SSC CGL Tier 1 2024 General Awareness Questions with Solutions

Explanation

The 'Ramacharita', written by Sandhyakar Nandi, is a biographical Sanskrit poem that uses double meanings to simultaneously narrate the life of King Ramapala of the Pala dynasty and the mythological story of Lord Rama. The work specifically details Ramapala's successful campaign to reclaim the Varendra region during the Kaivarta rebellion.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census of India, Puducherry recorded the highest sex ratio among Union Territories with 1037 females per 1000 males, followed by Lakshadweep at 947 and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands at 876. Option B correctly identifies the three Union Territories with the highest sex ratios among the provided choices.

Explanation

Work is defined as the product of force and the displacement along the direction of the force. Mathematically, it is expressed as W = F · s. The dimensional formula for force is [MLT⁻²] and for displacement is [L]. Thus, the dimensional formula for work is calculated as [MLT⁻²] × [L] = [ML²T⁻²].

Torque, also known as the moment of force, is defined as the cross product of the position vector and the force vector, given by the formula τ = r × F. Here, r represents the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation, which has the dimension [L], and F represents force with dimensions [MLT⁻²]. The dimensional formula for torque is therefore [L] × [MLT⁻²] = [ML²T⁻²]. Since both work and torque result in the same combination of fundamental units, they possess identical dimensions.

Explanation

Lord Dalhousie, who served as the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, devised and rigorously implemented the Doctrine of Lapse to expand British territorial holdings. According to this policy, any princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company would be annexed if its ruler died without a natural male heir. The doctrine specifically prohibited the long-standing Indian tradition of a ruler adopting an heir to succeed to the throne, although adopted sons could still inherit private property. Satara was the first state to be annexed under this policy in 1848, followed by other significant territories including Sambalpur, Jhansi, and Nagpur. This aggressive annexation policy caused widespread resentment among the Indian nobility and was a major factor leading to the Revolt of 1857.

Explanation

An aquarium is an artificial or man-made ecosystem because it is designed, created, and maintained by human intervention. In this controlled environment, humans provide the necessary biotic components such as fish and aquatic plants, along with abiotic factors like water, light, and substrate. Unlike natural ecosystems that are self-sustaining through natural cycles, an aquarium requires constant management for cleaning, feeding, and the artificial regulation of oxygen and nutrient levels to sustain the living organisms within it.

Explanation

Mithali Raj announced her retirement from all forms of international cricket on June 8, 2022, after a career spanning 23 years. Jhulan Goswami followed her retirement later that year in September 2022.

Explanation

The Tamil Nadu government conferred the M.S. Subbulakshmi Award for the year 2019 upon the legendary playback singer Vani Jairam. This award was instituted by the state to honor distinguished musicians who have made significant contributions to the field of Indian music, preserving the legacy of the iconic Carnatic vocalist M.S. Subbulakshmi. Vani Jairam, known for her incredible vocal range and versatility, recorded over 10,000 songs across 19 different languages during a career spanning five decades. This recognition by the state government highlighted her profound impact on the cultural and musical landscape of India, particularly within the South Indian film and classical music industries.

Explanation

The eastern coastal region, specifically the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh, receives significant rainfall during the winter season through the North-East monsoon. These winds are often referred to as the retreating monsoon winds because they blow from the land toward the sea as the low-pressure system shifts from the northern landmass to the Bay of Bengal. As these winds cross the Bay of Bengal, they pick up moisture and strike the eastern coast, resulting in heavy precipitation between October and December. During the summer South-West monsoon, this region remains relatively dry because it lies in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats and the monsoon winds blow parallel to the coastline.

Explanation

Lakshya Sen is a prominent Badminton player who won the gold medal in the men's singles category at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and reached the final of the All England Open.

Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa is a Chess Grandmaster who made significant news in 2022 by defeating world champion Magnus Carlsen in the Airthings Masters and the Chessable Masters online tournaments.

Nikhat Zareen is a world champion in Boxing who secured the gold medal in the flyweight division at the 2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships and the Birmingham Commonwealth Games.

Rudrankksh Patil is a Shooting athlete who won the gold medal in the men's 10m air rifle event at the 2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships, securing an Olympic quota for India.

