RPSC RAS Prelims 2021 Question Paper with Answers & Explanations

Explanation

The Teeja Manji Temple in Jodhpur was commissioned by Queen Pratap Kunwari, who was the third wife of Maharaja Man Singh of Marwar and was popularly known as Teeja Majisa. The original temple structure constructed by the queen faced significant structural issues as it began to sink into the ground. This necessitated the relocation and reconstruction of the temple at a different site. The new temple was completed and its grand consecration ceremony was held in 1857. Dedicated to Lord Ranchhodji, a form of Krishna, the temple is an important religious site in the old city of Jodhpur and stands as a testament to the architectural patronage of the Marwar royalty during the mid-19th century.

Explanation

The Varik Vishnuvardhan Vijay Pillar, located in the Bayana Fort of Bharatpur district, Rajasthan, dates back to the Gupta Period. It was erected in 372-373 AD by King Vishnuvardhan, a ruler of the Varika tribe who was a feudatory or an influential local sovereign during the Gupta era. The pillar, also known as the Bhim Lat, is a monolithic sandstone column built to commemorate the performance of a Pundarika Yajna (sacrifice). The inscription on the pillar is written in Sanskrit using the Brahmi script and records the date as Malava Samvat 428. This structure is historically significant as it is considered one of the earliest examples of a Vijay Stambha (victory pillar) in India, reflecting the architectural and religious traditions prevalent during the 4th century AD.

Explanation

The Vaidik Yantralaya was a significant printing press established by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj. Originally set up in Banaras in 1880 and later moved to Allahabad, the press was shifted to Ajmer in 1885. This relocation was intended to centralize the publication of Swami Dayanand’s works, including his commentaries on the Vedas and the Satyarth Prakash, within Rajasthan. Ajmer was a primary center for the Arya Samaj movement, and the press played a crucial role in disseminating Vedic philosophy and social reform ideas throughout the region.

Explanation

Anekantwad is the core metaphysical doctrine of Jainism which posits that reality is multifaceted and truth is many-sided. It suggests that since the nature of reality is complex, it can be viewed from multiple perspectives, and no single perspective provides the absolute truth. Syadvad is the logical application of Anekantwad in the realm of speech and judgment. It is known as the doctrine of conditional predication, where every statement is qualified by the term syat, meaning in some respect or perhaps. This reflects the Jain belief that all human knowledge and linguistic expressions are relative and limited, capturing only a partial aspect of the manifold nature of existence. Together, (i) and (iv) constitute the essential philosophical framework of Jain epistemology and metaphysics.

Explanation

The Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI) was founded in Karaikkudi, Tamil Nadu, through the philanthropic contribution of Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar, who donated 300 acres of land and fifteen lakh rupees for its establishment. This initiative was supported by Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the then Director General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, who laid the foundation stone for the institute on July 25, 1948. The institute was officially inaugurated and became operational on January 14, 1953. It remains one of the largest electrochemical research establishments in the world, operating under the aegis of the CSIR to advance research in battery technology, corrosion science, and electro-metallurgy.

Explanation

The colossal statue of the Yaksha Manibhadra was discovered at Parkham, a site located near Mathura. This monumental sculpture, dating to the Mauryan period, is carved from sandstone and stands approximately seven feet tall. It bears a significant Brahmi inscription on its pedestal that explicitly names the figure as the Yaksha Manibhadra. The sculpture is characterized by its massive, heavy proportions and a rigid frontal posture, representing the indigenous folk traditions of art that flourished alongside the courtly art of the Mauryan Empire. As a prominent deity in early Indian folk cults associated with wealth and protection, the Manibhadra Yaksha of Parkham is a vital archaeological specimen for understanding the evolution of stone iconography and the development of later divine imagery in Indian art.

Explanation

The Toti is a traditional ornament worn by women in Rajasthan, specifically designed for the ears. It is typically a circular or disc-shaped earring made of gold or silver, often featuring intricate patterns, floral motifs, or stonework. This piece of jewelry is a significant part of the cultural and traditional attire in the rural regions of Rajasthan, symbolizing the local craftsmanship and heritage of the state.

Explanation

Kajli Teej of Bundi, also known as Badi Teej or Satudi Teej, is celebrated on the third day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadrapad, specifically Bhadrapad Krishna Tritiya. Holi is a major Hindu festival observed on the full moon day of the month of Falgun, which is Falgun Purnima. Paryushan Parva is the most important annual holy event for the Jain community, dedicated to spiritual intensive meditation and fasting, and it falls within the month of Bhadrapad. Gangaur is a significant festival in Rajasthan dedicated to the goddess Gauri, beginning the day after Holi and reaching its peak on the third day of the bright fortnight of the month of Chaitra.

Explanation

Krishnadevaraya, the most illustrious ruler of the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire, was a great scholar and a prolific writer. He composed the Telugu epic Amuktamalyada, which narrates the story of the Alwar saint Andal and is regarded as a masterpiece of Telugu literature. Because of his extensive patronage of art, literature, and culture, he earned the title Andhra Bhoja, drawing a parallel to the legendary King Bhoja of Dhar. His court was famously adorned by the Ashtadiggajas, a group of eight celebrated poets. Among them, Allasani Peddana held the highest status and was known as Andhra Kavita Pitamaha. However, Peddana's literary expertise was rooted in Sanskrit and Telugu rather than Tamil, making the first two statements the only accurate ones in the context of his reign and court.

Explanation

Rooma Devi was born in 1988 in Rawatsar village, which is situated in the Barmer district of Rajasthan. She spent her upbringing and early years in the Barmer region, where she learned the traditional Rajasthani craft of embroidery from her grandmother. Jasrapur village, located in the Khetri region of Jhunjhunu district, is unrelated to her birth or her formative years. Her developmental work and the artisan movement she spearheaded are primarily based in and around the Barmer district of western Rajasthan.

Explanation

Zahur Khan Mewati is the most celebrated performer of the Bhapang, which is a single-stringed percussion instrument primarily found in the Mewat region of Rajasthan. Karna Bhil of Jaisalmer was an internationally recognized virtuoso of the Nad, a long vertical flute-like wind instrument. Ramnath Chaudhary is a famous master of the Algoza, a double flute that is the state musical instrument of Rajasthan, and is widely known for his unique skill of playing it through his nose. Sadik Khan Manganiyar was a legendary exponent of the Khadatal, a hand-held percussion instrument made of wooden blocks.

Explanation

The Rajasthan Language, Literature and Culture Academy, known as the Rajasthan Bhasha, Sahitya evam Sanskriti Academy, was established by the State Government on January 25, 1983, and is headquartered in Bikaner. The academy functions as an autonomous body with the primary objective of promoting and developing the Rajasthani language and its diverse literary traditions. It plays a crucial role in documenting regional heritage and publishes a well-known monthly magazine called Jagati Jot. Additionally, the academy confers prestigious honors such as the Suryamall Misran Shikhar Puraskar to recognize outstanding contributions to Rajasthani literature and culture.

Explanation

The Battle of Gagron took place in 1519 AD where Rana Sanga of Mewar defeated Sultan Mahmud Khalji II of Malwa and took him prisoner. The Battle of Sarangpur occurred in 1437 AD between Maharana Kumbha of Mewar and Sultan Mahmud Khalji I of Malwa, after which Maharana Kumbha built the Vijay Stambha to celebrate his victory. The Battle of Sumel, or the Battle of Giri-Sumel, was fought in 1544 AD between the forces of Sher Shah Suri and the Rathore commanders Jaita and Kumpa representing Rao Maldeo of Marwar. The Battle of Saheba was fought in 1541-42 AD between Rao Maldeo of Jodhpur and Rao Jetshi of Bikaner, which resulted in the death of Rao Jetshi and the occupation of Bikaner by the Marwar army.

Explanation

Aanau is a traditional custom in Rajasthan related to post-marriage rituals, specifically referring to the ceremony of sending the bride to her husband's home for the second time. This practice is closely associated with the concepts of Muklawa or Gauna. In many Rajasthani communities, especially in historical contexts where marriages occurred at a young age, the bride would return to her parental home shortly after the initial wedding ceremony. The Aanau ceremony marks the formal transition when the bride leaves her parents' house to permanently reside with her husband and his family. It is considered a significant social milestone and is performed with specific family rituals to celebrate the bride's arrival at her marital home.

Explanation

Bakhnaji, Santidas, Jagannath Das, and Madho Das were prominent disciples of Dadu Dayal, a 16th-century Bhakti saint who founded the Dadu Panth in Rajasthan. Dadu Dayal had 152 chief disciples, and among them, 52 were designated as the Thambhas or pillars of the sect. These pillars were responsible for establishing various centers or seats across the region to propagate the teachings of the Panth. The Dadu Panth follows the Nirguna tradition, emphasizing the worship of a formless God and the rejection of caste distinctions and external rituals. These specific saints contributed significantly to the vast body of literature associated with the sect, which is primarily written in the Dhadhari language and focuses on spiritual realization and social equality.

Explanation

Hawra Conspiracy Case (1910) involved Jatindra Nath Mukherjee, also known as Bagha Jatin, who was arrested along with dozens of other revolutionaries of the Jugantar group following the murder of Deputy Superintendent of Police Shamsul Alam.

Lahore Conspiracy Case (1928-31) saw the trial of Rajguru, Bhagat Singh, and Sukhdev for the assassination of British police officer J.P. Saunders to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912), also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy, involved Master Ami Chand as a central figure in the plot to assassinate the Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, by throwing a bomb during his ceremonial entry into Delhi.

Alipur Conspiracy Case (1908), or the Manicktolla Bomb Case, featured Arvind Ghosh as a primary accused after the police discovered a secret bomb factory and arms cache in Calcutta intended for revolutionary activities.

