SSC CGL Tier 1 2022 General Awareness Questions with Solutions

Explanation

The Narmada is a major peninsular river that originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a west-flowing river that travels through a structural rift valley formed by the subsidence of the land between the Vindhya Range to the north and the Satpura Range to the south. Peninsular rivers are typically characterized by being rain-fed and seasonal, having smaller basins compared to Himalayan systems, and being geologically older. The Narmada flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat before discharging its water into the Gulf of Khambhat in the Arabian Sea. It is the largest west-flowing river of the Peninsular plateau.

Explanation

The Poona Pact was signed on September 24, 1932, at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune between B.R. Ambedkar, representing the Depressed Classes, and Mahatma Gandhi. This agreement was reached following Gandhi's fast unto death in protest of the Communal Award announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, which had granted separate electorates to the Depressed Classes. Gandhi argued that separate electorates would socially fragment the Hindu community and hinder the abolition of untouchability. The compromise resulted in the Depressed Classes forgoing separate electorates in favor of reserved seats within the general Hindu electorate. This pact significantly increased the representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial legislatures from 71 to 147 seats and reserved 18 percent of the seats in the Central Legislature for them.

Explanation

Karishma Yadav is a distinguished hockey player from Gwalior who has represented India at the international level. She was honored with the Vikram Award 2019 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh for her exceptional contributions and achievements in hockey. The Vikram Award is the highest sports honor bestowed by the state of Madhya Pradesh upon senior category athletes who have demonstrated excellence in national and international competitions over a consistent period. Karishma Yadav has been an integral part of the Madhya Pradesh State Women's Hockey Academy and has participated in various global tournaments representing the national team.

Explanation

Vikram Seth is the author of the non-fiction book Two Lives, which was published in 2005. The book is a deeply personal memoir and biography that chronicles the lives of his great-uncle, Shanti Behari Seth, and his great-aunt, Hennerle Gerda Caro. Shanti Seth was an Indian immigrant who became a dentist in London, while Henny was a German Jew who fled Nazi Germany before the start of the Second World War. Through their story, Seth explores themes of migration, the Holocaust, and the complexities of human relationships set against the backdrop of major twentieth-century historical events. The narrative is constructed using personal letters, interviews, and archival research, showcasing Seth's meticulous approach to storytelling.

Explanation

According to Article 111 of the Constitution of India, after a bill has been passed by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, it must be presented to the President for assent. The President may either give assent to the bill, withhold assent, or return it (if it is not a Money Bill) for reconsideration by the Houses. A bill does not become a law or an Act of Parliament until it receives this formal presidential assent. This requirement stems from Article 79, which specifies that the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and the two Houses, making the President an integral part of the legislative process.

Explanation

The plane angle is defined as the ratio of the length of an arc to the radius of the circle that the arc is part of. In mathematical terms, the angle θ subtended at the center of the circle is expressed by the formula θ = (arc)/(radius). Because both the arc length and the radius have the same unit of length, the plane angle is a dimensionless quantity. In the International System of Units (SI), the radian is the standard unit used to measure this ratio.

Explanation

The system of gotra was a Brahmanical practice initiated around 1000 BCE to classify individuals, particularly Brahmanas, into distinct patrilineal lineages. Each gotra was named after a specific Vedic seer or rishi, such as Kashyapa, Gautama, or Vashistha. Members of the same gotra were considered to be the direct descendants of that eponymous sage, establishing a bond of kinship among them. This shared ancestry meant that individuals within the same gotra were viewed as belonging to the same family unit or clan.

Explanation

Turbidity is the measure of the relative clarity of a liquid, describing the degree to which light is scattered or absorbed by suspended particles rather than being transmitted in a straight line. It is an optical property caused by the presence of suspended matter such as silt, clay, fine organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic compounds, and microscopic organisms. In water quality assessment, higher concentrations of these suspended solids result in higher turbidity and lower clarity. This parameter is typically measured using a nephelometer, which records the intensity of light scattered at a 90-degree angle, and the results are expressed in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

Explanation

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established under the provisions of the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976, to provide credit and other facilities to small farmers, agricultural labourers, and artisans in rural areas. The capital of each RRB is contributed by the Central Government, the concerned State Government, and a Sponsor Bank in a fixed proportion. Specifically, the Government of India holds a 50% stake in the equity of these banks. The remaining share capital is divided between the Sponsor Bank, which contributes 35%, and the respective State Government, which contributes 15%. This shareholding structure ensures that the Union Government maintains a leading role in the governance and financial stability of these rural-focused financial institutions.