Explanation

Ecosystems are broadly classified into two primary categories based on the physical environment and habitat they occupy: terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems represent the functional units located on land, encompassing diverse environments such as forests, grasslands, and deserts. Aquatic ecosystems represent those situated in water bodies, which are further categorized into freshwater systems, like ponds and rivers, and marine systems, like oceans and coral reefs. This binary classification serves as the foundational framework for studying ecological interactions across the biosphere's different physical mediums.

Explanation

The Constitution (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Second Amendment) Bill, 2022, was introduced in the Parliament to modify the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes specifically for the state of Uttar Pradesh. The legislation sought to exclude the Gond community from the Scheduled Castes list in four specific districts: Chandauli, Kushinagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, and Sant Ravidas Nagar. Simultaneously, the bill aimed to include the Gond community and its sub-castes—including the Dhuria, Nayak, Ojha, Pathari, and Rajgond—in the Scheduled Tribes list for these same districts. This shift allows the community to access the reservation benefits and various welfare schemes designated for Scheduled Tribes under the constitutional framework of Articles 341 and 342.

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enumerated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, spanning Articles 36 to 51. These principles were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had itself derived them from the Spanish Constitution. The DPSP serve as constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive, and administrative matters. They are fundamental in the governance of the country and aim to establish social and economic democracy by providing a framework for a welfare state. In addition to the DPSP, the Indian Constitution also borrowed the method of presidential elections and the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha from the Irish constitutional framework.

Explanation

According to the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019, the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court of India was increased to 34 judges. This total strength consists of the Chief Justice of India and 33 other judges. Under Article 124(1) of the Constitution of India, the power to increase the number of judges rests with Parliament. The 2019 amendment raised the limit of other judges from 30 to 33 to address the increasing backlog of cases and ensure the efficient functioning of the judiciary. Consequently, the President of India appoints the Chief Justice and a maximum of 33 other judges.

Explanation

Ranjana Gauhar is a prominent exponent of Odissi, a classical dance form that originated in the temples of Odisha. Her dedication to the art led to her being honored with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2007. Trained under the guidance of Guru Mayadhar Raut, she is known for her mastery of the traditional repertoire as well as her innovative choreographic works that often draw from historical and literary themes. Beyond performance, she has contributed significantly to the global recognition of Odissi through her films, books, and the establishment of her dance academy, Utsav Educational and Cultural Society.

Explanation

Harvinder Singh made history at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics by winning the bronze medal in the Men's Individual Recurve Open event, becoming the first Indian archer to win a medal at either the Olympics or the Paralympics. He secured the podium finish after a tense shoot-off against South Korea's Kim Min Su, winning with a perfect 10 against his opponent's 8. Harvinder Singh, who hails from Haryana, had previously won a gold medal at the 2018 Asian Para Games, and his success at Tokyo 2020 was a landmark achievement for Indian para-sports.

Explanation

Since independence, the Indian economy has experienced a notable structural transformation regarding the share of various sectors in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1950-51, agriculture accounted for more than 50 percent of India's GDP, but by 2023-24, this contribution has declined significantly to approximately 15-18 percent. This shift occurred as the services and industrial sectors expanded at a much faster rate. However, the proportion of the population dependent on agriculture for employment has not seen a commensurate or significant decline. At the start of the planning period, nearly 75 percent of the workforce was employed in the primary sector, and even several decades later, about 45 percent of the total workforce remains dependent on agriculture. This lag in the migration of labor from agriculture to more productive sectors like manufacturing and services is a defining characteristic of India's economic development, resulting in a situation where a large percentage of the population contributes a relatively small portion to the national income.

Explanation

Haldia Port was developed as a satellite port to the Kolkata Port to address the challenges posed by the increasing size of ships and the heavy siltation of the Hooghly River. While the Kolkata Dock System is a riverine port with limitations on draft and vessel size, Haldia is situated further downstream, providing a deeper approach and modern specialized berths for bulk cargo such as petroleum, coal, and chemicals. Its primary function is to decongest the main Kolkata port and handle the large-scale maritime traffic that cannot navigate the upstream stretches of the river, functioning as an auxiliary deep-water facility under the administrative umbrella of the Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Trust.