Explanation

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) was established in Bangalore in 1909 through the visionary efforts and financial endowment of the industrialist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. Tata had conceived the idea of a world-class university for scientific research in the late 1890s and pledged a significant portion of his personal wealth for its creation. Following his death in 1904, his sons and the Government of India continued the project. The institute was formally established on May 27, 1909, by a vesting order of the British Government of India, with additional support from the Maharaja of Mysore, who donated over 370 acres of land for the campus.

Explanation

Mazharul Sarur was the first newspaper to be published from the Rajputana region, commencing its publication in 1849 from Bharatpur. It was a bilingual weekly newspaper, featuring content in both Hindi and Urdu to cater to a diverse readership. The journal was established under the patronage of the Bharatpur State administration during the reign of Maharaja Balwant Singh, representing the earliest phase of the press and journalism in Rajasthan.

Explanation

The Ahar civilization, also known as the Banas culture, was a Chalcolithic archaeological culture located in the Ahar River valley of Rajasthan. Statements A and C are correct because Ahar was historically known as Tambavati or the place of copper due to the abundance of copper tools and ores found there. Excavations revealed the presence of copper smelting furnaces and slag, confirming that the inhabitants possessed advanced knowledge of smelting and that copper metallurgy was a central component of their economic life. Statement D is also correct as the characteristic pottery of this culture is Black-and-Red Ware. This pottery was produced using an inverted firing technique and was typically decorated with white linear or geometric designs, such as dots and dashes. Contrary to statement B, archaeological evidence indicates that the Ahar people practiced diverse agriculture and were well acquainted with rice, along with wheat, barley, and various pulses.

Explanation

Rama Devi was a prominent leader in the political and social awakening of Rajasthan. In 1931, she joined the Bijolia peasant movement, defying the Mewar state administration's prohibition on her entry into the region. She was arrested and deported but remained steadfast, famously telling the police that she would return as soon as she was released. Her revolutionary activities extended to the national level as she took an active part in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1932. Due to her participation in these protests against British rule, she was imprisoned, marking her as one of the few women of that era to endure jail terms for both local agrarian causes and the national struggle for independence.

Explanation

Parshwanath, the 23rd Tirthankara, is identified by the serpent, which is typically depicted as a canopy of cobra hoods over his head during meditation. Adinath, also known as Rishabhanatha, was the first Tirthankara and is associated with the bull symbol. Mahavir, the 24th and final Tirthankara of the current cosmic age, is represented by the lion, signifying his spiritual bravery and victory over the cycle of rebirth. Shantinath, the 16th Tirthankara, is symbolized by the deer, which reflects his name and association with peace and tranquility.

Explanation

Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu, widely regarded as the father of the Renaissance movement in Andhra, founded the Rajahmundry Social Reform Association to spearhead social change in South India. Influenced by the ideals of the Brahmo Samaj and the work of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, he dedicated his life to the cause of women's liberation. The association specifically targeted the plight of young widows, seeking to provide them with the social and legal support necessary for remarriage. Veeresalingam used his literary skills and publications like Viveka Vardhini to challenge orthodox traditions and successfully organized the first widow remarriage in the Telugu-speaking region in 1881. His work through the association laid the foundation for modern social thought and the advancement of female education in the Madras Presidency.

Explanation

Kanaklata Barua, also known as Birbala, was a teenage freedom fighter from Assam who played a pivotal role in the Quit India Movement of 1942. She was a member of the Mrityu Bahini, a suicide squad of revolutionaries dedicated to the cause of independence. On September 20, 1942, she led a procession of unarmed villagers toward the Gohpur police station with the intention of hoisting the Indian National Flag as a symbol of defiance against British rule. When the police threatened to fire if the crowd advanced, Kanaklata continued to move forward, asserting that the police could kill their bodies but not their spirits. She was shot and killed by the police while holding the tricolour aloft, becoming one of the youngest martyrs of the movement in Northeast India.

Explanation

Vrihi is the Vedic Sanskrit term for rice, which became a staple food crop particularly during the later Vedic period as agriculture expanded in the Gangetic plains. Mudga refers to the pulse commonly known as mung or green gram, indicating the variety of leguminous crops cultivated by Vedic society. Yav, or Yava, is the ancient Sanskrit name for barley, which was the most frequently mentioned and important cereal in the Rigveda. Ikshu is the Sanskrit word for sugarcane, mentioned in Vedic literature such as the Atharvaveda and various Brahmanas in the context of its sweet juice and cultivation.

Explanation

Justice Farooq Hasan holds a distinct position in the history of the Rajasthan High Court as a judge who transitioned from an active political career to the judiciary. Before his elevation to the bench, he served as a Minister of State in the Rajasthan government during the early 1980s under the Chief Ministership of Shiv Charan Mathur. Following his tenure in the executive branch, he was appointed as a judge of the Rajasthan High Court on July 20, 1990. This career trajectory makes him a notable example of a person serving in both the state cabinet and the higher judiciary.

Explanation

The Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) case is a landmark judgment in which the Supreme Court of India laid down specific guidelines to address sexual harassment of women at the workplace. The case was initiated as a Public Interest Litigation by various social activists and NGOs following the brutal gang rape of Bhanwari Devi, a social worker in Rajasthan who was targeted for her efforts to prevent child marriage. Recognizing the absence of enacted laws to protect women in professional environments, the Court formulated the Vishaka Guidelines to ensure their safety and dignity. The Supreme Court held that sexual harassment at the workplace is a violation of the fundamental rights to equality, non-discrimination, and life with dignity as guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21 of the Constitution of India. These guidelines mandated the creation of Internal Complaints Committees in all workplaces and remained the legal standard until the Parliament enacted the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act in 2013.

Explanation

Dr. Rajendra Prasad made this observation during his concluding speech at the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, as the President of the Assembly. He emphasized that the success of the Constitution depended more on the character of the people who would operate it than on the legal provisions themselves. He noted that even a well-drafted constitution could fail if those entrusted with its implementation lacked integrity and national spirit. By describing the constitution as a lifeless machine, he highlighted that its vitality and effectiveness are derived from the morality and patriotism of the individuals who govern the nation, stressing that a small group of honest and selfless leaders is essential for the country's progress and the protection of national interest.

Explanation

The Sardar Swaran Singh Committee was appointed by the Government of India in 1976 to make recommendations regarding fundamental duties, the necessity of which was highlighted during the operation of the internal emergency. The committee suggested that a separate chapter on fundamental duties should be incorporated into the Constitution to ensure that citizens are aware of their obligations while enjoying their fundamental rights. It emphasized that the inclusion of such duties would help in strengthening the democracy by balancing individual rights with social responsibilities. Based on these recommendations, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 was enacted, which added Part IV-A and Article 51A to the Constitution, initially listing ten fundamental duties.

Explanation

The Chief Minister Chiranjeevi Health Insurance Scheme provides comprehensive coverage that includes medical expenses for consultation, diagnostic tests, and medicines related to a patient's hospitalization. According to the guidelines of the scheme, these expenses are covered for a period of 5 days prior to the date of admission and for 15 days following the date of discharge from the hospital. The provision of 15 days for post-hospitalization care is designed to ensure that the patient receives necessary follow-up treatment and medication during the recovery phase. The statement in the option is incorrect because it cites a 10-day period for post-discharge expenses instead of the actual 15-day benefit period mandated by the scheme.

Explanation

Justice I.D. Dua was the first Lokayukta of Rajasthan, appointed on August 28, 1973, following the enactment of the Rajasthan Lokayukta and Up-Lokayuktas Act, 1973. The Lokayukta is a statutory body with the mandate to investigate allegations of corruption, favoritism, and lack of integrity against certain public servants. Its jurisdiction specifically includes Ministers and Secretaries of the state government. The Chief Minister and Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are excluded from the investigative purview of the Lokayukta in Rajasthan. Moreover, the institution is empowered to investigate "allegations" involving misconduct but does not have the legal authority to investigate "grievances" related to maladministration or injustice. These specific legal provisions define the scope of the anti-corruption framework within the state.

Explanation

In the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, the scrutiny of budget estimates is divided between two specific committees known as Estimates Committee A and Estimates Committee B. Estimates Committee A is responsible for examining the appropriations and estimates related to departments including Finance, Education, Public Works, Irrigation, and Agriculture. The Home Department, however, is assigned to Estimates Committee B, which also oversees departments such as Medical and Health, Local Self Government, and Social Justice and Empowerment. This administrative division ensures that the legislative oversight of various government expenditures is distributed efficiently, placing the Home Department outside the jurisdiction of Committee A.

Explanation

Article 103 of the Constitution of India stipulates the procedure for deciding questions regarding the disqualification of members of Parliament. According to Article 103(2), before the President gives a final decision on whether a member has incurred any of the disqualifications specified in Article 102(1), he is constitutionally required to obtain the opinion of the Election Commission. The President is further mandated to act according to the opinion provided by the Commission. This provision ensures that the decision-making process regarding the eligibility of legislators is guided by the expert and independent assessment of the body responsible for the conduct of elections in India. This process applies to statutory and constitutional disqualifications, whereas disqualifications arising from the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection) are handled by the Presiding Officer of the House.

Explanation

The Right to Information Act, 2005 was enacted to provide a practical regime for citizens to access information under the control of public authorities. Its core objectives, as outlined in its Preamble, include empowering all citizens, promoting transparency and accountability in the working of the government, containing corruption, and making our democracy work for the people in a real sense. While the Act is a tool that any citizen can use, including those from marginalized groups, the specific empowerment of women and vulnerable sections of society is a broader socio-economic objective of the state addressed through different welfare legislations and constitutional provisions, rather than being a stated functional objective of the RTI Act itself.