Explanation

The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by the Government of India on October 2, 2014, to accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on sanitation. This national campaign aimed to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India's cities, towns, and rural areas. The launch date specifically marked the 145th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, as the mission sought to fulfill his vision of a clean and hygienic India by the time of his 150th birth anniversary in 2019. It was implemented through two sub-missions: Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) for rural areas and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) for urban areas.

Explanation

Article 368, located in Part XX of the Constitution of India, grants Parliament the power to amend the Constitution and prescribes the specific procedure for doing so. Under this article, an amendment can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament. The Bill must be passed in each House by a special majority, defined as a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting. Certain amendments that seek to change the federal provisions of the Constitution also require ratification by the legislatures of at least one-half of the States before the Bill is presented to the President for assent.

Explanation

Glaciers are massive bodies of dense ice that form on land and represent the largest reservoir of fresh water on the planet. They function as a critical part of the global hydrological cycle, naturally storing and releasing clean water to sustain river systems and ecosystems. Since they are a natural geographical feature and a primary source of fresh water rather than a harmful substance or contaminant that degrades water quality, they do not fall under the category of water pollutants.

Explanation

According to data compiled by the United Nations Population Division and published in 2020, Malappuram in Kerala was ranked as the fastest-growing city in the world. The city witnessed a 44.1% increase in its population between 2015 and 2020. This growth rate was the highest among all urban agglomerations globally during that period. The ranking highlighted a trend of rapid urbanization in Kerala, where several cities experienced significant population surges due to the expansion of urban boundaries and the integration of surrounding rural areas into urban clusters.

Explanation

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Mathematically, it is expressed as a = (Δ v)/(Δ t). The SI unit for velocity is meters per second (m/s or m · s⁻¹), and the SI unit for time is seconds (s). By substituting these into the formula, the SI unit for acceleration is derived as m · s⁻¹{s}, which simplifies to m · s⁻² or meters per second squared. Therefore, the exponent or power of the unit 'second' in this SI derived unit is -2.

Explanation

Ponung and Tapu are traditional folk dances performed by the Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Ponung is a celebratory dance performed primarily by women to mark the harvest season and seek divine blessings for the prosperity of the community. Tapu is a spirited war dance performed by men during the Aran festival, characterized by rhythmic movements and the use of traditional weapons to drive away evil spirits and protect the village. Both dances serve as vital cultural expressions of the ethnic identity and ritualistic traditions of the indigenous people of Arunachal Pradesh.

Explanation

During the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in the mid-19th century, the mountain was designated with the Roman numeral label Peak XV. In 1852, calculations by the Survey of India confirmed that Peak XV was the highest point in the world. In 1865, the Royal Geographical Society officially renamed it Mount Everest to honor Sir George Everest, who had served as the Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843.

Explanation

The chemical element iron is represented by the symbol Fe in the periodic table. This symbol is an abbreviation of its Latin name, Ferrum. Due to this linguistic origin, materials containing iron are often referred to as ferrous, and the study of iron-based metallurgy traces its terminology back to this classical root.

Explanation

The Economic Survey 2020-21 provided an analysis of India's trade performance during the pandemic-affected financial year. It highlighted that while the first half of FY21 saw a significant collapse in trade volumes due to global lockdowns, the second half was expected to witness a relative recovery. Specifically, the survey projected that merchandise imports would decline by 11.3 percent in the second half (H2) of FY21. This projection took into account the gradual strengthening of domestic demand and the moderate recovery in international commodity prices, particularly crude oil, which constitutes a major portion of India's import bill. The estimated 11.3 percent contraction in the second half was notably less severe than the contraction experienced during the first half of the same fiscal year.

Explanation

Under Article 109 of the Constitution of India, the Rajya Sabha is vested with restricted powers regarding Money Bills. It cannot reject or amend a Money Bill; its role is limited to making recommendations. Once a Money Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha and transmitted to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House must return the bill within a period of 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill within this stipulated time, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha. Furthermore, the Lok Sabha has the absolute discretion to accept or reject any recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha, and the bill does not require the Rajya Sabha's concurrence to become law.

Explanation

Kamayani is a celebrated Hindi epic poem written by Jaishankar Prasad and published in 1936. It is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of the Chhayavad movement in Hindi literature. The poem depicts the evolution of human consciousness and civilization following the great deluge, focusing on the characters of Manu, Shraddha, and Ida, who symbolize man, heart, and intellect respectively. Through its fifteen cantos, Prasad synthesized Vedic mythology with modern psychological and philosophical insights, earning the work a place among the most significant literary achievements in modern Hindi.