Explanation

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is a polyatomic ionic compound that appears as a white, crystalline powder. It is a key component in dry chemical fire extinguishers because it undergoes thermal decomposition when exposed to heat, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas. This CO₂ displaces the oxygen surrounding the fire, effectively smothering it. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. This property makes it an ideal substance for neutralizing chemical spills in laboratory and industrial settings, where it safely reacts with strong acids to produce water, carbon dioxide, and a salt, thereby stabilizing the pH level.

Explanation

Chhath Puja is an ancient Vedic festival dedicated to the Sun God, Surya, and his sister Shashti Devi, popularly known as Chhathi Maiya. It is the most significant cultural and religious festival of Bihar, characterized by rigorous rituals such as holy bathing, fasting, and standing in water to offer arghya (prayers) to the setting and rising sun. The festival is a celebration of gratitude towards nature for sustaining life on earth and is observed with immense devotion across the state. While it is also celebrated in neighboring regions, its historical and cultural identity is deeply rooted in the traditions of Bihar.

Explanation

Vindhyashakti is historically recognized as the founder of the Vakataka dynasty, which emerged in the Deccan region during the mid-3rd century AD following the decline of the Satavahana Empire. According to the Ajanta Cave XVI inscription, he belonged to the Vishnuvriddha gotra and was described as the banner of the Vakataka family. Ruling approximately from 250 to 270 AD, Vindhyashakti established the initial territorial base of the dynasty in the Vidarbha region. His lineage eventually became one of the most significant powers in ancient India, acting as contemporaries and allies to the Imperial Guptas and contributing immensely to Indian art, particularly at the Ajanta Caves.

Explanation

Pandit Chintaman Raghunath Vyas, popularly known as C. R. Vyas, was a distinguished Hindustani classical vocalist who represented the Gwalior, Agra, and Kirana gharanas. He was a prolific composer and a vaggeyakara who composed many new ragas and bandishes under the pen name Gunijaan. His significant literary contribution to the field of music is the book titled Raag Sarita, which serves as a comprehensive collection of his original compositions and insights into various ragas, making it a valuable resource for students and practitioners of Indian classical music. He was honored with several prestigious awards including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the Padma Bhushan for his immense contributions to the musical heritage of India.

Explanation

The Uprising of Khurda, commonly known as the Paika Rebellion of 1817, took place in the state of Odisha. It was an armed insurrection against the British East India Company's rule, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, the former commander of the forces of the Raja of Khurda. The Paikas were a traditional landed militia who provided military services to the state in exchange for rent-free land. The rebellion was triggered by the British annexation of Khurda in 1804 and the subsequent implementation of oppressive land revenue policies, the rise in salt prices, and the abolition of the local cowrie currency. The movement saw the participation of various sections of society, including the tribal groups of the region, making it a significant early resistance against colonial administration in eastern India.

Explanation

The Reserve Bank of India was established following the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, popularly known as the Hilton Young Commission. In its report submitted in 1926, the commission proposed the creation of a central bank for India to separate the control of currency and credit from the government and to integrate the functions of managing the country's monetary policy. These recommendations formed the basis for the enactment of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, which led to the bank commencing its operations on April 1, 1935.

Explanation

Sundari trees, scientifically known as Heritiera fomes, are the dominant tree species found in the mangrove forests of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. These forests are famously known as the Sundarbans, which derive their name specifically from the abundance of the Sundari tree. Mangrove forests, also referred to as tidal forests, are located in coastal areas influenced by tides and are characterized by their ability to thrive in saline and brackish water environments. The Sundari tree is a large mangrove tree that provides durable, hard timber and has specialized adaptations to survive in the marshy, salt-rich soil of the deltaic regions in West Bengal.

Explanation

Mumbai won their first-ever Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy title in the 2022-2023 season by defeating Himachal Pradesh in the final match held at Eden Gardens, Kolkata. Chasing a target of 144 runs, Mumbai reached the total with three wickets in hand and three balls to spare. Sarfaraz Khan played a crucial unbeaten knock of 36 runs to guide the team to victory, while Tanush Kotian contributed significantly with the ball, taking three wickets for 25 runs. This win was a historic milestone for Mumbai, as it marked their maiden championship in India's premier domestic T20 tournament.

