlier time as he considers necessary, to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States, and among the States themselves.

Explanation

The Attorney General of India is appointed by the President of India. Article 76 of the Constitution specifies that the President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney General for India. The Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the Government of India.

Explanation

The Twelfth Five Year Plan, which spanned from 2012 to 2017, set specific targets for various sectors of the Indian economy. For the agriculture and allied sector, the target average annual growth rate was envisaged to be 4.0 percent. This ambitious target aimed to ensure food security, boost rural incomes, and promote sustainable growth in the agricultural sector.

Explanation

The 'Make in India' policy, launched by the Indian government, aims at multiple objectives to boost domestic manufacturing. Key goals include improving the business environment by removing bureaucratic hurdles and red tape, thereby making it easier to manufacture in India (options A and B). It also strives to enhance the competitiveness of Indian products globally, which necessitates making the cost of manufacturing and the final product competitive (option D). Since several of the listed aims are central to the policy, 'More than one of the above' is the correct choice.

Explanation

All the listed options, Make in India, Ease of Doing Business, Start-up India, and Digital India, are initiatives or policy thrusts that directly or indirectly contribute to industrial development in India. Make in India and Start-up India explicitly target manufacturing and new enterprises. Ease of Doing Business involves reforms to facilitate all industries. Digital India, while broad, includes components like promoting electronics manufacturing and digital infrastructure that aid industrial growth. Therefore, none of the options can be identified as "not an initiative for industrial development," making "None of the above" the appropriate answer.

Explanation

The PURA (Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas) model was a concept passionately advocated by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former President of India. This vision aimed to bridge the rural-urban divide by providing physical, electronic, and knowledge connectivity, alongside economic connectivity, in rural clusters to improve the quality of life and create employment opportunities in villages.

Explanation

As per the Census 2011 data, the overall literacy rate in India was 74.04 percent. Specifically, the female literacy rate was recorded at 65.46 percent. Among the given options, 65.5 percent is the closest and most accurate representation of the female literacy rate from the 2011 Census.

Explanation

Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, is widely recognized for pioneering the concept of microcredit and founding the Grameen Bank. His work focused on providing small loans to the poor, especially women, without collateral, to help them establish self-sustaining enterprises. This model often involved forming small, self-help groups for mutual support, responsibility, and loan repayment, effectively promoting the idea of collective action for poverty alleviation.

Explanation

Urjit Patel was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from September 4, 2016, until his resignation on December 10, 2018. Therefore, for the vast majority of the year 2018, Urjit Patel held the position of RBI Governor. While Shaktikanta Das was appointed Governor in December 2018, for the most part of 2018, Urjit Patel was the incumbent.

Explanation

Agricultural productivity can be significantly increased through various pathways. Efficient irrigation ensures optimal water supply for crops, leading to better yields. The use of quality seeds, including high-yielding varieties and disease-resistant strains, forms a fundamental basis for higher production. Pesticides protect crops from damage by pests, reducing losses and maximizing harvested output. Similarly, fertilizers supply essential nutrients to the soil, boosting plant growth and overall yield. Since all options A, B, C, and D contribute to increased agricultural productivity, E (More than one of the above) is the correct answer.

Explanation

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has multiple objectives aimed at rural development and poverty alleviation. It provides guaranteed wage employment, which directly enhances rural income (D). The works undertaken under MGNREGA are primarily aimed at creating durable assets (A) such as rural roads, ponds, wells, and check dams. A significant focus of these works is on water conservation and management (C), which includes activities related to micro-irrigation (B) and other water harvesting structures. As all the given options are indeed objectives or direct outcomes of MGNREGA, E (More than one of the above) is the correct answer.

Explanation

The Union Budget for 2017-18, presented by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, outlined a 10-point agenda built around the overarching theme of "Transform, Energise and Clean India" (TEC India). This theme explicitly included 'Transform India' (A), 'Clean India' (B), and 'Energize India' (D) as its main pillars. While education was certainly a focus area within the budget proposals under other categories (such as for youth), 'Educate India' (C) was not one of the three explicitly stated overarching objectives in the 'TEC India' framework of the Union Budget 2017-18.