Explanation

F. Scott Fitzgerald is the American author who wrote the classic 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. The other authors listed wrote different famous works, such as Things Fall Apart (Achebe), To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee), and The Color Purple (Walker).

Explanation

Ajatashatru was a powerful monarch of the Haryanka dynasty, often referred to as the Haryana dynasty in various historical texts and examinations. He was the son of Bimbisara, the founder of the dynasty, and ruled the Magadha empire during the 5th century BCE. Ajatashatru is well-known for his aggressive expansionist policies, through which he consolidated Magadha’s power by defeating the Vrijji confederacy and the kingdom of Kashi. Beyond his military achievements, he played a crucial role in the history of Buddhism by patronizing and organizing the First Buddhist Council at Rajgriha following the death of Gautama Buddha.

Explanation

The Los Angeles Clippers and the Portland Trail Blazers are professional franchises that compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The NBA is the premier professional men's basketball league in North America and is a member of USA Basketball, the national governing body for the sport. Both teams are part of the league's Western Conference, with the Clippers representing Los Angeles and the Trail Blazers representing Portland, Oregon. As NBA teams, they consist of professional male athletes competing for the league championship.

Explanation

In the modern periodic table, group 16 elements are known as the oxygen family or chalcogens. The number of valence electrons for p-block elements in groups 13 through 18 is determined by the formula Group Number - 10. For group 16, this calculation yields 16 - 10 = 6 electrons in the outermost shell. This is reflected in their general valence shell electronic configuration, which is ns² np⁴. Adding the two electrons in the s-subshell and the four electrons in the p-subshell of the highest principal energy level results in a total of six valence electrons. For instance, oxygen has the configuration 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ and sulfur has [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴, both of which contain six electrons in their outermost shell.

Explanation

The All India Muslim League supported the Partition of Bengal, which was implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905. The League viewed the creation of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam as a favorable development because it resulted in a Muslim-majority administrative unit. This move was seen by the League as an opportunity to secure better political representation, improved educational facilities, and greater economic prospects for the Muslim population, effectively reducing the perceived dominance of the Calcutta-based elite in the region's socio-political affairs.

Explanation

The Economic Survey 2020-21, presented by the Chief Economic Adviser in January 2021, projected a V-shaped recovery for the Indian economy after the contraction caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Survey estimated that India's real GDP would record a growth of 11.0% in the Fiscal Year 2021-22. This projection was supported by the commencement of the vaccination drive, a recovery in the services sector, and robust growth in consumption and investment. The Survey also anticipated a nominal GDP growth of 15.4% for the same period, driven by the low base effect of the previous financial year and the expected rebound in economic activities.

Explanation

Arthropods exhibit bilateral symmetry, a characteristic body plan where the body can be divided into two identical left and right halves through only one median longitudinal plane. This symmetry is typical of triploblastic animals with organ-system level organization and is closely associated with cephalization, the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissues at the anterior end. This arrangement supports directional movement and more complex interactions with the environment compared to other types of body symmetry.

Explanation

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad authored the book India Wins Freedom, which serves as an autobiographical narrative of his experiences during the Indian independence movement. As a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the first Education Minister of independent India, Azad provides a firsthand account of the political maneuvers, the partition of India, and the transition of power from British rule. The book is particularly noted for its critical insights into the internal dynamics of the Congress party and the various factors that eventually led to the division of the Indian subcontinent.

Explanation

Suspended particles and colloidal matter naturally present in water typically carry a negative surface charge. Because these particles possess the same charge, they repel each other, which keeps them in a stable suspension and prevents them from settling. In the process of coagulation and flocculation, chemicals known as coagulants are added to the water that are positively charged. These chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate (alum) or ferric salts, provide trivalent cations like Al³⁺ or Fe³⁺. These positive ions neutralize the negative charges on the particles, destabilizing the suspension and allowing the particles to collide and stick together to form larger masses called flocs. These heavier flocs can then be removed from the water through sedimentation and filtration.

Explanation

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, popularly known as the RTE Act, was enacted by the Parliament of India on August 4, 2009. This legislation serves as the enabling law to implement the fundamental right to education guaranteed under Article 21A of the Constitution of India. It mandates that every child between the ages of six and fourteen has a right to free and compulsory education in a neighborhood school. The Act specifies minimum norms for elementary schools, prohibits unrecognized schools from practice, and advocates against donation fees and interviews of children or parents for admission. Although it was enacted in 2009, the Act officially came into force on April 1, 2010.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on 9 January 1915 after spending over two decades leading non-violent protests against racial discrimination. His arrival, at the age of 45, was a pivotal moment in the Indian nationalist struggle. On the advice of his political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Gandhi spent his first year in India traveling across the country to understand the socio-political climate before engaging in active politics. This date is now commemorated annually as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas to recognize the contribution of the overseas Indian community to the nation's development.