Explanation

The I Am Shakti Udan Yojana is targeted specifically at adolescent girls and women within the age group of 10 to 45 years. This makes the statement incorrect because the scheme does not encompass all women in the state, but only those in the reproductive age bracket. Additionally, while the scheme was launched on November 19, 2021, it was designed for phased implementation rather than providing universal distribution to every woman in the state simultaneously from that date. The initial phase focused on reaching approximately 28 lakh beneficiaries through specific institutional channels like schools, colleges, and anganwadi centers.

Explanation

Section 6 of the Rajasthan Municipal Act, 2009, outlines the composition of municipalities and empowers the State Government to nominate members with special knowledge or experience in municipal administration. Following the Rajasthan Municipal (Amendment) Act, 2021, the number of such nominated members was revised for different categories of urban local bodies. Under the updated Section 6(1)(a)(i), the State Government is authorized to nominate a maximum of 8 persons to a Municipal Council. These nominated members represent a cross-section of experts intended to assist in the efficient governance of the Nagar Parishad, although they are not granted the right to vote in the meetings of the municipality.

Explanation

The State Election Commission of Rajasthan is a constitutional body established under Article 243K of the Constitution of India. It was constituted in July 1994 to conduct free, fair, and impartial elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies in the state. The Commission is headed by the State Election Commissioner. Administratively, the Commission is supported by a Secretary who holds a significant role in the electoral process. This Secretary is designated as the Chief Electoral Officer for local body elections and also functions as the State's Returning Officer. In this capacity, the Secretary oversees the statutory requirements and administrative arrangements necessary for the conduct of local elections across the state of Rajasthan.

Explanation

The year 2009 marked a significant shift in the administrative history of Rajasthan when the state government decided to appoint promoted IAS officers from the Rajasthan Administrative Service cadre to the post of District Collector. While the position of Collector is typically reserved for members of the Indian Administrative Service, the government utilized its power to post senior officers who had been promoted from the state civil services into the IAS. In July 2009, several such officers were posted to head various districts, including Jaisalmer, Hanumangarh, and the newly formed Pratapgarh district, to utilize their extensive field experience in state-level administration.

Explanation

The provision for inspection of the work of an agency is a specific statutory right granted under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, rather than a core element of a Citizen's Charter. Under Section 2(j)(i) of the RTI Act, the right to information explicitly includes the right to inspect work, documents, and records of public authorities. In contrast, a Citizen's Charter is an administrative document that outlines an organization's commitment to its citizens regarding the standard, quality, and time frame of service delivery. The primary components of a Charter typically include the vision and mission statements, details of business transacted, a statement of services provided to each client group, and details of the grievance redressal mechanism. While the Charter aims to enhance transparency and accountability, it does not inherently provide the legal or operational framework for citizens to conduct physical inspections of an agency's internal work or ongoing projects, which is instead handled through legislative transparency mandates or formal social audit processes.

Explanation

Article 323(2) of the Constitution of India mandates that a State Public Service Commission, such as the Rajasthan Public Service Commission, must present an annual report regarding the work performed by the Commission to the Governor of the State. Upon receiving this report, the Governor is responsible for ensuring that a copy of the report is laid before the State Legislature. This submission is accompanied by a memorandum explaining any cases where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by the government and the specific reasons for such non-acceptance, thereby maintaining constitutional transparency and oversight.

Explanation

Article 169(1) of the Indian Constitution states that Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State if the Legislative Assembly of that State passes a resolution to that effect by a special majority. The use of the word may in this context signifies that the power vested in Parliament is discretionary rather than mandatory. Consequently, a resolution passed by a State Legislative Assembly does not create a binding legal or constitutional requirement for the Union Government to introduce a bill or for the Parliament to enact legislation. The Central Government maintains the authority to decide whether or not to act upon the request of the State Assembly, meaning there is no legal obligation to initiate action in Parliament following the state's resolution.

Explanation

The Rajasthan Panchayati Raj (Amendment) Act, 2021, amended Section 89 of the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994, to change the designation of the village-level official. Section 89 of the original Act deals with the constitution of the Rajasthan Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad Service and lists various categories of posts. By amending sub-section (2) of Section 89, the state government substituted the long-standing expression Gram Sevak with Gram Vikas Adhikari (Village Development Officer). This administrative change was intended to provide a more professional nomenclature that aligns with the evolving developmental responsibilities of the post within the rural local self-government framework.

Explanation

Article 39 of the Constitution of India outlines several principles of policy to be followed by the State to ensure economic and social justice. Specifically, Article 39(d) directs the State to ensure that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women. This provision is a significant part of the Socialist principles under the Directive Principles of State Policy, aiming to eliminate gender-based discrimination in remuneration. It provides the constitutional basis for legislative actions such as the Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, which seeks to provide for the payment of equal remuneration to men and women workers for the same work or work of a similar nature.

Explanation

The 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014, sought to establish the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) to replace the Collegium system for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. In October 2015, a five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, in the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India case (commonly known as the Fourth Judges Case), declared the amendment unconstitutional and void. The Court ruled that the NJAC violated the basic structure of the Constitution by compromising the independence of the judiciary. The Bench held that judicial independence is a fundamental feature that cannot be altered by the legislature, and the inclusion of the executive in the appointment process through the NJAC was deemed an interference with that independence. As a result of this judgment, the earlier Collegium system was restored.

Explanation

Guru Mukh Nihal Singh was officially appointed as the first Governor of Rajasthan by the President of India on October 25, 1956. Although he assumed charge and took his oath of office on November 1, 1956, to coincide with the formal implementation of the State Reorganisation Act, the legal instrument of his appointment was issued on October 25. This transition marked the end of the post of Rajpramukh, previously held by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II, and the full administrative integration of Rajasthan as a state under the Indian Constitution.

Explanation

The sequence H.L. Dattu, T.S. Thakur, and Jagdish Singh Khehar represents the chronological succession of the 42nd, 43rd, and 44th Chief Justices of India. Justice H.L. Dattu presided over the Supreme Court from 28 September 2014 until 2 December 2015. He was immediately followed by Justice T.S. Thakur, who served as the Chief Justice from 3 December 2015 to 3 January 2017. Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar then assumed the office on 4 January 2017 and served until 27 August 2017. This chronological order accurately reflects the tenure of these consecutive heads of the Indian judiciary during the mid-2010s.

Explanation

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is mandated to conduct propriety audits, which allow the office to look beyond the technical legality of expenditure to evaluate its wisdom, economy, and efficiency. This function enables the CAG to highlight instances of waste, extravagance, or inefficiency even if the expenditure is legally authorized. This broader scope of duty is a direct consequence of the CAG's role as the supreme guardian of the public purse. As an agent of Parliament, the CAG ensures that the executive remains accountable for all financial transactions, thereby upholding the Constitution and the specific laws enacted by Parliament regarding financial administration. By checking for propriety, the CAG fulfills the constitutional requirement of ensuring that public funds are managed in accordance with the spirit of the law and the highest standards of financial integrity.

Explanation

The Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas was chaired by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who oversaw the recommendations for essential civil liberties. The Order of Business Committee, which dealt with the working rules and the scheduling of the assembly's proceedings, was headed by K.M. Munshi. The Union Powers Committee was chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru to define the jurisdiction and authority of the central government. The Drafting Committee was chaired by B.R. Ambedkar, who was responsible for scrutinizing the draft and finalizing the text of the Constitution of India.

Explanation

Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, every State Human Rights Commission is headed by a Chairperson who must be a person who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court. The 2019 amendment to the Act expanded eligibility to include persons who have been a Judge of a High Court as well, but the Chairperson position is specifically tied to judicial service at the High Court level. The appointment is made by the Governor of the state, acting on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Chief Minister, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the Home Minister of the state, and the Leader of the Opposition. Prominent social workers, police officers of the rank of Director General, and administrative officers of the rank of Chief Secretary are eligible only for membership positions in the commission, not for the Chairperson post, which is reserved exclusively for a retired Chief Justice or Judge of a High Court.

Explanation

Haridev Joshi was a prominent leader in Rajasthan state politics and was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly ten consecutive times starting from 1952, but he never served as a member of the Lok Sabha. Bhairo Singh Shekhawat served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan and later as the Vice President of India; while he was a member of the Rajya Sabha, he never held a seat in the Lok Sabha. Barkatullah Khan, who served as the Chief Minister from 1971 to 1973, was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1957 but never transitioned to the Lok Sabha. In contrast, Tikaram Paliwal, the first elected Chief Minister of Rajasthan, was elected to the 3rd Lok Sabha in 1962 from the Hindaun constituency, making him the only individual among the four listed who served in the lower house of Parliament.

Explanation

In Rajasthan, subtropical mountainous forests, also known as subtropical evergreen forests, are exclusively found in the Mount Abu region of the Sirohi district. These forests are restricted to high-altitude areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 150 cm and the temperature is relatively lower than the plains. Mount Abu is the only place in the state that provides these specific climatic and physiographic conditions. The vegetation in this zone is dense and includes species like Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini. Due to the limited geographical extent of such high-altitude terrain in the state, these forests account for less than one percent of Rajasthan's total forest cover.

Explanation

Gogalav (also known as Gogelao) is a designated Conservation Reserve situated in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. It was established under the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, to preserve the biodiversity of the semi-arid region, covering an area of approximately 358 hectares. This protected area serves as a vital habitat for the Chinkara (Indian Gazelle) and various species of desert birds. Nagaur is notable for hosting two such conservation reserves, Gogelao and Rotu, both of which are critical for the conservation of local wildlife and the prevention of habitat encroachment in the district.

Explanation

Lohardaga district in Jharkhand is one of the most significant bauxite-producing regions in India. The bauxite deposits here are found in the laterite caps of the plateau areas within the Chota Nagpur Highlands. This region provides high-grade ore essential for the production of aluminum, serving as a primary raw material source for major industrial metallurgical units in the eastern part of the country.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census data for Rajasthan, the Scheduled Tribe population is primarily concentrated in the southern highland regions of the state. Banswara district recorded the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribe population at 76.4 percent. Dungarpur district follows as the second highest in the state, with Scheduled Tribes accounting for 70.8 percent of its total population. These figures reflect the demographic composition of the Vagad region, where tribal communities like the Bhils constitute the majority of the inhabitants. Other districts with high percentages include Pratapgarh at 63.4 percent and Banswara's surrounding tribal tracts.