Explanation

The Green Revolution in India, initiated in the late 1960s, was characterized by the adoption of a package of new agricultural technologies. This package primarily involved the use of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, particularly for wheat and rice, combined with significantly increased application of chemical fertilizers and assured irrigation (water). This integrated approach, often referred to as the Seed-Fertilizer-Water technology, was instrumental in boosting agricultural productivity and achieving food self-sufficiency.

Explanation

Amitabh Kant served as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of NITI Aayog from January 1, 2016, until June 30, 2022. Therefore, as per the knowledge available up to the exam year of 2018, he was the incumbent CEO. NITI Aayog is the premier policy 'think tank' of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs.

Explanation

According to the Census of India, 2011, Bihar recorded the highest population density among all Indian states. It had a population density of 1106 persons per square kilometer. This figure was significantly higher than other populous states like West Bengal (1028), Kerala (860), and Uttar Pradesh (829), making Bihar the most densely populated state in the country.

Explanation

As per the Census of India, 2011, the sex ratio in Bihar State was recorded as 918 females per 1000 males. This figure represents the total sex ratio for the state, which is an important demographic indicator reflecting the number of females per thousand males in the population.

Explanation

The 'Bihar Economic Survey' was published for the first time for the Financial Year 2006-07. This inaugural economic survey provided a comprehensive overview of the state's economic performance and development indicators. It marked a significant step in transparent reporting and analysis of Bihar's economy, serving as a vital document for policy-making and public understanding.

Explanation

The service sector has consistently been a major recipient of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India. This trend generally extends to states like Bihar, where infrastructure and other core manufacturing sectors might be less developed for large-scale FDI. In the period of April-June 2018, the service sector, encompassing financial services, IT, and business services, attracted the highest equity inflows compared to traditional industries such as steel, agriculture processing, or cement in Bihar.

Explanation

Bihar is an agrarian state with a significant portion of its population dependent on agriculture for livelihood. While the exact percentage fluctuates slightly year-on-year, official economic surveys of Bihar for the period around 2017-18 indicate that the percentage of the workforce engaged in the agriculture sector was typically higher than 70%, often cited in the range of 74-77%. Since the options provided (65, 67, 68, 70) do not accurately reflect this higher figure, "None of the above" is the correct choice.

Explanation

According to the Economic Survey of Bihar 2017-18, the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at constant prices recorded a significant growth rate of 10.3 percent during the fiscal year 2016-17. This robust growth rate was among the highest in the country for that period. Since none of the options A, B, C, or D match this reported figure of 10.3 percent, the correct answer is E, "None of the above/More than one of the above".

Explanation

Several factors contributed to the rebellion of sepoys against the East India Company, including religious grievances such as the efforts to spread Christianity, the order to travel overseas (seen as crossing the 'kala pani' or black water, which was a caste taboo), and economic issues like the reduction or stoppage of 'Bhatta' (foreign service allowance). While individual officers might have had varying levels of competence, the general inefficiency of officers was not cited as a primary or systemic reason that triggered widespread sepoy rebellion. The main causes were related to deep-seated religious, social, and economic policies imposed by the Company.

Explanation

By the 19th century, the once vast Mughal Empire had shrunk considerably, with its actual political power and territorial control limited almost entirely to the city of Delhi and its immediate surroundings. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, was largely a titular head. The popular saying "Sultanat-e-Shah-e-Alam, az Dilli ta Palam" (The empire of Shah Alam, from Delhi to Palam) reflects this drastically reduced domain. Chandni Chowk is a prominent market in Old Delhi, and Palam is an area located southwest of Delhi, signifying that his empire symbolically extended only a short distance within and around the capital city.

Explanation

The Nizam of Hyderabad was generally known for his policy of forming alliances with the British East India Company, rather than rebelling against them. The Nizams were among the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance system, which effectively brought them under British protection and control without significant direct conflict or rebellion. In contrast, the Raja of Vizianagaram, the Polygars of Tamil Nadu, and Dewan Velu Thampi of Travancore all led significant rebellions against the Company's authority at various points.

