APPSC Group 1 Prelims 1990 General Studies Paper I with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The movement for the creation of Jharkhand state was primarily driven by the demand of the indigenous tribal population of the region to protect their unique cultural identity, land, and resources, thereby aiming to establish a tribal state.

Explanation

In 1990, the Delhi High Court had two serving women judges, namely Justice Leila Seth (appointed in 1978) and Justice Sunanda Bhandare (appointed in 1984). Thus, the correct option is D.

Explanation

C-DOT stands for the Centre for Development of Telematics, which is an autonomous telecom technology development centre of the Government of India established in 1984.

Explanation

The international peace process to resolve the Cambodian conflict culminated in the Paris Conference on Cambodia. This landmark conference was organized and co-chaired by Indonesia and France. The first session of the conference was held in Paris in July and August 1989, followed by the second session in October 1991. The foreign ministers of both nations, Ali Alatas of Indonesia and Roland Dumas of France, served as the co-presidents of the conference, successfully coordinating the efforts of the warring Cambodian factions and nineteen participating nations to establish a comprehensive political settlement.

Explanation

The Community Charge, popularly known as the poll tax, was introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government and faced massive public opposition and riots. This widespread unpopularity played a major role in her loss of political support and eventual resignation in 1990.

Explanation

Britain historically opposed the monetary unification of Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher strongly resisting the single currency plan. This skepticism eventually led to Britain negotiating an opt-out from the Euro currency under the Maastricht Treaty.

Explanation

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Colombia (spelled Columbia in the option) was widely in the international news due to extreme violence and large-scale killings perpetrated by powerful drug cartels, particularly the Medellin Cartel led by Pablo Escobar.

Explanation

France is historically renowned for massive student protests aimed at educational and university reforms, most notably the historic events of May 1968 and the large-scale demonstrations in late 1986 against the Devaquet university reform bill.

Explanation

The GATT trade talks held in Brussels in December 1990 collapsed primarily due to a deadlock between the United States and the European Community over agricultural subsidies, as European nations refused to make deep cuts to their farm support programs.

Explanation

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They represent a claim to currency held by IMF member countries for which they may be exchanged.

Explanation

Srisailam Wildlife Sanctuary, currently known as the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Andhra Pradesh, is the largest tiger reserve in India by area.

Explanation

Nutritional density, also known as physiological density, is calculated by dividing the total population of a region by its total cultivated or arable land area. This measure provides a more accurate representation of the population pressure on agricultural resources than simple arithmetic density.

Explanation

Nagarjunakonda, located in the middle of the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, is home to a famous archaeological museum. It is widely recognized as India's only island museum, housing Buddhist ruins and relics excavated from the valley before it was submerged by the reservoir.

Explanation

According to the Census data around the time of the exam (1981 and 1991), Maharashtra had the highest percentage of urban population among the options, with an urban population of 38.69% in 1991 compared to Tamil Nadu's 34.15%. Therefore, Maharashtra is the most highly urbanized state among the choices provided.

Explanation

Ernakulam district in Kerala was officially declared as the first district in India to achieve 100 percent literacy on February 4, 1990, after a successful intensive literacy campaign.

Explanation

The first major hydroelectric power project in India was commissioned at Shiva Samudram on the Kaveri River in Karnataka in 1902. Since the smaller Sidrapong (Darjeeling) project of 1897 is not listed in the options, Shiva Samudram is the correct choice.

Explanation

National Highway 1 historically ran from New Delhi to Amritsar (and onwards to Indo-Pak border), while National Highway 2 ran from Delhi to Calcutta. Together, they constitute the historic Grand Trunk Road connecting Calcutta and Amritsar, which is why option C is the correct choice under the traditional classification.

Explanation

The location of Andhra Pradesh is geographically classified as Peninsular because it is situated within the peninsular shield of India. Standard regional geography textbooks and exams define the state's location as peninsular.

Explanation

The Governor of an Indian state holds office during the pleasure of the President of India as per Article 156 of the Constitution. There is no constitutional provision for the impeachment of a Governor, meaning they cannot be impeached and can only be removed by the President.

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution of India, aim to establish a welfare state by securing social and economic justice for all citizens, thereby envisaging economic democracy. In contrast, Fundamental Rights are primarily aimed at establishing political democracy in the country.

Explanation

A Starred Question in the Parliament is one to which a member desires an oral answer on the floor of the House, and supplementary questions can follow after the minister's reply. In contrast, an unstarred question requires a written answer.