Explanation

Gornyashor is a region located in the Kemerovo Oblast of Russia, situated within the southern part of the Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass). It is primarily known for its extensive mineral resources, specifically high-grade iron ore and coal deposits, which support the massive metallurgical industries of the surrounding Siberian region. Unlike the Central Industrial Region of Russia, particularly the area around Ivanovo which is the traditional heart of the Russian cotton textile industry, Gornyashor's economy and industrial output are centered on mining and raw material extraction for heavy industry rather than the production of textiles.

Explanation

The Green Energy Corridor is a strategic project initiated to facilitate the evacuation of electricity produced from renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the national grid. In Rajasthan, the intra-state transmission system component of this corridor is designed to connect power-rich renewable zones to high-demand areas. The network involves the construction of high-capacity transmission lines and substations across several districts known for high wind and solar energy generation. The specific route of this corridor in Rajasthan includes Bikaner, Ajmer, and Chittorgarh, along with other key locations like Jodhpur and Nagaur. These districts host critical 765 kV and 400 kV grid substations that ensure the efficient transmission of green power from the desert regions to the rest of the country.

Explanation

Doda-Betta is the highest peak in the Nilgiri Hills, reaching an elevation of approximately 2,637 meters above sea level. Located in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu near Udhagamandalam, it is the second highest peak in South India after Anamudi. The Nilgiri Hills form part of the Western Ghats and are geographically significant as the region where the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats converge. The peak is characterized by a high-altitude plateau and is surrounded by a protected forest area known for its unique shola vegetation and diverse montane ecology.

Explanation

The North-South Corridor is a major infrastructure project under the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) that connects Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. Agra is situated directly on this route as it travels through northern India. Specifically, the corridor follows the path of National Highway 44, passing through the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. This makes Agra a vital logistical hub on the 4,000-kilometer-long highway network that links the National Capital Region with the southern states of India.

Explanation

Pavagarh is associated with solar energy developments, particularly within the context of renewable energy clusters in Gujarat. Tatpani, located in Chhattisgarh, is a well-known site for geothermal energy potential due to its perennial hot springs. Mupandal in Tamil Nadu is home to the Muppandal Wind Farm, which is the largest wind power plant in India and a global leader in onshore wind capacity. Kakrapar in Gujarat is the site of the Kakrapar Atomic Power Station, a major nuclear power facility that contributes significantly to India's baseload power supply through atomic energy.

Explanation

The Banas River originates in the Khamnor Hills of the Aravalli Range, situated near the Kumbhalgarh Fort in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. Known as the Hope of the Forest or Van Ki Asha, it flows entirely within the state of Rajasthan, cutting through the central portion of the Mewar plains. The river follows a course through Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, and Tonk before eventually merging with the Chambal River at Rameshwar in Sawai Madhopur. Its significant left and right bank tributaries include the Bedach, Kothari, Morel, Khari, and Menali, which collectively form a vital drainage network for the socio-economic activities of the Mewar region.

Explanation

The Thar Desert, particularly the portion within Rajasthan known as the Western Sandy Plain, is divided into the Marusthali and the Rajasthan Bagar (Semi-Arid Plain). The Rajasthan Bagar is further subdivided into four distinct physiographic regions: the Ghaggar Plain in the north, the Shekhawati Region which is an area of internal drainage, the Nagauri Uplands, and the Luni Basin. The Luni Basin is also widely known as the Godwar Region, covering the drainage area of the Luni river and its tributaries in southwestern Rajasthan. These regions together constitute the sandy, arid, and semi-arid landscape characteristic of the Thar Desert ecosystem.

Explanation

Lalgarh Palace is a significant architectural monument in Bikaner commissioned by Maharaja Ganga Singh in the early 1900s. Tripura Sundari is an ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Turta Mata located in the Banswara district. Gagron Fort is a unique water fort in Jhalawar situated at the confluence of the Ahu and Kali Sindh rivers and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Nakoda is a well-known Jain pilgrimage destination located in the Barmer district and is famous for its temple dedicated to Parshvanath.

Explanation

Aconcagua, transliterated in some contexts as Ekakaguha, is the highest mountain peak in the Andes range and is located in South America. The Meseta Central is a vast interior plateau in the Iberian Peninsula, primarily within Spain in Europe. The Serengeti Plains comprise a world-renowned ecosystem located in north-central Tanzania and southwestern Kenya within the continent of Africa. The Gibson Desert is an extensive desert region covering a large area in the state of Western Australia on the Australian continent.

Explanation

Kherwara is a major mining area for asbestos located in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The state of Rajasthan is the leading producer of asbestos in India, specifically the tremolite and anthophyllite varieties. These deposits are primarily found in the southern parts of the state within the ultramafic rocks of the Aravalli range. The Kherwara region, along with neighboring areas like Rishabhdeo, contains significant reserves of this fibrous silicate mineral, which is valued for its heat resistance and insulating properties.

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census, the rural sex ratio of Rajasthan is 933 and the urban sex ratio is 914. The districts with the highest values in these categories are as follows:

Rural Sex Ratio: The district with the highest rural sex ratio is Pali at 1003 females per 1,000 males. It is followed by Rajsamand (998) and Dungarpur (996).

Urban Sex Ratio: The district with the highest urban sex ratio is Tonk at 985 females per 1,000 males. It is followed by Pratapgarh (964) and Dungarpur (951).

The pair Dungarpur – Tonk correctly identifies districts with high sex ratios in both categories, specifically identifying Tonk as the state leader in urban sex ratio and Dungarpur as one of the top three districts for rural sex ratio.

Explanation

Udaipur is the primary center for Lead and Zinc mining and smelting in Rajasthan, famously hosting the Zawar mines which are among the oldest zinc mines in the world. Nagaur district, particularly the Gotan region, is the pioneer of White Cement production in India, hosting the country's first white cement plant. Bhilwara is known as the Textile City of India or the Manchester of Rajasthan due to its massive concentration of spinning and weaving units and its global reputation in synthetic fabric production. Kota serves as a major industrial hub for the Chemicals and fertilizers sector, supported by large-scale manufacturing units like Chambal Fertilizers and Shriram Chemicals.

Explanation

Lake Baikal is located in the southern part of eastern Siberia within the Russian Federation, situated between the Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast. It holds the distinction of being the deepest lake in the world and contains approximately twenty percent of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water. It has no geographical connection to Ukraine.

Explanation

In Koppen's climate classification system for Rajasthan, the Cwg designation represents a monsoon-type climate with dry winters and hot summers. This zone covers the eastern and north-eastern plains of the state, including districts like Bharatpur, Alwar, and Jaipur, where the majority of precipitation occurs during the summer months. The Aw designation refers to a tropical savanna climate found in the southernmost part of Rajasthan. This region, which includes Dungarpur and Banswara, is characterized by high annual temperatures and a distinct dry season, receiving significant rainfall from the South-West monsoon. These geographical assignments correctly match the specified districts to their respective climatic categories as defined by Koppen's empirical model.

Explanation

The Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy, 2019, was released by the Government of Rajasthan on December 18, 2019. This policy was designed to harness the state's vast solar potential and aimed to achieve a target of 30,000 MW (30 GW) of solar power capacity by the financial year 2024-25. It replaced the earlier 2014 policy to provide a more comprehensive framework for promoting solar parks, decentralized solar systems, and solar-powered agricultural pumps. The policy includes provisions for various incentives such as exemptions from electricity duty and land allotment at concessional rates to attract large-scale private investment in the renewable energy sector.

Explanation

The Godavari river is matched with Penganga because it is a significant tributary draining the regions of Maharashtra before joining the Wardha and eventually the Godavari. The Mahanadi river is paired with Shivnath, its longest tributary, which joins the main river in Chhattisgarh. The Damodar river is linked to Barakar as it is the primary tributary and is central to the Damodar Valley Corporation project with dams like Maithon. The Kaveri river matches with Bhavani, an important perennial right-bank tributary that originates in the Western Ghats and joins the Kaveri in Tamil Nadu.

Explanation

The National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) was launched to strengthen the extension machinery and promote the use of technology in agriculture. As per the funding guidelines for Centrally Sponsored Schemes implemented in general category states, the financial burden is shared between the Central Government and the State Government. For Rajasthan, the funding ratio is established at 60:40, where the Government of India provides 60 percent of the funds and the Rajasthan state government contributes the remaining 40 percent. This mission incorporates various sub-missions focusing on agricultural extension, seed and planting material, agricultural mechanization, and plant protection to ensure a comprehensive approach to farming technology and service delivery.

Explanation

The Parwan Multipurpose Irrigation Project is a major infrastructure initiative situated on the Parwan River, a tributary of the Kalisindh, in the Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. The project involves the construction of a dam at Akavad village to harness water for multiple uses in the Hadoti region. It is designed to provide irrigation facilities to approximately 2,01,000 hectares of agricultural land, spanning 637 villages across the three districts of Jhalawar, Baran, and Kota. Besides irrigation, the project serves as a critical source of drinking water for over 1,800 villages and supplies necessary water to the Chhabra and Kalisindh thermal power plants for electricity generation.

Explanation

The Union Government decided to merge the Railway Budget with the General Budget starting from the 2017-18 fiscal year, ending a 92-year-old tradition that had been in place since 1924. This separation originally stemmed from the recommendations of the Acworth Committee in 1920-21 to ensure better management of the railway's vast finances. The decision to reintegrate the budgets followed the recommendations of a committee headed by Bibek Debroy, then a member of NITI Aayog. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley presented the first merged budget on February 1, 2017. This merger was aimed at providing a holistic view of the government's fiscal position, reducing procedural delays, and enabling better multi-modal transport planning and capital expenditure allocation across the infrastructure sector.