Explanation

The Maukhari dynasty established its rule in the region of Kannauj during the 6th century CE following the decline of the Gupta Empire. Originally serving as subordinates to the Guptas, they asserted their independence under rulers like Ishanavarman, who was the first in the lineage to assume the title of Maharajadhiraja. Kannauj served as their primary political and strategic center, eventually becoming the most prestigious city in Northern India and surpassing Pataliputra in importance. The dynasty played a crucial role in defending the frontiers against the Huna invasions and maintained its power until the early 7th century, when the kingdom was eventually merged with the Pushyabhuti dynasty under Harshavardhana.

Explanation

Australia secured the 2023 ICC World Test Championship title by defeating India in the final held at The Oval, London, in June 2023. Led by captain Pat Cummins, the Australian team won the match by a significant margin of 209 runs. Travis Head played a pivotal role, scoring 163 runs in the first innings, which helped Australia post a total of 469. With this win, Australia became the first nation to complete a trifecta of winning the ICC Cricket World Cup, the ICC T20 World Cup, and the ICC World Test Championship.

Explanation

Angola is not a beneficiary of India's Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme. This scheme was introduced by the Government of India in 2008 to provide unilateral duty-free and preferential market access to products originating from Least Developed Countries (LDCs). For a country to become a beneficiary, it must be categorized as an LDC by the United Nations and must officially notify the Indian government of its intent to participate by providing a Letter of Intent and specimen signatures of authorized officials. Angola graduated from the LDC status on February 12, 2021, and had not completed the mandatory notification procedures to operationalize the scheme during its period of eligibility. Consequently, it does not currently receive trade preferences under this specific LDC-targeted program.

Explanation

Article 80 of the Constitution of India specifies the composition of the Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States. It stipulates that the House shall consist of a maximum of 250 members. Of these, 12 members are nominated by the President of India from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service. The remaining members, not exceeding 238, are representatives of the States and the Union Territories. These representatives are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by representatives of the States and of the Union territories is laid down in the Fourth Schedule.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi, born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat. His birth anniversary is celebrated annually in India as Gandhi Jayanti, one of the three official national holidays of the country. Globally, this date is observed as the International Day of Non-Violence, recognizing his philosophy of Satyagraha and his leadership in the Indian independence movement. His birth in 1869 preceded his legal studies in London and his formative years in South Africa, where he developed the principles of non-violent resistance that he later applied to liberate India from British colonial rule.

Explanation

In the guava plant (Psidium guajava), the phyllotaxy is characterized as opposite. Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. In the opposite arrangement, a pair of leaves arises at each node, and these two leaves are positioned directly across from each other. Specifically, guava exhibits opposite decussate phyllotaxy, where each successive pair of leaves is oriented at a right angle to the pair immediately above or below it, optimizing light absorption for the plant.

Explanation

The Nandi Awards are the highest excellence awards in Telugu cinema, Telugu theater, and Telugu television, presented annually by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The name Nandi refers to the Nandi bull, a symbol of Telugu culture and heritage found at the Lepakshi temple. The Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer was first introduced in 1977 to recognize outstanding vocal performances in the Telugu film industry. The legendary singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam was the inaugural recipient of this award in 1977 for his work in the film Siri Siri Muvva.

Explanation

The Indian Olympic Association was established in 1927, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Indian sports. It was founded with Sir Dorabji Tata as the first President and Dr. A.G. Noehren as the Secretary General. The association was formed to act as the national governing body for the Olympic movement in India and to oversee the selection of athletes for the Olympic Games. Following its establishment and subsequent recognition by the International Olympic Committee, India was able to participate formally in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, where the Indian men's field hockey team famously won its first Olympic gold medal.

Explanation

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is a prominent central public sector undertaking owned and managed by the Government of India. Established in 1964 under the Ministry of Heavy Industries, BHEL is one of the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprises in India, operating in sectors such as power, transmission, transportation, and defense. It holds the Maharatna status, a category designated for top-performing public sector enterprises that are granted significant financial and operational autonomy. Because its ownership and control lie primarily with the state, it is classified as a public sector industry.