Explanation

The Indigo Rebellion, or Nil Bidroho, of 1859-60 in Bengal, was a significant peasant uprising against European indigo planters. The core issue was the oppressive system where peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on their most fertile lands under exploitative contracts. Planters offered meager advances and compelled farmers to grow indigo, paying them unacceptably low prices for the crop. This system trapped peasants in a cycle of debt and poverty, leading to widespread resistance when they desired to grow other food crops instead.

Explanation

The immediate cause of the Deccan Riots of 1875 was the exorbitant interest rates charged by moneylenders, often known as Mahajans. Peasants in the Deccan region, already struggling with high land revenue demands and the collapse of cotton prices after the American Civil War, had fallen into deep debt. When moneylenders began to use legal means, often facilitated by British courts, to seize the land and property of indebted peasants, it sparked widespread anger and led to the violent uprisings.

Explanation

Rajani Palme Dutt, a prominent Marxist thinker, famously referred to the Indian National Congress when he stated, "They both fought and collaborated with imperialism." In his seminal work "India Today," Dutt analyzed the complex nature of the Congress's struggle against British rule. He argued that while the Congress led the national movement and resisted imperialism, it also, at various points, engaged in constitutional politics and sought compromises, which he interpreted as a form of collaboration with the imperial power.

Explanation

The Times of India was not generally considered a 'nationalist' newspaper during the Indian freedom struggle. While it was a widely read publication, its editorial stance and target audience were primarily aligned with the British colonial administration and European community, often reflecting a pro-British viewpoint. In contrast, The Hindu, Bengalee (edited by Surendranath Banerjee), and The Mahratta (founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak) were prominent newspapers that actively promoted Indian nationalist sentiments, critiqued British policies, and played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion for independence.

Explanation

The correct combination is given in option B. Prarthana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867. Young India was a weekly journal published by Mahatma Gandhi. Lokhitvadi was the pen name of Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule in 1873. Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Reform Association of the Parsees) was founded in 1851 by Dadabhai Naoroji, S.S. Bengalee, and Naoroji Furdonji.

Explanation

The correct combination of editors for the nationalist newspapers is found in option D. G. Subramania Iyer was the founder and first editor of The Hindu. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the editor of Kesari. Surendra Nath Banerjea edited The Bengalee. Ganga Prasad Varma was associated with Hindustani. Gopal Krishna Gokhale edited Sudharak after the death of its co-founder G.G. Agarkar.

Explanation

Bal Gangadhar Tilak came to be known as 'Lokmanya' as a popular epithet signifying "revered by the people" due to his overall nationalist activities, leadership, and widespread popularity among the masses. This title was not conferred by a single event but was a recognition of his fiery journalism, political activism, and efforts to unite people through public festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti. Since none of the options singularly and definitively capture the "when" of this popular title, and it was a cumulative recognition of his multifaceted contributions, option E is the most appropriate answer.

Explanation

Bhagat Singh was born on September 28, 1907. He threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. By April 8, 1929, he had completed 21 years (on September 28, 1928) and was approximately 6 months and 11 days past his 21st birthday. Therefore, he was "A little more than 21 years" old at the time of the incident.

Explanation

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which occurred on April 13, 1919, was a direct consequence of the protests against the Rowlatt Act. Mahatma Gandhi had launched the nationwide Rowlatt Satyagraha in March 1919 to oppose this draconian law, which allowed for arbitrary arrests and detention without trial. The gathering at Jallianwala Bagh was one such protest meeting against the Rowlatt Act, leading to the tragic massacre.

Explanation

Kunwar Singh was a prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He hailed from Jagdishpur, a small town near Arrah in present-day Bihar. He actively joined and led the rebellion against the British East India Company forces in the region, with Arrah being a key center of his operations and the site where he initially led the revolt in Bihar.

Explanation

Tribal rebellions against British rule were widespread across various territories in India. Bihar, particularly the Chota Nagpur region and Santhal Parganas (which were historically part of the larger Bihar region), witnessed several major uprisings such as the Kol Rebellion, Santhal Rebellion, and Munda Rebellion. Kathiawar, in present-day Gujarat, also saw tribal resistance from communities like the Bhils and Kolis. Since both Bihar and Kathiawar were territories where tribals rebelled, option E "More than one of the above" is the appropriate answer.