Explanation

Under the Constitution of India, the Parliament is authorized to impose reasonable restrictions on the Fundamental Rights of citizens by enacting laws. These restrictions must be reasonable and are subject to judicial review by the courts.

Explanation

Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India guarantees the freedom of speech and expression, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to implicitly include the freedom of the press. Therefore, Article 19 provides the protection to freedom of press in India.

Explanation

The Sreebagh Pact was an agreement signed on November 16, 1937, between the leaders of the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions. It was aimed at assuring safeguards for the development of the Rayalaseema region in the event of the creation of a separate Andhra province.

Explanation

The Ashok Mehta Committee was appointed by the Janata Government in December 1977 to examine and suggest measures to strengthen the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. The committee submitted its report in 1978 with several recommendations to revive the declining Panchayati Raj system, making option B the correct answer.

Explanation

The book Bhavartha Dipika, popularly known as Jnaneshwari, was authored by the 13th-century Marathi saint, poet, philosopher, and yogi Sant Dnyaneshwar (also referred to as Naneswar or Jnanadeva). Composed around 1290 CE when he was in his teens, it is an extensive commentary on the Bhagavad Gita written in the Marathi language. This text is considered one of the oldest surviving literary masterpieces in Marathi and serves as a foundational scripture for the Varkari Bhakti movement in Maharashtra.

Explanation

Koravi Goparaju was a renowned 15th-century Telugu poet who wrote the Telugu version of Simhasana Dvatrimsika, a popular collection of stories about King Vikramaditya. The other options are also famous Telugu writers but they are not the authors of this specific work.

Explanation

The Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreshwara Temple, located in Palampeta was constructed in the year 1213 A.D. It was built during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva by his military commander Recherla Rudra. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is famous for its intricate carvings, lightweight floating bricks, and masterly Kakatiya style of architecture. An inscription found at the temple site explicitly dates its construction to the Saka year 1135, which corresponds to 1213 A.D.

Explanation

Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah ascended the throne of the Golconda Sultanate in 1580 A.D. after the death of his father, Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah. He ruled until 1611/1612 A.D. and is renowned for founding the city of Hyderabad and building the Charminar.

Explanation

The Paccala Someswara Temple, also known as the Pachala Someswara Swamy Temple, is a historic Shaivite Hindu shrine located in Panagal, Nalgonda district. Built during the 11th and 12th centuries CE, the temple is widely associated with the patronage of the Kunduru Chodas and the Kakatiya dynasty, particularly during the reign of Prataparudra I. The temple derives its name from the Telugu word pacha, which means green, because the main Shiva Lingam is sculpted out of exquisite green onyx. It is highly celebrated for its distinctive Chatuskuta architecture featuring four shrines around a shared central mandapam, along with intricately carved pillars depicting iconic stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Explanation

The Chintala Venkata Ramana Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is located in Tadipatri in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Built during the Vijayanagara Empire, it is renowned for its exquisite stone carvings and architectural grandeur.

Explanation

The term Naskh refers to a specific cursive style of Islamic calligraphy that developed in the late 10th century and became one of the most popular scripts for copying Quranic manuscripts due to its legibility.

Explanation

The Venetian traveller Marco Polo visited the Kakatiya kingdom, specifically the port of Motupalli, during the reign of Queen Rudrama Devi in the late 13th century. He wrote extensive accounts of the region's prosperity, administration, and thriving trade, particularly in fine textiles and diamonds.

Explanation

The Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreshwara Temple, was built in 1213 AD by Recherla Rudra, a general of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva. The temple is famous for its exquisite carvings and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Explanation

The Vijayanagara ruler Bukka I resolved the dispute between the Jainas and the Srivaishnavas in 1368 CE. He issued an inscription, famously known as the Sravanabelgola inscription, which declared that there was no difference between the two sects and decreed that they should protect each other's places of worship.

Explanation

Nizam-ul-Mulk defeated Mubariz Khan, the Mughal Governor of the Deccan, in the Battle of Shakar Kheda in 1724. This victory allowed him to establish independent rule and become the first Nizam of Hyderabad.

Explanation

Pingali Venkayya was an Indian freedom fighter and a Telugu designer who designed the flag on which the Indian National Flag was based. His design with a saffron and green band, representing the two major communities, was later modified by adding a white band and the Ashoka Chakra to become the national flag of India.