Explanation

Full-day discussion is not a recognized procedural device in the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. In the Indian parliamentary system, members use specific, codified instruments to raise matters of public importance, which are often defined by their specific timing or duration. Examples of these formal mechanisms include informal periods for urgent matters and structured discussions that are time-limited, such as those restricted to thirty minutes or two and a half hours. While the House may spend a full working day or multiple days debating significant items like the Union Budget, a No-Confidence Motion, or a legislative bill, these are conducted under their own distinct rules and are not categorized under a procedural device titled Full-day discussion.

Explanation

The Brahmaputra River marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayan mountain system. The range extends in an east-west direction for about 2,400 kilometers, starting from the Indus River in the west and concluding at the Brahmaputra River in the east. At its eastern extremity, the Himalayas take a sharp southward bend known as the syntaxial bend. The Brahmaputra, which flows as the Tsangpo in Tibet, cuts through the Great Himalayan range near the Namcha Barwa peak, creating a deep gorge as it enters India. This geographical feature serves as the definitive natural border for the eastern extent of the mountain chain.

Explanation

The Phillips curve represents an inverse relationship between the rate of change in money wages and the unemployment rate, based on the empirical research of economist A.W. Phillips. In his 1958 paper, Phillips analyzed nearly a century of British data and observed that when unemployment is low, the rate of increase in money wages tends to be high, as firms compete for a scarce labor supply. Conversely, when unemployment is high, the growth rate of money wages slows down. This relationship is often expressed as w = f(u), where w is the rate of wage inflation and u is the unemployment rate. Over time, this concept was adapted to show the trade-off between price inflation and unemployment, forming a cornerstone of macroeconomic policy analysis.

Explanation

Sangeet Natak Akademi is the apex body of performing arts in India, established by the Government of India in 1953. It serves as the national academy for music, dance, and drama. The academy's primary mandate is the preservation and promotion of the diverse heritage of Indian performing arts, which it achieves through various initiatives such as organizing festivals, documenting traditional forms, and conferring the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards. It operates as an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture and acts as the lead institution for the performing arts sector in the country.

Explanation

Ustad Sabri Khan was a legendary master of the Sarangi, a bowed string instrument known for its ability to closely imitate the nuances of the human voice. He belonged to the illustrious Sainia Gharana, a musical tradition that traces its roots back to the court of Mian Tansen. Throughout his career, he played a pivotal role in popularizing the Sarangi as a solo instrument globally. For his extraordinary contributions to Indian classical music, he was honored with several prestigious awards, including the Padma Shri in 1992 and the Padma Bhushan in 2006, as well as the Sahitya Kala Parishad Award and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.

Explanation

Transition elements are defined as those elements that have partially filled d-orbitals in their ground state or in any of their common oxidation states. In the modern periodic table, these elements occupy the central region and are organized into Groups 3 through 12. The valence electronic configuration of these elements is generally represented as (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻², indicating that the differentiating electron enters the d-orbital of the penultimate shell. Because the chemical properties and electronic structures of these elements are determined by the filling of the d-subshell, they collectively constitute the d-block.

Explanation

According to the lens formula ¹⁄ᵥ - ¹⁄ᵤ = (1)/(f), when an object is placed at the principal focus on the left side, the object distance u is equal to -f. Substituting this value into the equation yields ¹⁄ᵥ - (1)/(-f) = (1)/(f), which simplifies to ¹⁄ᵥ + (1)/(f) = (1)/(f). This results in ¹⁄ᵥ = 0, implying that the image distance v is at infinity. From the perspective of ray optics, any ray of light passing through the focus of a convex lens becomes parallel to the principal axis after refraction. Similarly, a ray passing through the optical center goes straight. These two refracted rays are parallel to each other and therefore meet at infinity on the right side of the lens, forming a highly enlarged, real, and inverted image.

Explanation

Rajaraja I, born as Arulmozhi Varman, was the most powerful king of the Chola Empire in South India. He ascended the throne in 985 AD and his reign concluded in 1014 AD. During these nearly three decades, he transformed the Chola kingdom into an extensive empire by conquering the Chera and Pandya kingdoms, northern Sri Lanka, and parts of the Chalukya territory. He is renowned for building the Rajarajeswaram temple, also known as the Brihadisvara Temple, at Thanjavur. Upon his death in 1014 AD, he was succeeded by his son, Rajendra Chola I, who had been appointed as co-regent in 1012 AD.