Explanation

The given quote, "So always with the assent and often to the dictates of the Chamber of Commerce, the Government of India is carried on, and this is the White Man's Burden," is a famous statement attributed to Sachchidananda Sinha. Sinha was an eminent Indian lawyer, parliamentarian, and journalist who actively critiqued the economic exploitation of India by the British, highlighting the influence of British commercial interests on the colonial administration.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and spent some time understanding the Indian political and social landscape. His first major experiment with Satyagraha on Indian soil was the Champaran Satyagraha, which he launched in 1917. This movement was against the exploitative 'Tinkathia' system imposed by British indigo planters on peasants in Champaran, Bihar.

Explanation

During Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), a significant aspect was the boycott of foreign goods and the promotion of temperance. This led to a substantial decline in alcohol sales and thus a loss of excise revenue for the colonial government. In response, the Government of Bihar, facing a severe revenue crunch, resorted to the tactic of circulating a list of prominent local individuals who consumed alcohol, hoping to normalize drinking and counter the boycott's effectiveness.

Explanation

During the Salt Satyagraha, while salt production was a primary form of civil disobedience across India, in Bihar, the movement also specifically targeted the Chowkidari tax. This tax was levied on villagers to pay for local watchmen, known as chowkidars, and became a symbol of British oppression. Refusal to pay the Chowkidari tax was a significant aspect of the non-cooperation movement in the region, intensifying the anti-government protest alongside salt law violations.

Explanation

The elected Congress government of Bihar resigned in February 1938 primarily due to a conflict with the British Governor over the issue of political prisoners. The Congress ministries, which had come to power in several provinces, sought to release political prisoners held for nationalist activities. However, the Governors, backed by the Viceroy, often used their special powers to obstruct these releases, leading to a constitutional deadlock and the subsequent resignation of the provincial governments, including Bihar's.

Explanation

The Bihar Kisan Sabha (Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha) was founded in 1929 by Swami Sahajananda Saraswati. He was a pivotal figure in organizing the peasant movement in Bihar. Over time, other significant leaders also joined and became instrumental in the Kisan Sabha's activities, including Karyananda Sharma, Rahul Sankrityayan, and Yadunandan Sharma, who actively worked for the rights of tenants and peasants. Therefore, more than one of the listed individuals were connected with the Bihar Kisan Sabha.

Explanation

The length of the longest pole that can be placed in a room is equal to the length of the room's space diagonal. For a room with length (l), width (w), and height (h), the space diagonal (d) is calculated using the formula d = sqrt(l² + w² + h²). Given l = 12 m, w = 9 m, and h = 8 m, the diagonal is d = sqrt(12² + 9² + 8²) = sqrt(144 + 81 + 64) = sqrt(289). The square root of 289 is 17. Thus, the longest pole is 17 meters.

Explanation

To cross a bridge, the total distance a train must cover is its own length plus the length of the bridge. So, Total Distance = 150 m (train) + 250 m (bridge) = 400 m. The train's speed is 144 km/hr. To convert this to meters per second (m/s), multiply by 5/18: 144 (5/18) = 8 5 = 40 m/s. Finally, Time = Total Distance / Speed = 400 m / 40 m/s = 10 seconds.

Explanation

To find the number of prime numbers between 1 and 50, we list all prime numbers in this range. A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47. Counting these numbers, we find there are 15 prime numbers.

Explanation

The given value is x = -2/3. We need to evaluate the expression 9x² - 3x - 11. Substitute the value of x into the expression: 9(-2/3)² - 3(-2/3) - 11 = 9(4/9) - (-2) - 11 = 4 + 2 - 11 = 6 - 11 = -5.