Explanation

Konda Venkatappayya was a prominent freedom fighter and politician from Andhra Pradesh who was popularly honored with the title Desabhakta (Patriot). Among the other options, Tanguturi Prakasam was known as Andhra Kesari, Kashinathuni Nageshwara Rao as Desoddharaka, and Madapati Hanumantha Rao as Andhra Pitamaha.

Explanation

The Battle of Padmanabha was fought on July 10, 1794, between the British East India Company forces under Colonel Pendegrast and the Raja of Vizianagaram, Vijayarama Raju, who was defeated and killed in the battle near Padmanabham.

Explanation

The famous no-tax campaign during the Non-Cooperation Movement in Andhra Pradesh took place in Pedanandipadu taluka of Guntur district in 1921-22, led by Parvathaneni Virayya Chowdary. This campaign was so successful that land revenue administration in the region temporarily came to a complete standstill.

Explanation

Gautamiputra Satakarni, the famous Satavahana ruler, was described in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balasri as Trisamudrapitavahana, which translates to the lord of the three oceans or one whose horses drank the water of three seas.

Explanation

Malik Kafur, the general of Alauddin Khalji, invaded Devagiri in 1308 and defeated the Yadava ruler Ramachandra. Following his defeat, Ramachandra submitted to the Delhi Sultanate, paid a large tribute, and became a vassal who assisted Kafur in his subsequent southern campaigns.

Explanation

The Home Rule Movement in India was launched in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. Annie Besant popularized the movement across India and established the All India Home Rule League in September 1916, making her the primary founder associated with its nationwide spread.

Explanation

The most important feature of the Government of India Act of 1935 was the introduction of Provincial Autonomy, which dismantled the system of dyarchy in the provinces and granted them a separate legal identity with financial and administrative independence. This act also marked a significant step towards a federal structure in India.

Explanation

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, appointed in 1957, recommended the establishment of a three-tier democratic decentralization system, which came to be known as Panchayati Raj in India. Therefore, the committee's report is directly associated with the Panchayati Raj system.

Explanation

Diamond is an allotrope of pure carbon, while emerald is a variety of the mineral beryl, which is a beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate. Therefore, the constituent elements that define diamond and emerald are carbon and beryllium respectively, making option D the correct answer.

Explanation

Gobar gas, also known as biogas, is primarily composed of methane (about 50-75%) along with carbon dioxide and other trace gases. Since methane is the main combustible constituent and major component of the gas, it is the most appropriate answer.

Explanation

In the human body, fats are stored in adipose tissue, which is a specialized loose connective tissue composed of fat-storing cells called adipocytes. This tissue functions as the primary site for energy storage, thermal insulation, and cushioning of organs.

Explanation

Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. In contrast, exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts to target sites.

Explanation

Helium is mixed with oxygen in the cylinders (oxygen tubes) used by deep-sea divers because it is much less soluble in blood than nitrogen under high pressure. This helps to prevent decompression sickness, commonly known as the bends, making helium the preferred choice.

Explanation

The first democratically elected government of Nepal (formed in 1959) was headed by Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (B.P. Koirala), who led the Nepali Congress party to victory in Nepal's first democratic elections.

Explanation

The construction of the Tehri Dam was delayed and opposed primarily due to protests by environmentalists, led by activists like Sunderlal Bahuguna, who raised concerns over seismic vulnerability, ecological damage, and the displacement of local communities.

Explanation

The remains of several major Harappan civilization sites and cities, such as Lothal, Dholavira, and Surkotada, have been unearthed in the state of Gujarat. While the city of Harappa itself is located in modern-day Pakistan, Gujarat contains the highest concentration of Indus Valley Civilization ruins in India.

Explanation

Ernakulam district in Kerala was declared the first district in India to achieve one hundred percent literacy on February 4, 1990, following a highly successful total literacy campaign.

Explanation

General Sunith Francis Rodrigues (S.F. Rodrigues) served as the Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army from July 1, 1990, to June 30, 1993. Thus, for the exam year 1990, S.F. Rodrigues is the correct answer.

Explanation

The legendary city of Dwaraka, associated with Lord Krishna, was excavated off the coast of Gujarat in the 1980s by a team led by marine archaeologist S.R. Rao. This underwater archaeological discovery was highly publicized and prominent around the time of the 1990 exam.