Explanation

Net National Product (NNP) at market prices is calculated by subtracting depreciation from the Gross National Product (GNP) at market prices. In national income accounting, the distinction between a gross and a net measure lies in the treatment of capital consumption. Depreciation, also referred to as the consumption of fixed capital, represents the wear and tear or obsolescence of fixed assets used during the production process. The relationship is defined by the formula:

NNPₘₚ = GNPₘₚ - Depreciation

By deducting depreciation, the resulting figure provides a more accurate reflection of the actual economic value generated, as it accounts for the portion of output that must be set aside to replace or maintain existing capital stock. This ensures that the net addition to the economy's wealth is correctly measured.

Explanation

The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a composite indicator that measures the growth rate of various industry groups in the Indian economy. It is compiled and published monthly by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. The IIP is constructed using three broad sectoral categories: Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity. These sectors represent the physical output of the industrial economy. While gas and water supply are essential utilities and are included in the broader Gross Value Added (GVA) calculations for the industrial sector within the National Accounts Statistics, they are not part of the basket of items used to calculate the IIP. The current IIP series with the base year 2011-12 strictly tracks the production volume across the three aforementioned sectors and excludes services and utilities like gas, steam, and water supply.

Explanation

India climbed to the 63rd rank among 190 countries in the World Bank's Doing Business 2020 report, which was released in October 2019. This jump of 14 places from its previous rank of 77 reflected significant improvements across various parameters. The progress was primarily driven by major reforms in areas such as starting a business, dealing with construction permits, and trading across borders. Additionally, India was recognized as one of the top ten improvers for the third consecutive year, largely due to the effective implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code and the simplification of tax compliance procedures.

Explanation

The Atal Bhujal Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme designed to improve groundwater management through community-led interventions in identified water-stressed areas of India. Launched with a total outlay of 6000 crore rupees for the period 2020-2025, the scheme is being implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank. The funding pattern involves a 50:50 sharing arrangement, where 3000 crore rupees is provided as a loan from the World Bank and 3000 crore rupees is provided by the Government of India as central assistance. The primary objective is to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable groundwater management and encourage community participation for local-level water security in seven states: Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.

Explanation

The Work Participation Rate is a demographic measure representing the percentage of total workers, which includes both main and marginal workers, relative to the total population of a region. According to the final data of the Census 2011, India recorded a Work Participation Rate of 39.8 percent. During the same period, the state of Rajasthan exhibited a higher engagement level with a Work Participation Rate of 43.6 percent. This participation includes individuals engaged in any economically productive activity, with or without compensation, wages, or profit, throughout the reference period of one year preceding the date of enumeration. Rajasthan's higher rate relative to the national average reflects a significant portion of its population being involved in agricultural and household industry sectors.

Explanation

The Indira Mahila Shakti Nidhi was launched by the Rajasthan government on December 18, 2019, to commemorate the completion of one year of the state government. This fund was established with a corpus of 1000 crore rupees to promote women's empowerment across the state. The initiative focuses on several key areas, including providing loans for women entrepreneurs, imparting professional skills and modern research training, and raising awareness about women's rights and health. It specifically aims to make women self-reliant through five sub-schemes that support education, skill development, and self-employment opportunities.

Explanation

The Ayushman Bharat Mahatma Gandhi Rajasthan Swasthya Bima Yojana (AB-MGRSBY), specifically in its second phase launched in January 2021, increased the annual health insurance cover for eligible families to a total of ₹ 5 lakh. Under this revised framework, the benefit package is divided into two categories: a sum of ₹ 50,000 is allocated for the treatment of general illnesses, while a larger amount of ₹ 4.50 lakh is specifically provided for the treatment of critical illnesses. This insurance coverage is available to families identified under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) and the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 for cashless indoor patient department (IPD) services at empanelled public and private healthcare facilities.

Explanation

The slogan ‘Apni Yojana Apni Vikas’ is the specific tagline for the Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) campaign in Rajasthan, known as the People's Plan Campaign. It is not the official slogan for the National Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) scheme. RGSA is a broader scheme aimed at the capacity building and training of elected representatives and personnel in Panchayati Raj Institutions to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. While RGSA provides the framework and funding for such planning activities, the localized slogan ‘Apni Yojana Apno Vikas’ pertains to the participatory planning process at the village level, whereas the official national slogan for the GPDP campaign is ‘Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas’.

Explanation

The Government of Rajasthan, in the State Budget 2021-22, announced the establishment of the Rajiv Gandhi Fintech Digital University in Jodhpur. This institution was planned as a specialized center of excellence to provide advanced training and research in financial technology, digital banking, artificial intelligence, and data analytics. The state allocated approximately 400 crore rupees for the project, aiming to create a skilled workforce capable of meeting the demands of the global digital economy. The university serves as a hub for innovation, offering certificate and diploma courses designed in collaboration with industry experts to enhance the employability of the youth in the fintech sector.

Explanation

The Maru Triangle, often referred to as the Desert Triangle, is a prominent tourism circuit in Rajasthan designed to promote the desert heritage and cultural landscape of the Thar region. This circuit traditionally includes only the three districts of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, and Bikaner. These cities are clustered to form a geographical triangle that serves as the primary route for international and domestic tourists seeking to experience desert festivals, forts, and sand dunes. While Barmer is an integral part of the Thar Desert and shares similar topography and cultural traits, it was not included in the original conceptualization of this specific tourism circuit.

Explanation

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY) was officially launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 12 September 2019 at an event in Ranchi, Jharkhand. This central sector scheme was designed to provide a social security net for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) who typically lack steady income sources in their old age. The scheme targets farmers aged between 18 and 40 years, requiring them to make monthly contributions until they reach the age of 60. Upon attaining 60 years, the beneficiaries receive a minimum assured monthly pension of Rs. 3,000. The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) acts as the Pension Fund Manager for this scheme, and the Central Government provides an equal matching contribution to the farmer's pension fund.

Explanation

As per the Rajasthan Economic Review 2020-21, the Advance Estimates for the Per Capita Income of the state at constant (2011-12) prices for the financial year 2020-21 was ₹72,297. This figure represents a contraction of approximately 7.77 percent compared to the previous year's revised estimate of ₹78,390, primarily due to the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Per Capita Income is calculated by dividing the Net State Domestic Product at constant prices by the mid-year projected population of the state. By using the 2011-12 base year, this metric filters out the effects of inflation, providing a measure of the real economic output per person in the state.

Explanation

The National Health Authority (NHA) is the apex body responsible for the overall implementation and management of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) at the national level. Reconstituted from the National Health Agency on 2 January 2019, the NHA functions as an attached office of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with full functional autonomy. It is tasked with formulating policy, developing operational guidelines, and creating the technical infrastructure necessary for the scheme. The authority works in coordination with State Health Agencies to ensure the effective delivery of health insurance coverage to over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families, facilitating access to secondary and tertiary care hospitalization through a network of empanelled public and private healthcare providers.

Explanation

In national income accounting, the base year serves as a benchmark for economic comparisons over time. It provides a set of constant prices that are used to value the quantity of goods and services produced in different years. This process allows for the calculation of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the actual physical volume of production by adjusting for inflation. By holding prices constant at the levels of the base year, any observed change in real GDP reflects a change in the quantity of output rather than a change in price levels. The formula for real GDP in a given year is Σ (Pᵦₐₛₑ × Q꜀ᵤᵣᵣₑₙₜ), where Pᵦₐₛₑ represents the price of goods in the base year and Q꜀ᵤᵣᵣₑₙₜ represents the quantity of goods produced in the current year.

Explanation

The Planning Department of the Government of Rajasthan is the designated nodal agency for the effective implementation, monitoring, and coordination of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the state. To ensure a systematic approach toward achieving the 2030 Agenda, the state government established a state-level Steering Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, with the Planning Department serving as the central secretariat for this framework. The department is responsible for the localization of SDGs, the development of the Rajasthan SDG Index to track district-level performance, and the preparation of the State Indicator Framework. Through its Directorate of Economics and Statistics, it collects and analyzes data to provide periodic progress updates and ensures that state developmental schemes are aligned with the global targets.

Explanation

In the Rajasthan State Budget for the financial year 2021-22, the allocation for the energy sector was set at 14.32 percent of the total plan expenditure. The energy sector represents one of the largest sectoral allocations in the state budget, reflecting the government focus on improving power infrastructure, enhancing generation capacity, and maintaining the transmission and distribution networks. This expenditure includes significant provisions for electricity subsidies provided to agricultural and domestic consumers, as well as investments in renewable energy initiatives to leverage the state's solar and wind potential. The high percentage of spending in this area is a strategic move to support the industrial and agricultural backbone of the state by ensuring a reliable and affordable power supply.

Explanation

India was ranked 139th out of 149 countries in the World Happiness Report 2021, published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. This annual report evaluates global happiness levels using six key variables: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and levels of corruption. In the 2021 edition, which also accounted for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional well-being, India showed a marginal improvement from its 144th rank in the 2020 report but continued to figure in the bottom tier of the index. Finland maintained its position as the happiest country in the world for the fourth consecutive year.

Explanation

In a marine ecosystem, the pyramid of biomass is typically inverted because the standing crop of phytoplankton, which are the primary producers, is much smaller than the biomass of the heterotrophs they support, such as zooplankton and fish. This phenomenon is possible because phytoplankton have an extremely high turnover rate. They grow, reproduce, and are consumed at a very rapid pace, meaning their productivity is high enough to sustain a larger biomass of longer-lived consumers even though their own mass at any single point in time remains relatively low. Consequently, when biomass is measured at a specific moment, the weight of the producers at the base of the food chain is less than that of the primary and secondary consumers above them.