Explanation

Robert Clive commissioned James Rennel to produce maps of Hindustan because he believed that accurate geographical information was a fundamental requirement for the effective administration and expansion of British rule in India. Rennel, who is often called the Father of Indian Geography, was appointed as the first Surveyor-General of Bengal in 1767. He conducted extensive surveys of the region, and his efforts led to the publication of the first detailed map of Hindustan in 1782. For the British, these maps were not merely geographical tools but were essential instruments of power that facilitated the project of colonial domination and the management of Indian territories.

Explanation

Deepak Mohanty was appointed as the Chairman of the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) by the Government of India in March 2023. Before taking over this leadership role, he served as a Whole-Time Member (Economics) within the same regulatory body for two years, where he managed portfolios related to investment and research. His professional expertise is rooted in a distinguished career at the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), where he served as an Executive Director overseeing critical areas such as monetary policy, financial stability, and statistics. His appointment was cleared by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet to lead the pension regulator, which oversees the National Pension System (NPS) and the Atal Pension Yojana (APY).

Explanation

The Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was officially established in Singapore in 1942. It was initially organized by Captain Mohan Singh with the support of Japanese military authorities following the fall of Singapore during World War II. The force was primarily composed of Indian prisoners of war who had been serving in the British Indian Army. While the conceptual framework for the army was discussed during conferences in Tokyo and Bangkok by Rash Behari Bose, the physical formation of the military units occurred in Singapore. The movement gained significant momentum and was later reorganized by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose after his arrival in Singapore in 1943, where he also proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Free India.

Explanation

Article 51A (k) of the Indian Constitution prescribes the fundamental duty for a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years. This provision was incorporated into the Constitution through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 to complement the Right to Education under Article 21A. In the given scenario, by taking an 8-year-old child to a construction site instead of ensuring his enrollment and attendance in school, the worker is not fulfilling this specific constitutional obligation intended to ensure the basic education of children in that age group.

Explanation

Exfoliation is a mechanical process where the outer layers of rock peel away in sheets or scales, a phenomenon frequently observed in granitic landforms. This process is primarily caused by pressure release, also known as unloading; as erosion removes the weight of overlying materials, the buried rock expands toward the surface, causing fractures to develop parallel to the ground. Thermal expansion and contraction due to diurnal temperature changes in arid or semi-arid environments also contribute to the shedding of these outer layers. Because these changes result from physical stresses that break the rock apart without modifying its internal mineral composition, exfoliation is classified as a prominent type of physical weathering.

Explanation

The Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021, was passed by the Parliament in July 2021 to address the liquidity challenges faced by the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. The Bill amended the Factoring Regulation Act of 2011 by removing the restrictive "principal business" criteria, which previously limited factoring activities to only a small number of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs). By allowing all NBFCs to engage in factoring business, the legislation significantly increased the number of eligible players in the market from seven to approximately nine thousand. This expansion facilitates the availability of working capital for MSMEs by enabling them to sell their trade receivables (invoices) to factors at a discount for immediate cash, primarily through the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS) platform.

Explanation

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal belonging to Group 2 of the periodic table, which means it consistently forms a cation with a +2 oxidation state, denoted as Mg²⁺. The hydroxide group is a polyatomic anion composed of oxygen and hydrogen with a net charge of -1, represented as OH⁻. According to the principle of electroneutrality, the total positive charge in an ionic compound must be balanced by an equal total negative charge. To balance a single magnesium ion with a +2 charge, two hydroxide ions are required (+2 + 2(-1) = 0). In chemical notation, when a polyatomic ion appears more than once in a formula, it is enclosed in parentheses with a subscript indicating the count, leading to the formula Mg(OH)₂.

Explanation

Lord Wellesley, who served as the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805, devised the Subsidiary Alliance system to expand British influence and establish political hegemony over Indian princely states. Under this policy, an Indian ruler entered into a treaty with the British East India Company, whereby the British promised to protect the state from external threats and internal disturbances. In exchange, the ruler had to maintain a British military contingent within their territory or cede land for its upkeep, accept a British Resident at their court, and surrender the right to conduct independent foreign relations or employ other Europeans without British permission. This effectively reduced the Indian states to a subordinate position and ensured British military and political dominance across the subcontinent without the immediate need for direct annexation of all territories. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to accept this arrangement in 1798.