Explanation

The 2020 Asian Wrestling Championships were held in New Delhi, India, from February 18 to February 23, 2020. The event took place at the K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium, situated within the Indira Gandhi Arena complex. This edition marked the 33rd turn of the continental tournament and included competitions in three disciplines: Men's Freestyle, Men's Greco-Roman, and Women's Wrestling. India achieved significant success at this home event, securing a total of 20 medals, which included 5 gold, 5 silver, and 10 bronze. The championships were organized under the aegis of United World Wrestling (UWW), the international governing body for the sport of wrestling.

Explanation

The Union Budget 2021-22 introduced a provision to tax interest income earned on employee contributions to the Provident Fund (PF) that exceed ₹2.5 lakh in a financial year. This amendment to the Income Tax Act was intended to restrict the tax-free interest benefit available to high-net-worth individuals who contribute large sums to their EPF or VPF accounts. In instances where there is no contribution by the employer to the fund, such as in the General Provident Fund (GPF) for government employees, the tax-exempt limit for interest on annual contributions is increased to ₹5 lakh. This new tax rule came into effect on April 1, 2021, and applies to interest accruing on the excess contribution amount.

Explanation

Bearing capacity is defined as the maximum load per unit area that a soil or rock can support without undergoing shear failure or experiencing excessive settlement. This concept is fundamental in foundation engineering to ensure that the weight of a structure does not exceed the strength of the underlying earth. If the applied stress surpasses the bearing capacity, the soil structure collapses or deforms permanently, leading to the failure of the foundation. The ultimate bearing capacity is often determined using Terzaghi's equation, qᵤ = cN_c + qN_q + 0.5γ BN_γ, where c represents cohesion, γ is the unit weight of soil, B is the width of the foundation, and N factors are dimensionless bearing capacity coefficients related to the soil's angle of internal friction.

Explanation

B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya served as the Chairman of the House Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India. This committee was one of the minor committees established to manage the administrative arrangements, residential accommodation, and other facilities for the members of the Assembly during the constitution-making process. A prominent leader from Andhra Pradesh and a former President of the Indian National Congress, Sitaramayya played a crucial role in overseeing the logistical needs of the representatives. His leadership ensured that the members had the necessary environment and support to focus on the drafting of the Constitution from 1946 to 1950.

Explanation

Kali Puja is celebrated on the Amavasya or the new moon day of the Hindu calendar month of Kartik. This festival, primarily observed in the eastern regions of India like West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam, coincides with the pan-Indian festival of Diwali. According to the lunar calendar, the puja is specifically scheduled for the darkest night of the month, which represents the new moon. The rituals are traditionally performed at midnight on this night to honour Goddess Kali, the destroyer of evil and the cosmic power of time, during the period when the moon is not visible in the sky.

Explanation

In a Bharatanatyam performance, the Nattuvaran is the conductor and leader of the musical ensemble who directs the entire recital. This individual is responsible for maintaining the rhythm and tempo by playing a pair of small cymbals known as talam and reciting the rhythmic syllables called sollukattu or jatis. Historically, Nattuvanars were the traditional gurus and custodians of the Bharatanatyam tradition, possessing deep knowledge of the Shastras and music, and they played a central role in training the dancers and orchestrating the live performance to ensure perfect synchronization between the dancer and the musicians.

Explanation

The Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) refers to the probability of a child dying between birth and exactly five years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. According to the data from the Sample Registration System (SRS) and the reports associated with the Census of India 2011, the estimated national under-five mortality rate was 55 per 1,000 live births. This metric serves as a key indicator of the health and nutritional status of children as well as the effectiveness of the healthcare system. The 2011 figure showed a notable decrease compared to previous decades, attributed to various public health initiatives such as the National Rural Health Mission, improved immunization coverage, and better management of neonatal and childhood illnesses.

Explanation

Nitrogen naturally exists as a molecule composed of two nitrogen atoms bonded together (N2), making it a diatomic element. Monoatomic elements are typically noble gases like helium or neon which exist as single atoms.

Explanation

The late actor Irrfan Khan was posthumously honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 66th Filmfare Awards held in 2021. This prestigious recognition was conferred upon him for his extensive and versatile contribution to Indian cinema throughout his career. At the same ceremony, he also posthumously won the Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) award for his performance in the film Angrezi Medium, making him a rare recipient of both a major acting award and the lifetime honor in the same year.