Explanation

Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. In a typical human, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Trisomy 21 occurs due to an error in cell division called non-disjunction, which results in an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. This extra genetic material interferes with the normal course of development, leading to the characteristic physical features, health complications, and developmental delays associated with the condition. It is the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormality and was named after John Langdon Down, who first clinically described the syndrome in 1866.

Explanation

Japanese encephalitis is a serious viral infection caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, primarily those of the Culex species. Once the virus enters the human body and replicates, it can cross the blood-brain barrier to infect the central nervous system. The disease is characterized by the inflammation of the brain, which is the literal meaning of the term encephalitis. This infection leads to neuronal damage and can result in severe neurological symptoms such as high fever, seizures, disorientation, and coma.

Explanation

The term 1080p in display technology refers to a vertical resolution of 1080 pixels, where the p stands for progressive scan. The aspect ratio defines the proportional relationship between the width and the height of the screen. For an aspect ratio of 16:9, the width (W) is calculated relative to the height (H) using the formula:

W = H × 16/9

Substituting the vertical resolution of 1080 pixels for H:

W = 1080 × 16/9 W = 120 × 16 W = 1920

This calculation results in a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. Therefore, a 1080p display with a 16:9 aspect ratio consists of 1920 × 1080 pixels, a standard commonly known as Full High Definition (FHD).

Explanation

The State Remote Sensing Application Centre (SRSAC) is situated in Jodhpur and functions as a specialized unit under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan. It serves as the nodal agency for the application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies within the state. The centre is responsible for generating and maintaining digital databases related to natural resources, which are used for developmental planning, monitoring environmental changes, and managing land and water resources. Its location in Jodhpur facilitates synergy with other prominent scientific organizations in the city, such as the Regional Remote Sensing Centre (RRSC-West) of ISRO, to support data-driven governance in Rajasthan.

Explanation

According to reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and data from NASA, the Earth's average surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.0 degree Celsius since the late 19th century. This temperature change is converted to Fahrenheit by multiplying the Celsius value by 1.8, as a change of 1 degree Celsius is equivalent to a change of 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (ΔT_F = 1.8 × ΔT_C). Most of this warming has occurred since 1975, with the global temperature rising at an average rate of about 0.15 to 0.20 degrees Celsius per decade. By 2021, scientific consensus held that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions were the primary driver of this 1.8 degree Fahrenheit rise in the global mean temperature.

Explanation

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is primarily composed of methane (CH₄), which typically accounts for 80% to 95% of its total volume. It is created by compressing natural gas to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon and burns more cleanly than complex fuels, making CNG an environmentally preferred alternative for internal combustion engines. Because methane remains a gas under high pressure at normal temperatures, CNG is stored in thick-walled cylindrical or spherical tanks to maintain its compressed state for use in transport and industrial applications.

Explanation

A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons in all three spatial directions. These particles typically range from 2 to 10 nanometers in diameter, consisting of approximately 10 to 50 atoms. At this scale, the physical size of the semiconductor is smaller than the Bohr exciton radius, leading to a phenomenon known as quantum confinement. This confinement causes the electronic energy levels to become discrete rather than continuous, effectively making the quantum dot behave like an artificial atom. One of the most significant properties of quantum dots is that their optical and electronic characteristics are size-dependent. For instance, the bandgap of the material increases as the size of the dot decreases, allowing the color of emitted light to be precisely tuned by controlling the particle size during synthesis. They are utilized in a variety of technologies including QLED displays, medical imaging, and photovoltaic cells.

Explanation

The motto of the Defence Research and Development Organisation is Balasya Mulam Vijnanam, which translates from Sanskrit to Science is the source of strength. This motto emphasizes the philosophy that scientific knowledge and technological advancement are the fundamental pillars of a nation's power and security. DRDO was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. As the R&D wing of the Ministry of Defence, it works towards enhancing self-reliance in Indian defense systems, and its motto reflects its commitment to utilizing science to empower the national security apparatus.

Explanation

A stethoscope is a medical instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body, primarily from the heart or lungs. It functions based on the principle of multiple reflection of sound. When the chest piece of the stethoscope captures the vibrations of a heartbeat, these sound waves are transmitted through the hollow tubing. As they travel, the waves undergo successive reflections from the internal walls of the tube. This guided path prevents the sound energy from dissipating into the surrounding environment, concentrating the acoustic signal so that it reaches the doctor's ears with sufficient clarity and intensity.

Explanation

Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent species of the malaria parasite and is responsible for causing malignant tertian malaria. This form of the disease is considered malignant because it frequently leads to severe, life-threatening complications such as cerebral malaria, severe anemia, and renal failure. The high pathogenicity of this species is attributed to its ability to infect a large proportion of red blood cells and its mechanism of sequestering infected cells within the microvasculature of vital organs, which prevents their clearance by the spleen and leads to significant tissue damage and high mortality rates if left untreated.

Explanation

Kadkanath, also known as Kalamasi, is a unique breed of chicken native to the Jhabua and Dhar districts of Madhya Pradesh. It is highly valued for its distinctive black plumage, black meat, black bones, and black internal organs, a trait resulting from a genetic condition known as fibromelanosis which causes the over-deposition of melanin. In 2018, the breed was officially granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the GI Registry of India. From a nutritional perspective, Kadkanath meat is considered premium because it is rich in protein and significantly lower in fat and cholesterol compared to standard broiler chickens. This breed is both culturally and economically significant to the tribal communities of the Malwa region.

Explanation

MOEMS is an acronym for Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems, which represents an integration of micro-optics and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). This technology combines micro-optics, micro-electronics, and micro-mechanics to sense or manipulate optical signals on a microscopic scale. MOEMS devices typically consist of miniaturized mechanical structures, such as micromirrors, optical switches, and shutters, that are moved or controlled by electrical signals to influence the path, phase, or intensity of light. These systems are critical in applications ranging from fiber-optic telecommunications and projection displays to advanced medical imaging and sensing technologies.

Explanation

Vitamins are essential organic micronutrients classified into two primary groups based on their solubility: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of dietary fats and require bile salts for effective absorption. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, they are stored in the liver and adipose tissues for extended periods, meaning they do not need to be consumed daily. Vitamin A is critical for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function, while Vitamin D is synthesized by the body during exposure to sunlight and is fundamental for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the blood to ensure proper bone mineralization.

Explanation

The Udaipur Solar Observatory is situated on an island in the Fateh Sagar Lake in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Established in 1975 and currently managed by the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, under the Department of Space, it is recognized as one of the premier solar observation sites in Asia. The choice of an island location is scientifically deliberate; the surrounding water body acts as a heat sink, suppressing the air turbulence caused by ground heating that would otherwise distort telescopic images. This stable atmospheric condition provides the high-quality seeing required for high-resolution solar research. The observatory houses sophisticated instrumentation, including the Multi-Application Solar Telescope, which is used to monitor solar activity, magnetic fields, and solar flares to better understand the sun's impact on the space environment.

Explanation

Mucormycosis, colloquially known as black fungus, is a serious fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are typically found in soil, decaying organic matter such as leaves and compost piles, or rotting wood. The infection is not a zoonotic disease because it is not transmitted from animals to humans; instead, humans generally contract it by inhaling fungal spores from the air or through direct contact with the fungus in the environment via a skin break or wound. It is classified as an opportunistic infection that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems or those suffering from underlying health conditions like uncontrolled diabetes.

Explanation

Rohida, scientifically known as Tecomella undulata, is the state flower of Rajasthan, officially designated in 1983. This deciduous shrub or small tree is primarily found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Thar Desert. It is highly valued for its medicinal properties and its high-quality timber, which has earned it the nickname Desert Teak or Marwar Teak. The tree produces vibrant, bell-shaped flowers that appear in shades of orange, yellow, and red during the spring months of March and April. Its ability to thrive in extreme temperatures and low rainfall makes it a significant floral symbol of the desert ecosystem in Rajasthan.

Explanation

According to the India State of Forest Report 2019, Jodhpur has 0 sq km of Very Dense Forest (VDF). Very Dense Forest is defined as all lands with a tree canopy density of 70% and above. Due to the arid climatic conditions and the geographical location of Jodhpur in the Thar Desert region, the district lacks the high rainfall and humidity required to support such dense vegetation cover. Consequently, Jodhpur records the absolute minimum possible value for Very Dense Forest area, reflecting the sparse and scattered nature of the vegetation found in this desert landscape.

Explanation

MF (Medium Frequency) occupies the 300 kHz to 3 MHz portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is unsuitable for geostationary satellite communication. Satellite links require much higher frequencies in the microwave range to effectively penetrate the Earth's ionosphere. At MF levels, radio waves are typically reflected back to the surface by the ionospheric layers or travel along the Earth's curvature as ground waves. Furthermore, the MF band provides extremely limited bandwidth, making it incapable of supporting the high-capacity telecommunications, Direct-to-Home (DTH) broadcasting, and broadband services for which the INSAT and GSAT satellites are designed.

Explanation

Rh blood group incompatibility occurs specifically when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. The Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. When an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood, their immune system recognizes the Rh antigen as a foreign invader and produces anti-Rh antibodies, a process known as sensitization. During pregnancy or childbirth, fetal Rh-positive red blood cells can enter the maternal circulation. In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive fetus, these maternal antibodies, which are of the IgG class, can cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells. This immune response leads to the destruction of fetal erythrocytes, resulting in a condition called Erythroblastosis Fetalis or Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. This condition can cause severe fetal anemia, jaundice, heart failure, or brain damage unless preventative measures like Rh immunoglobulin injections are administered to the mother.