Explanation

Let H be the percentage of candidates who took Hindi and T be the percentage of candidates who took History. We are given P(H) = 66% and P(T) = 59%. Since every candidate took Hindi or History or both, the total percentage P(H U T) is 100%. Using the formula for union of sets, P(H U T) = P(H) + P(T) - P(H intersection T). Substituting the values, 100% = 66% + 59% - P(H intersection T). This gives 100% = 125% - P(H intersection T), so P(H intersection T) = 125% - 100% = 25%. The number of candidates who took both is 25% of the total 3000 candidates, which is 0.25 * 3000 = 750.

Explanation

The given expression is x = sqrt(0.00001225 / 0.00005329). To simplify, first remove the decimal points by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 10⁸. This gives x = sqrt(1225 / 5329). The square root of 1225 is 35 and the square root of 5329 is 73. Therefore, x = 35/73.

Explanation

We are given two equations: (1) x + 1/y = 1 and (2) y + 1/z = 1. We need to find the value of z + 1/x. From equation (1), we can express 1/y as 1 - x, which implies y = 1/(1 - x). From equation (2), we can express 1/z as 1 - y. Substitute the expression for y into this: 1/z = 1 - [1/(1 - x)]. Combining the terms on the right side: 1/z = [(1 - x) - 1] / (1 - x) = -x / (1 - x). This means z = (1 - x) / (-x) = (x - 1) / x, which can be written as z = 1 - 1/x. Now, substitute this expression for z into the required value: z + 1/x = (1 - 1/x) + 1/x = 1.

Explanation

The initial total age of the 4 sisters is calculated by multiplying their average age by the number of sisters: 4 sisters 7 years/sister = 28 years. When the mother's age is added, the number of people becomes 5. The new average age increases by 6 years, so it becomes 7 + 6 = 13 years. The new total age of the 5 people (4 sisters + mother) is 5 people 13 years/person = 65 years. To find the mother's age, subtract the total age of the 4 sisters from the total age of the 5 people: 65 years - 28 years = 37 years.

Explanation

The given equation is 3^(x+8) = 27^(2x+1). To solve for x, we need to express both sides of the equation with the same base. Since 27 is equal to 3 cubed (3³), we can rewrite the equation as 3^(x+8) = (3³)^(2x+1). Using the exponent rule (aᵐ)ⁿ = a^(mn), the right side becomes 3^(3 * (2x+1)), which simplifies to 3^(6x+3). Now, equate the exponents: x + 8 = 6x + 3. Subtracting x from both sides gives 8 = 5x + 3. Subtracting 3 from both sides yields 5 = 5x. Dividing by 5 gives x = 1.

Explanation

To evaluate S = sum of (2n + 1/2) for n = 1 to 10, split the sum into two parts. The first part is sum of 2n from 1 to 10, which equals 2 times the sum of n from 1 to 10, giving 2 times 55 = 110. The second part is sum of 1/2 taken 10 times, which equals 5. Adding both parts gives S = 110 + 5 = 115. Therefore S equals 115.

Explanation

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Pure water at standard temperature (25°C) is inherently neutral and thus has a pH value of 7. Therefore, both pure water and a neutral solution, by definition, exhibit a pH of 7. Since the question asks "Which of the following has pH value 7?" and both options A (Pure water) and B (Neutral solution) fit this description, the correct choice is E, which accounts for "More than one of the above."

Explanation

The element Hydrogen, in its most common isotopic form known as Protium (¹H), consists of a nucleus with one proton and no neutrons, orbited by one electron. Other isotopes of hydrogen, such as Deuterium (²H) and Tritium (³H), do contain neutrons, but when "Hydrogen" is referred to generally without specifying an isotope, Protium is implied. In contrast, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Copper all contain neutrons in their naturally occurring isotopes. For instance, Oxygen-16 has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, and Nitrogen-14 has 7 protons and 7 neutrons. Therefore, Hydrogen (Protium) is the element that does not contain neutrons.

Explanation

Angstrom (Å) is a unit of length widely used to express wavelengths of light and the sizes of atoms and molecules. One Angstrom is equal to 0.1 nanometers or 10⁻¹⁰ meters. Since wavelength is a measure of length, Angstrom is an appropriate unit for it.

Explanation

Frequency is a measure of the number of cycles or events occurring per unit of time. The standard International System of Units (SI) unit for frequency is the hertz (Hz). One hertz is defined as one cycle per second. Other options like meter/second measure velocity, radian measures angle, and watt measures power.