Explanation

Adil Hussain won the Best Actor award at the 34th Amanda Awards, the Norwegian National Film Awards, held in Haugesund in August 2018. He received this honor for his lead role in the Norwegian film What Will People Say (Hva vil folk si), directed by Iram Haq. In the film, he portrayed Mirza, a complex father figure struggling with cultural clashes in a Norwegian-Pakistani family. This recognition made him the first Indian actor to win a Best Actor trophy at Norway's most prestigious film awards ceremony.

Explanation

Ozone is a triatomic molecule, which means it is composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together. Its chemical formula is O₃. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O₂ molecule. In the Earth's atmosphere, ozone is created through the process of photolysis, where ultraviolet radiation splits diatomic oxygen molecules into individual oxygen atoms; these free atoms then collide and react with other O₂ molecules to form the three-atom ozone structure.

Explanation

The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras prescribed specific duties for the four varnas to maintain social and cosmic order. The Kshatriyas were designated as the warrior and ruling class, whose primary responsibility was the protection of the people (rakshana) and the administration of justice. These texts mandated that Kshatriyas engage in warfare when necessary, study the Vedas, and ensure the welfare of their subjects by upholding the law. As rulers and administrators, they were the executors of danda (punishment or governance), which was considered essential for preventing chaos and ensuring that each individual performed their own prescribed duties within the social hierarchy.

Explanation

The Jhelum River originates from a perennial spring located at Verinag, situated at the base of the Pir Panjal Range in the south-eastern part of the Kashmir Valley. This spring serves as the primary source of the river, which then flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan through a narrow gorge. The site is historically significant, as the Mughal Emperor Jahangir was so captivated by the beauty of the spring that he built an octagonal stone basin and a lush garden around it in 1620 AD. The river is a major tributary of the Indus and is vital for the irrigation and geography of the region.

Explanation

The 40th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 substituted Article 297 of the Constitution of India to clarify and expand the Union's jurisdiction over maritime resources. This amendment ensured that all lands, minerals, and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters, the continental shelf, and the exclusive economic zone of India shall vest in the Union and be held for the purposes of the Union. It also empowered the Parliament to define and specify the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone, and other maritime zones of India by law. This change was crucial for establishing legal control over the vast natural resources found within India's extended maritime boundaries.

Explanation

Acoustics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids, including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. It specifically focuses on the physical mechanisms involved in the production of sound by vibrating objects, the propagation of these waves through different media as longitudinal pressure waves, and the interaction of sound with various environments and materials.

Explanation

Arthur C. Clarke was a world-renowned British science fiction author and futurist who wrote the seminal novel 2001: A Space Odyssey in conjunction with the development of the 1968 film directed by Stanley Kubrick. Clarke had a profound connection with the Indian scientific community through his friendship with Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of the Indian space program. In 1980, Clarke was appointed as the Vikram Sarabhai Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, an institution established by Sarabhai himself. This prestigious academic position recognized Clarke’s visionary contributions to the field of satellite communications and his role in making complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public through his extensive body of popular science writing.

Explanation

Following the partition of India in 1947, the country experienced a significant loss of fertile agricultural land to Pakistan, particularly affecting the supply of raw materials for the textile industry. A large proportion of the cotton-growing area, especially the highly productive and irrigated tracts of the Indus Basin in Punjab and Sindh, was transferred to West Pakistan. While India retained nearly all the cotton textile mills, which were primarily located in the Bombay and Ahmedabad regions, it lost about 40 percent of the land dedicated to cotton cultivation, including the regions producing superior long-staple varieties. This loss created a severe shortage of raw cotton, necessitating intensive efforts in subsequent decades to increase domestic production and achieve self-sufficiency for India's massive textile sector.

Explanation

The Ashtadhyayi, composed by the ancient scholar Panini around the 4th century BCE, is the foundational treatise on Sanskrit grammar. Its name translates to Eight Chapters, reflecting its structure of eight divisions containing approximately 4,000 sutras or aphorisms. This work established the linguistic standards for Classical Sanskrit by providing a rigorous and scientific framework for morphology, phonology, and syntax. Panini used a complex system of metalanguage, abbreviations, and logical rules that functioned much like a generative grammar, allowing for the derivation of complex linguistic forms from basic roots and suffixes. It remains the most influential work in the Vyakarana tradition of Indian scholarship.

Explanation

The Economic Survey 2020-21 projected that India would record a current account surplus for the first time in 17 years. This projection was based on the significant narrowing of the merchandise trade deficit, as the contraction in imports was sharper than the fall in exports during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the survey data, India was expected to witness a current account surplus of 2% of GDP in the financial year 2020-21, supported by a combination of lower crude oil prices and resilient service exports.