Explanation

Assertion (A) represents a fundamental principle of human resource management focusing on the optimization of organizational resources through the alignment of individual capabilities with job requirements and fair compensation. It emphasizes the importance of person-job fit and cost-effectiveness in recruitment. Reason (R) is also a factually correct statement in management theory, as an incorrect hiring decision leads to increased training costs, lower productivity, and potential turnover, thus transforming a human resource into a financial and operational liability. While both statements are true, the Reason acts as a justification for avoiding poor selection rather than explaining the comprehensive strategic approach outlined in the Assertion, which includes the specific element of salary optimization. Therefore, they exist as two independent truths within the context of organizational behavior.

Explanation

Argument II is strong because it emphasizes the necessity of legal compliance and the fundamental principle that rules established for public safety must be strictly followed to ensure social order and uniformity. Argument III is strong because it provides a rational and scientific basis for the requirement. The head houses the brain, which is the vital control center of the body. Since two-wheelers provide no structural protection to the occupants, helmets serve as the primary safety gear to prevent fatal injuries or permanent disabilities during accidents. Both arguments represent logical, ethical, and administrative justifications for the enforcement of the rule.

Explanation

Let the multiplier be x, so there are 25x coins of ₹1, 9x coins of 50 paise, and 5x coins of 25 paise. The total amount is: 2625x ⋅ 1 + 9x ⋅ 0.5 + 5x ⋅ 0.25 = 30.75x Setting 30.75x equal to the given total and solving gives x = 80. The number of 50 paise coins = 9x = 9 × 80 = 720.

Explanation

An assumption is an underlying premise that a person holds when making a statement. When someone notes that Lalita maintains a vast collection and continuously adds to it, they are implying that she has a deep interest or affinity for those items. The act of building and expanding a large collection of books is a standard behavioral indicator of a love and passion for literature or the physical objects themselves. Therefore, assumption II is a logical and necessary connection between her actions and her motivations. Assumption I is not implicit because collecting books is distinct from reading them; the statement focuses on acquisition and possession, and it cannot be assumed that every item in a large collection has been consumed or read.

Explanation

The statement establishes a direct correlation between the desire for a child's better development and the willingness of parents to incur high costs for elite education. Conclusion I is a valid inference because the phrase willing to pay any amount signifies that parents have a deep-seated priority or obsession regarding the quality of their children's upbringing through specialized educational institutions. This behavioral trend mentioned in the statement confirms that parents are intensely focused on institutional excellence as the primary means for ensuring better development for their children.

Explanation

Based on the percentage distribution for book publication expenses, the royalty payment accounts for 12% and the printing cost accounts for 20% of the total expenditure.

To find the printing cost, the proportionality between the assigned percentages and the actual costs is used: Printing Cost = (Royalty Amount/Royalty Percentage) × Printing Percentage

Given that the royalty payment for the books is ₹22,950, substitute the known values into the equation: Printing Cost = (22,950/12) × 20

First, determine the value of 1% by dividing the royalty amount by its corresponding percentage: 1% = 22,950/12 = 1,912.5

Next, multiply this unit value by the 20% allocated to printing expenses: Printing Cost = 1,912.5 × 20 = 38,250

Explanation

The coding logic follows a two-step process: first, the letters of the given word are reversed, and then one is subtracted from the alphabetical position of each letter (Position - 1).

For the word TIGER, the letters in reverse order are R-E-G-I-T. By shifting each letter back by one position in the alphabet, we get: R(18) - 1 = Q(17), E(5) - 1 = D(4), G(7) - 1 = F(6), I(9) - 1 = H(8), and T(20) - 1 = S(19), which forms the code QDFHS. Similarly, for the word MERIT, the reverse order is T-I-R-E-M. Applying the same subtraction gives: T(20) - 1 = S(19), I(9) - 1 = H(8), R(18) - 1 = Q(17), E(5) - 1 = D(4), and M(13) - 1 = L(12), resulting in SHQDL.

Applying this pattern to the word FROZEN, we first reverse the letters to obtain N-E-Z-O-R-F. We then subtract one from the numerical position of each letter: N(14) - 1 = M(13), E(5) - 1 = D(4), Z(26) - 1 = Y(25), O(15) - 1 = N(14), R(18) - 1 = Q(17), and F(6) - 1 = E(5). Combining these results gives the coded string MDYNQE.

Explanation

Let the total number of votes polled be x. Let the votes received by candidates A, B, and C as percentages of the total polled votes be a, b, and c respectively. Since there were no invalid votes, a + b + c = 100.

The problem states that A receives 50% more votes than B, which gives the relation a = 1.5b. It is also known that B receives 5% more votes than C (referring to percentage points of the total votes polled), hence b = c + 5, or c = b - 5.

Substituting these into the sum of percentages: 1.5b + b + (b - 5) = 100 3.5b = 105 b = 30

With b = 30, we find a = 1.5 × 30 = 45 and c = 30 - 5 = 25.

The difference between the votes for A and C is given as 18,000: (a - c)% of x = 18,000 (45 - 25)% of x = 18,000 20% of x = 18,000 x = 18,000/0.20 = 90,000

The total votes polled is 90,000. Since this represents 90% of the registered voters, let the total number of registered voters be V: 0.90V = 90,000 V = 100,000

Explanation

The sum of the digits from 1 to 9 is calculated using the formula S = n(n+1)/2: S = 9(10)/2 = 45

The problem provides four equations, each summing to 13:

1. M + N + P = 13
2. P + Q + R = 13
3. R + S + T = 13
4. T + U + V = 13

Summing these four equations gives: (M + N + P) + (P + Q + R) + (R + S + T) + (T + U + V) = 13 × 4 = 52

Rearranging the terms to separate the total sum of the nine distinct digits (M through V): (M + N + P + Q + R + S + T + U + V) + (P + R + T) = 52 45 + (P + R + T) = 52 P + R + T = 7

The only three distinct digits from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} that sum to 7 are {1, 2, 4}. Thus, P, R, and T must be some permutation of these three digits.

To determine which digit R represents, we test the possible values: If R = 4, then P and T are 1 and 2. If P = 1, then Q = 13 - (P + R) = 13 - (1 + 4) = 8. If T = 2, then S = 13 - (R + T) = 13 - (4 + 2) = 7. The remaining digits {3, 5, 6, 9} can satisfy the other equations: M + N = 13 - P = 12 (using 3 + 9) and U + V = 13 - T = 11 (using 5 + 6). This configuration is valid.

If R = 1, then {P, T} = {2, 4}. If P = 2, then Q = 13 - (2 + 1) = 10, which is not a single digit. If P = 4, then Q = 8, but then T = 2 and S = 13 - (1 + 2) = 10, which is also invalid. Similarly, if R = 2, either Q or S would result in 10. Thus, R must be 4.

Explanation

The number of ways to select 4 children such that at least one girl is included is best calculated by subtracting the number of ways where no girls are selected from the total number of possible selections.

The total number of ways to select 4 children out of a group of 10 (6 girls + 4 boys) is given by the combination formula C(n, r) = n!/(r!(n-r)!). Total selections = C(10, 4) = (10 × 9 × 8 × 7)/(4 × 3 × 2 × 1) = 210

The number of ways to select 4 children such that no girl is included means all 4 selected children must be boys. Since there are exactly 4 boys available, the number of ways to select 4 boys is: Ways with only boys = C(4, 4) = 1

By the principle of inclusion-exclusion (complementary counting), the number of ways to have at least one girl is: At least one girl = Total selections - Ways with only boys At least one girl = 210 - 1 = 209

Explanation

The total number of possible outcomes when a fair six-sided die is thrown three times is 6 × 6 × 6 = 216. Let the outcomes of the three successive throws be x₁, x₂, and x₃. The problem requires the condition x₁ < x₂ < x₃. This implies that the three numbers must be distinct and selected from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Since any set of three distinct numbers can be arranged in strictly increasing order in exactly one way, the number of favorable outcomes is equal to the number of ways to choose 3 distinct numbers out of 6. This is calculated using the combination formula C(n,r) = n!/(r!(n-r)!). Substituting the values, we get C(6,3) = (6 × 5 × 4)/(3 × 2 × 1) = 20. The probability is the ratio of favorable outcomes to the total sample space, which is 20/216. Simplifying the fraction by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by 4 results in 5/54.

Explanation

At 7:45 AM, the minute hand of a clock points exactly at the 9 mark. The problem states that this position corresponds to the East direction. In a standard clock orientation, the 9 mark represents West. This implies that the clock's directional alignment is rotated by 180°, mapping West to East and North to South.

Three hours after 7:45 AM, the time is 10:45 AM. At 10:45 AM, the hour hand is located between the 10 and 11 marks, moving toward the 11 mark. On a standard clock face, the positions for 10 and 11 lie in the North-West quadrant (the area between 9 and 12).

Using the 180° rotation derived from the initial condition, the North-West quadrant is transformed into the South-East quadrant. Therefore, the hour hand at 10:45 AM points in the South-East direction, which is equivalent to East-South. Alternatively, if the 9 mark is East, then the 12 mark, being 90° clockwise from it, must be South. The hour hand, being between 9 (East) and 12 (South), points toward East-South.

Explanation

The total surface area of the four walls is the lateral surface area of the rectangular room, calculated using the formula 2h(l + w). Given the length l = 12 m, width w = 6 m, and height h = 4 m, the total area is 2 × 4 × (12 + 6) = 8 × 18 = 144 m². From this area, the space occupied by doors and windows must be subtracted as they are not painted. The combined area of two doors is 2 × (2 × 1) = 4 m² and the combined area of two windows is 2 × (1.5 × 1) = 3 m². Thus, the net paintable area is 144 - 4 - 3 = 137 m². The total cost of painting is the product of the net area and the painting rate, which is 137 × 15 = 2055 ₹.

Explanation

The numbers divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6 must be multiples of their Least Common Multiple (LCM). Calculating the LCM: LCM(2, 3, 4, 6) = 12

The numbers lying between 1 and 156 that are multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, ..., 144. The value 156 is excluded as the question specifies the numbers lying between the given boundaries. This sequence forms an arithmetic progression where the first term a = 12 and the last term l = 144.