Explanation

The Tin Bigha Corridor is a strip of land on the border of India and Bangladesh, which was leased to Bangladesh in 2011 to provide access to its Dahagram-Angarpota enclaves, making India and Bangladesh the two countries involved in this issue.

Explanation

The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, which took place from 1986 to 1994, was conducted under the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These negotiations ultimately led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

Explanation

The term Intifada refers to the Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the first of which began in December 1987. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Explanation

Operation Cactus was the code name for the Indian Armed Forces' successful intervention in the Maldives in November 1988 to prevent a coup attempt against the government of President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.

Explanation

Gramsat is a satellite-based initiative by ISRO designed to support rural development and local planning. Its primary objective is to strengthen Panchayat Raj Institutions by providing training to rural development agents and facilitating developmental communication at the grassroots level.

Explanation

Zarb-e-Momin (transliterated in the question as Zarif-e-Momin) was a major military exercise conducted by the Pakistan Army in late 1989 and early 1990 to test its new offensive-defensive doctrine, making option C the correct answer.

Explanation

Austria formally applied for membership in the European Economic Community on July 17, 1989. Following the geopolitical shifts in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, the country actively and eagerly sought integration into the Western European economic bloc to secure its economic future and transition its traditional neutrality policy toward active participation in European integration.

Explanation

Afrikaners (misspelled as AFRIKANES in the question) are a South African ethnic group descended from Dutch, French, and German settlers who established themselves in South Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries. Therefore, they are historically referred to as the white settlers of South Africa.

Explanation

The AFRICA Fund, which stands for Action for Resisting Invasion, Colonialism and Apartheid, was established during the eighth Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit held in Harare, Zimbabwe, in September 1986. Under the chairmanship of India, led by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, the fund was created to provide financial, material, and logistical assistance to the frontline states bordering South Africa and to actively support the national liberation struggles in Southern Africa against colonialism, the apartheid regime, and military aggression.

Explanation

The Planet Protection Fund was proposed by the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit held in Belgrade in September 1989. He suggested that all countries, except the least developed ones, contribute to this fund under the aegis of the United Nations to develop and share conservation technologies.

Explanation

Operation Desert Shield was the operational name for the buildup of U.S. and coalition forces to defend Saudi Arabia after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. This operation preceded Operation Desert Storm, which was the combat phase to liberate Kuwait.

Explanation

The Nepali Congress was established in April 1950 through the merger of the Nepali National Congress and the Nepal Democratic Congress. This unified party went on to lead the successful revolution of 1951 to establish democracy and end the Rana regime in Nepal.

Explanation

In the late 1980s, the Bombay High Court passed strictures against the Maharashtra State Government regarding the nomination of 12 members to the state Legislative Council by the Governor. Out of the given options, Maharashtra is the only state that had an active Legislative Council with nominated members at the time of the exam in 1990.

Explanation

The Indian remote sensing satellite IRS-1A was launched on March 17, 1988, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (then part of the Soviet Union) using a Vostok-2M rocket.

Explanation

The coding pattern replaces each letter with the next letter in the alphabet (+1). Applying the reverse of this pattern (-1) to the coded word NBESBT yields MADRAS.

Explanation

Since B is the brother of A, and A is the daughter of Z, both B and A are siblings and the children of Z. Y is the brother of Z, making Y the maternal or paternal uncle of B.

Explanation

The sequence follows an increasing addition pattern of alphabetical positions: A (+3) to D, D (+4) to H, H (+5) to M. Continuing this pattern, the next letter is M (+6) which is S, and the following letter is S (+7) which is Z, giving the answer S | Z.

Explanation

The given series is TWZC_ _. By converting the letters into their numerical positions in the alphabet, we get:

T = 20 W = 23 Z = 26 C = 3 (since 26 + 3 = 29, and 29 - 26 = 3 in a cyclic alphabetical order)

The pattern is to add 3 to the position of each preceding letter:

20 + 3 = 23 (W) 23 + 3 = 26 (Z) 26 + 3 = 29, which cycles back to 3 (C) 3 + 3 = 6, which corresponds to F 6 + 3 = 9, which corresponds to I

Thus, the next letter in the series is F.

Explanation

The sequence follows the logical process of book creation and publication. An Author (5) first gets an Idea (4), writes a Story (1), publishes it as a Book (3), and finally, the book receives a Review (2). This corresponds to the sequence 5 - 4 - 1 - 3 - 2.

Explanation

Whether the order from bottom to top is D, A, B, C or B, A, D, C, in both cases A is standing at the second position from the bottom, while satisfying all given conditions.