Explanation

While James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with determining the double-helical structure of DNA in 1953, they did not discover DNA itself as a molecule. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869, who called it "nuclein." Since Miescher is not among the options and Watson and Crick discovered the structure, not the molecule itself, "None of the above" is the most accurate choice for "Who discovered DNA?".

Explanation

Triglycerides are a type of lipid, which is commonly referred to as fat. They are the main form of fat stored in the body for energy and are composed of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains. Proteins are made of amino acids, carbohydrates are sugars, and minerals are inorganic substances.

Explanation

An Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a medical test that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain. Electrodes placed on the scalp detect tiny electrical changes that result from brain cell communication. It is primarily used to diagnose conditions affecting the brain, such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors.

Explanation

The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain responsible for regulating various bodily functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycles. It acts as the body's thermostat, maintaining homeostasis by initiating responses to either raise or lower body temperature as needed. This makes it the primary center for thermoregulation.

Explanation

The visible light spectrum ranges from red light, which has the longest wavelength, to violet light, which has the shortest wavelength. This arrangement is commonly remembered by the acronym ROYGBIV, where Red comes first, indicating a longer wavelength than Violet. Therefore, the wavelength of red light is indeed more than that of violet light.

Explanation

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, the formula used is F = C (9/5) + 32. Substituting the given value of 40 degrees Celsius into the formula: F = 40 (9/5) + 32. This simplifies to F = 8 * 9 + 32, which further calculates to F = 72 + 32. Thus, 40 degrees Celsius is equal to 104 degrees Fahrenheit.

Explanation

The watt is the standard unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), which quantifies the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. In the context of electricity, electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into another form of energy. Other options like ampere measures electric current, volt measures electric potential, and coulomb measures electric charge.

Explanation

An electrical motor is a device that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where the interaction between a magnetic field and an electric current produces a force that results in rotational motion. This mechanical energy can then be used to perform work, such as driving machinery or rotating fans.

Explanation

The human body is largely composed of water, with the percentage varying based on factors like age, gender, and body fat. On average, an adult human body contains approximately 55-78% water. The option of "about 70% water" is a commonly cited average figure, making it the most accurate choice among the given options for the general composition of the human body.

Explanation

An ammeter is a specialized instrument designed to measure electric current in a circuit. It is connected in series within the circuit to accurately quantify the flow of charge. In contrast, a voltmeter measures electric potential difference (voltage), a voltameter is an electrolytic cell used for electrolysis, and a potentiometer is used to measure or compare electromotive forces (EMFs) or potential differences.

Explanation

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely considered the main component among anthropogenic greenhouse gases. While other gases like methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone also contribute to the greenhouse effect, CO2 has the highest radiative forcing among long-lived greenhouse gases due to human activities since the industrial revolution, making it the primary driver of current global warming. Water vapor is naturally the most abundant greenhouse gas overall, but the question likely refers to the main component driving climate change.

Explanation

Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." While his theories of relativity and mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²) are perhaps his most famous contributions, they were not the specific reasons cited for his Nobel Prize. Bose-Einstein condensation was a later development with Satyendra Nath Bose.

Explanation

Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell" because they are responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. This process, known as cellular respiration, occurs within the mitochondria. Other organelles like the cell wall (structural support in plants/fungi), ribosome (protein synthesis), and nucleus (contains genetic material) perform different functions.

Explanation

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a type of retrovirus that progressively attacks and destroys the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 T cells. This weakening of the immune system makes the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Therefore, the causative agent for AIDS is a virus.

Explanation

A hygrometer is an instrument specifically designed and used to measure the amount of water vapor in the air, or humidity. Other options include a hydrometer, which measures the relative density of liquids; a pyrometer, which measures high temperatures; and a lactometer, which measures the purity of milk.

Explanation

Pressure is defined as force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. The standard unit for force in the SI system is the Newton (N), and the standard unit for area is the square meter (m²). Therefore, the unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (N/m²), which is also known as a Pascal (Pa).