Explanation

Let the unknown number replacing the question marks be x.

The given equation is: 8/x = x/200

Cross-multiplying the terms gives: x² = 8 × 200 x² = 1600

Taking the square root of both sides: x = √1600 x = 40

Explanation

To find the fraction that lies between 2/3 (approximately 0.67) and 4/5 (0.80), we can convert the fractions to decimals. Since 7/10 equals 0.70, it is the only option that lies between 0.67 and 0.80.

Explanation

The sum of the ratio terms is 5 + 8 = 13 parts.

Since 13 parts correspond to 91, 1 part equals 91 ÷ 13 = 7.

The first number is 5 × 7 = 35, and the second number is 8 × 7 = 56.

Explanation

The coding pattern shifts each letter forward by an increasing number of positions: the first letter by +1, the second by +2, the third by +3, and the fourth by +4. Applying this pattern to TALK (T+1=U, A+2=C, L+3=O, K+4=O) gives the code UCOO.

Explanation

The coding pattern shifts each letter backward by a decreasing number of positions: the first letter by -5, the second by -4, the third by -3, and the fourth by -2. Applying this to POUR gives P - 5 = K, O - 4 = K, U - 3 = R, and R - 2 = P, resulting in KKRP.

Explanation

The series follows the pattern where each subsequent number is obtained by multiplying the previous number by 2 and adding 3 (i.e., 3 * 2 + 3 = 9, 9 * 2 + 3 = 21, 21 * 2 + 3 = 45). Following this rule, the next term is 45 * 2 + 3 = 93.

Explanation

170. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

Explanation

The series follows the pattern where each term is multiplied by a consecutive integer and then that same integer is added, such that T(n) = T(n-1) * n + n. Following this pattern, we have 1 * 2 + 2 = 4, 4 * 3 + 3 = 15, 15 * 4 + 4 = 64, and 64 * 5 + 5 = 325.

Explanation

The series follows the pattern where the nth term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by n and then subtracting n-1. Specifically: 2 * 2 - 1 = 3; 3 * 3 - 2 = 7; 7 * 4 - 3 = 25; and 25 * 5 - 4 = 121. Since the missing number is 25, which is not listed in options A, B, or C, the correct choice is None of these.

Explanation

Let the cost of a pen be P and a pencil be p. Since Ramesh can buy either combination with the same amount of money, we have 5P + 8p = 3P + 16p, which simplifies to 2P = 8p, or 1P = 4p. Substituting this into the first equation gives the total value in terms of pencils as 5(4p) + 8p = 28p, meaning he can buy 28 pencils.

Explanation

B = (A + C)/(2). Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

Explanation

Circle is the correct answer because Square, Rectangle, and Triangle are all polygons made up of straight line segments, whereas a Circle is bounded by a curved line.

Explanation

The letters A, E, I, O, and U are vowels, whereas N is a consonant. Therefore, N does not belong to the same class as the other letters.

Explanation

10-4 - 2=4+6x2. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

Explanation

In India, residuary powers, which refer to the power to make laws on subjects not listed in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists, are vested in the Parliament (the Centre) as per Article 248 of the Constitution. This reflects a strong centralizing feature of the Indian federal structure.

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to estimate India's national income in 1867-68, a landmark achievement published in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. This makes him the pioneer associated with national income estimation in India.

Explanation

During the four decades of economic planning in India from 1951 to 1990, the structural composition of the economy changed significantly, leading to a steady decline in the share of the primary sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from over 50 percent to around 30 percent.

Explanation

During the formulation of the initial draft of the Eighth Five-Year Plan (originally scheduled for 1990–1995), the proposed public sector outlay was set at Rs. 3,45,000 crores. Although political instability delayed the plan's implementation to 1992–1997 with a revised public sector outlay of Rs. 4,34,100 crores, the proposed figure in 1990 was Rs. 3,45,000 crores.

Explanation

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank and regulatory body, which controls the monetary and other banking policies of the Indian government. It was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

Explanation

The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1977 shifted the primary focus of Indian industrial planning toward the development of cottage and small-scale industries to promote employment and decentralization. It introduced the concept of the tiny sector and established District Industries Centres to support small-scale entrepreneurs.

Explanation

The per capita availability of cloth in India during the planning period (since 1951) has shown an overall upward trend, rising from approximately 11 meters in 1950-51 to over 20 meters by 1990-91. Therefore, the per capita availability of cloth has increased.

Explanation

According to classic economic growth models like the Harrod-Domar model, the rate of economic growth is directly determined by the savings rate and the capital-output ratio. A higher rate of savings leads to greater investment and capital accumulation, which are the primary drivers of long-term economic growth.

Explanation

The first Jain Tirthankar was Rishavanath, also known as Rishabhanatha or Adinatha, who is credited with establishing the structure of the present cosmic age. Mahavira was the 24th and last Tirthankar, while Shantinath and Neminath were the 16th and 22nd Tirthankars respectively.

Explanation

Panchavati, the place where Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana stayed during their exile, is located on the banks of the Godavari River. The Godavari is a sacred and prominent river flowing through several states, including Andhra Pradesh.

Explanation

Kanchipuram, or Kanchi, is traditionally regarded as the Kashi of the South (Dakshina Kashi) due to its status as one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) of Hinduism. In ancient times, it was also a renowned center of education, famous for its ghatikas (colleges of learning).

Explanation

The famous Battle of Haldighati was fought on June 18, 1576, between the Rajput forces led by Maharana Pratap of Mewar and the Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh I on behalf of Emperor Akbar. The battle took place in Haldighati, a narrow mountain pass in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan.

Explanation

Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in Bombay in 1875 as a reform movement promoting the authority of the Vedas.

Explanation

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired Civil Services officer, founded the Indian National Congress in December 1885. He served as its first General Secretary and played a pivotal role in bringing together educated Indians to form the political organization.

Explanation

Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote Gita Rahasya in 1915 while serving a prison sentence at Mandalay in Burma. The book is an influential exposition of Karmayoga, which he identified as the core message of the Bhagavad Gita.

Explanation

Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the modern state of Gujarat in India. It is famous for having the world's earliest known dock, which connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River for trade.

Explanation

The Tripitakas, which literally means three baskets, are the sacred scriptures of Buddhism. They consist of three parts: the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Explanation

The Hathigumpha inscription, located in the Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneswar in Odisha, was inscribed by the King Kharavela of Kalinga during the 2nd century BCE. This inscription is the main source of information about his reign and achievements, written in Prakrit using the Brahmi script.

Explanation

Badami, formerly known as Vatapi, was the capital of the Early Chalukya dynasty from the 6th to the 8th century. It is highly celebrated for its four magnificent rock-cut cave temples carved out of the monolithic red sandstone cliffs overlooking the Agastya Lake. These caves represent some of the earliest known examples of Hindu temple architecture in the Deccan region. Numbered one to four, three of these caves are dedicated to Hindu deities (Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu in different incarnations, such as Trivikrama and Harihara), while the fourth cave is dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras. They exhibit high-quality craftsmanship, intricate relief sculptures, and the evolution of the Vesara style of architecture.

Explanation

Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated the Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana, which is historically evidenced by the Jogalthambi hoard where Nahapana's coins were found restruck by the Satavahana king. This victory restored the prestige of the Satavahana dynasty and expanded its territory.

Explanation

Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain during the Gupta period and authored influential works such as Panchasiddhantika and Brihat Samhita. The other individuals listed were prominent in fields such as literature, medicine, and drama.

Explanation

Bhasa. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

Explanation

The magnificent rock-cut Kailasa temple at Ellora was built in the 8th century by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. This architectural marvel is carved out of a single monolithic rock and is renowned for its size and sculptural treatment.

Explanation

Nannaya Bhattaraka, an 11th-century poet, was the first to translate the Mahabharata into Telugu, starting with the Adi, Sabha, and a portion of the Aranya Parvas. Along with Tikkana and Yerrapragada, he is revered as part of the Kavitrayam (trinity of poets) who completed the Andhra Mahabharatam.

Explanation

Ganapatideva was the most powerful ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty, reigning from 1199 to 1262 CE. He successfully expanded the empire's territories significantly, capturing Kanchi around 1250 CE after defeating the local Chola rulers.

Explanation

INSAT 1D is a geostationary communication satellite, and all geostationary satellites are placed in an orbit at an altitude of approximately 35,786 km, which is about 36,000 km above the Earth's surface. This altitude allows the satellite's orbital period to match the Earth's rotation period, keeping it fixed over a specific point on the equator.

Explanation

The time of flight of a projectile is given by T = (2 * v * sin(theta)) / g, which depends entirely on the vertical component of the initial velocity. Since the maximum height attained is H = (v * sin(theta))² / (2 * g), having the same time of flight means they must also attain the same maximum height.

Explanation

The electromagnetic interaction is responsible for the structure of atoms and molecules, chemical reactions, and molecular bonds. Since all biological processes and life itself are fundamentally based on chemistry, the electromagnetic force is the primary interaction that governs life.

Explanation

Uranium-235 is the primary fissile isotope used in thermal nuclear reactors because it readily undergoes fission upon absorbing thermal (slow) neutrons, releasing a massive amount of energy. Other isotopes like Uranium-238 are fertile and do not sustain the chain reaction in a thermal reactor.

Explanation

Venus is an inferior planet whose orbit is closer to the Sun than Earth's, which means it can never be seen in the middle of the night and is only visible shortly before sunrise or after sunset. Therefore, the statement that it can be seen during the whole night is incorrect, making option A the correct choice.

Explanation

The Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion, in which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium. Therefore, hydrogen is the primary fuel powering the Sun.

Explanation

Radio and TV waves are electromagnetic waves, just like light rays, but they have much larger wavelengths and lower frequencies than visible light. Therefore, they are essentially the same physical phenomenon as light but with a larger wavelength.

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The rectilinear propagation of light refers to the property of light traveling in a straight line. Because light travels in straight lines, when an opaque object like the Earth or the Moon blocks the light from the Sun, a shadow is cast, resulting in a solar or lunar eclipse.

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The magnetic equator passes through the southern tip of India, very close to Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) in Kerala. This geographic proximity to the magnetic equator was the main reason for establishing the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station there.

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blue, green, yellow. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

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When a fair coin is flipped 100 times, the expected number of heads is 50, but the exact outcome will fluctuate due to random variation. It is highly unlikely to be exactly 50, meaning the number of heads will be around 50 with a few more or a few less.

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Water exhibits anomalous expansion and reaches its maximum density at approximately 4 degrees Celsius. Below this temperature, the molecules begin to form a crystalline structure that decreases density, while above it, thermal expansion decreases density.

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Plant cell. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

Explanation

The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, acts as the primary control center for several autonomic and involuntary reflex activities of the human body. It houses vital reflex centers that coordinate protective and vegetative functions, including sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, and respiration. When sensory nerves in the nasal passage detect an irritant, they transmit signals to the specialized sneezing center within the medulla oblongata, which then triggers and coordinates the complex sequence of muscle actions required to execute a sneeze.

Explanation

Cytokinins are a class of plant growth hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are also involved in cell growth, development, and differentiation.

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Man (Homo sapiens) is biologically classified as an animal and possesses the highest level of cognitive development, abstract reasoning, and problem-solving abilities among all species on Earth. Therefore, among the given options, man is the most intelligent animal.

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In living organisms, water serves primarily as a physiological solvent, providing the essential medium in which all metabolic and biochemical reactions take place and facilitating the transport of nutrients and wastes.

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Twilight. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

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Carrot is the richest vegetable source of Vitamin A among the options, as it contains high amounts of beta-carotene, which the body converts into Vitamin A. While liver and eggs are rich animal sources of Vitamin A, carrots represent the premier vegetable source listed.

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Absence of Vegetation. Per the printed answer key on the 1990 APPSC Group-1 question paper.

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Hydrogen is the only element whose most common isotope (protium) contains one proton and no neutrons, giving it an atomic number of 1 and an atomic mass number of 1. Consequently, it is considered to have the same atomic number and atomic weight.

Explanation

The rate of transpiration is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to atmospheric humidity. Therefore, high temperature increases evaporation while low humidity increases the diffusion gradient for water vapor between the leaf interior and the surrounding air, resulting in the maximum rate of transpiration.

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Rickets is a bone-softening disease in children caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, which is crucial for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Deficiencies in Vitamin C, protein, and iodine cause scurvy, kwashiorkor, and goiter respectively.

Explanation

Proteins are known as the building blocks of life and are essential for the rapid growth, development, and repair of muscles and tissues in children up to the age of 14. While vitamins, fats, and milk are also important, protein is the most critical nutrient directly responsible for physical growth and cellular development.

Explanation

Hybrid seeds are produced by cross-pollinating two different parent plants of different varieties to combine the best traits of both. This process of cross-breeding results in offspring with hybrid vigor, which often leads to improved yield and disease resistance.