For any arithmetic progression, the arithmetic mean is calculated using the formula: Mean = (a + l)/2

Substituting the identified values: Mean = (12 + 144)/2 = 156/2 = 78

Explanation

To determine the number of ways to select 4 children such that at least one girl is included, we calculate the total possible selections and subtract the cases that contain no girls. The total number of children in the group is 6 + 4 = 10. The total ways to select 4 children from 10 is calculated using the combination formula ⁿCᵣ = n!/(r!(n-r)!). Substituting the values, we get ¹⁰C₄ = (10 × 9 × 8 × 7)/(4 × 3 × 2 × 1) = 210.

The only scenario that fails the condition of having at least one girl is the selection of only boys. Since there are exactly 4 boys in the group, the number of ways to select 4 boys is ⁴C₄ = 1. By subtracting this restricted case from the total number of possible selections, we find the number of ways to include at least one girl: 210 - 1 = 209. This total accounts for all valid combinations where the selection contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 girls.

Explanation

The logical relations describe three sets: Basketball players (B), Volleyball players (V), and Badminton players (Ba). The statement that some basketball players are also volleyball players implies an intersection between set B and set V (B ∩ V ≠ ∅). The statement that some volleyball players are also badminton players implies an intersection between set V and set Ba (V ∩ Ba ≠ ∅). The condition that no basketball player is a badminton player requires set B and set Ba to be completely disjoint, meaning their intersection is empty (B ∩ Ba = ∅). Figure II correctly depicts this arrangement by showing the volleyball circle overlapping with both the basketball and badminton circles, while maintaining a clear separation between the basketball and badminton circles to ensure they share no common area.

Explanation

When a commodity's price shows a persistent upward trend over several weeks, the most logical administrative response is to analyze the underlying causes before implementing policy changes. Forming an expert committee provides a structured approach to investigate various contributing factors such as international crude oil volatility, currency exchange rates, and supply chain disruptions. This allows the government to gather technical data and expert recommendations, ensuring that any future interventions are informed, sustainable, and targeted toward the actual root of the problem. This step represents a rational and standard procedure for addressing economic fluctuations in a systematic manner.

Explanation

Manju is identified as Rajendra's aunt, which places her in the generation immediately above Rajendra (the same generation as his parents). Aadarsh is the husband of Manju. The problem states that Aadarsh is the son-in-law of Prakash, which implies that Manju is the daughter of Prakash.

Since Prakash is the father of Rajendra's aunt (Manju), he must be the father of either Rajendra's father or Rajendra's mother. In a family hierarchy, the father of one's parent is their grandfather. Thus, Prakash is the grandfather of Rajendra.

Explanation

India secured two silver medals at the Tokyo Olympics 2020, held in 2021. Mirabai Chanu won the silver medal in the Women weightlifting 49 kg category, becoming the first Indian weightlifter to achieve this feat at the Olympic Games. Ravi Kumar Dahiya earned the second silver medal for India in the Men freestyle 57 kg wrestling event after reaching the final where he competed against Zavur Uguev. These achievements were part of India's record-breaking total of seven medals at the Tokyo Games.

Explanation

The Hunger Hotspots report, officially titled Hunger Hotspots: FAO-WFP early warnings on acute food insecurity, is a collaborative publication issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). The edition released on March 23, 2021, identified 20 countries where conflict, economic shocks, and climate extremes were driving a significant increase in acute hunger. This joint initiative leverages the technical expertise of FAO in agriculture and livelihoods alongside the operational data of WFP regarding food consumption and humanitarian needs. By combining these perspectives, the agencies provide a comprehensive early warning system intended to trigger urgent humanitarian action and prevent catastrophic food crises in high-risk regions globally.

Explanation

The Time 100 list for 2021 included all four mentioned individuals for their significant contributions and influence in their respective fields. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee were featured in the Leaders category, representing major political figures in India. Adar Poonawalla, the CEO of the Serum Institute of India, was recognized in the Pioneers category for his role in large-scale vaccine manufacturing during the global pandemic. Manjusha P. Kulkarni, an Indian-American lawyer and co-founder of the Stop AAPI Hate coalition, was included in the Icons category for her advocacy against racial discrimination and hate crimes. All four figures were officially recognized by the magazine as being among the 100 most influential people of the year.

Explanation

Jeffrey Schloesser is a retired United States Army Major General who authored the book Marathon War: Leadership in Combat in Afghanistan, published in 2021. The work is a detailed memoir of his tenure as the commanding general of the 101st Airborne Division and Combined Joint Task Force-101 from 2008 to 2009. In the book, he examines the complexities of high-level command during a critical period of the conflict, focusing on the integration of military operations with diplomatic and developmental efforts. He provides a candid look at the decision-making processes, the tactical realities of the battlefield in Eastern Afghanistan, and the broader strategic challenges faced by senior military leadership during the American involvement in the region.

Explanation

Supply chain resilience in the context of international trade refers to the ability of supply networks to withstand and recover from disruptions, ensuring the consistent flow of essential imports during unforeseen events like pandemics or geopolitical tensions. It emphasizes diversifying supply sources to reduce over-reliance on a single nation. The Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) was officially launched in April 2021 by the trade ministers of India, Japan, and Australia. This trilateral partnership aims to build a more stable and predictable trade environment in the Indo-Pacific region. Since the initiative is composed of only these three countries, the second statement describing it as a five-country initiative is factually incorrect.

Explanation

Najib Mikati is a prominent Lebanese billionaire and politician who was appointed as the Prime Minister of Lebanon in September 2021. This appointment followed months of political paralysis and a severe economic crisis in the country. Mikati had previously served as Prime Minister on two separate occasions, first in a caretaker capacity in 2005 and later heading a full government from 2011 to 2014. His return to power in 2021 was focused on stabilizing the national currency and negotiating a recovery plan with the International Monetary Fund.

Explanation

The Rajasthan Jan Aadhar Authority Ordinance was implemented on December 18, 2019, to coincide with the first anniversary of the state government. This ordinance facilitated the launch of the Rajasthan Jan Aadhar Yojana, which was designed to provide a unified identity for the residents of the state through the One Number, One Card, One Identity system. The authority established under this ordinance oversees the implementation and management of the Jan Aadhar card, which serves as a single platform for the delivery of various government benefits, subsidies, and services via direct benefit transfer. This system replaced the earlier Bhamashah scheme to streamline public welfare delivery and ensure better transparency in governance.

Explanation

Bhanwar Singh Samour is a renowned Rajasthani writer and historian who authored the book Sanskriti Re Sanatan Diht. This work, which translates to The Eternal View of Culture, offers a deep philosophical and historical exploration of Rajasthani traditions and values. For this significant literary contribution, Bhanwar Singh Samour was conferred with the Sahitya Akademi Award 2020 in the Rajasthani language category. The book is highly regarded for its insightful commentary on the preservation of cultural identity and the traditional wisdom inherent in the Rajasthani way of life.

Explanation

Avani Lekhara was selected as the flag bearer for the Indian contingent during the closing ceremony of the Tokyo Paralympics 2020. The 19-year-old shooter made history by becoming the first Indian woman to win a gold medal at the Paralympics, securing the top spot in the women's 10m Air Rifle Standing SH1 event with a world-record-equalling score. She also claimed a bronze medal in the women's 50m Rifle 3 Positions SH1 event, which made her the first Indian woman to win two medals at a single edition of the Paralympic Games. Given her extraordinary achievements and trailblazing role in Indian para-sports, she was honored with the responsibility of leading the Indian athletes during the final event of the Games on September 5, 2021.

Explanation

The Mission Become an Exporter, also known as Mission Niryatak Bano, was launched in July 2021 as a collaborative initiative between the Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Rajasthan, and the Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO). This program was specifically designed to expand the base of exporters in the state by providing comprehensive support to local manufacturers, traders, and artisans who had the potential to enter international markets but lacked the necessary technical knowledge. The mission focuses on handholding participants through the registration process, obtaining the mandatory Import-Export Code (IEC), and understanding the legalities of international shipping and trade incentives. By combining the administrative reach of the Industries Department with the industrial infrastructure expertise of RIICO, the campaign aims to decentralize export activity across various districts of Rajasthan.

Explanation

President Ram Nath Kovind granted his assent to the Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, on August 18, 2021. This legislative measure was significant as it restored the power of State Governments and Union Territories to identify and notify their own lists of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). This authority had been brought into question by a Supreme Court ruling in May 2021 regarding the Maratha reservation, which interpreted the 102nd Amendment Act as vesting such powers exclusively with the President of India. To rectify this and uphold the federal principle, the 105th Amendment modified Articles 338B, 342A, and 366(26C) of the Constitution. It explicitly clarified that the power of the State Governments to maintain their own state-specific OBC lists for the purpose of reservation in state services and educational institutions remains intact and distinct from the Central list.

Explanation

In March 2021, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Dhaka to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Bangladesh's independence and the birth centenary of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, India and Bangladesh signed five Memoranda of Understanding. One of these key agreements was in the field of disaster management, resilience, and mitigation. This MoU was designed to enhance bilateral cooperation by facilitating the exchange of relevant information, remote sensing data, and technical expertise to better manage natural calamities. Given their shared geography in the Bay of Bengal region, both nations agreed to collaborate on capacity building, training, and disaster response strategies to minimize the impact of frequent climatic events like cyclones and floods.

Explanation

Tianwen-1 is China's first independent interplanetary mission to Mars, consisting of an orbiter, a lander, and the Zhurong rover. Launched in July 2020, the spacecraft reached Martian orbit in February 2021 and successfully landed its rover in the Utopia Planitia region in May 2021. The mission was designed to conduct a comprehensive survey of the Martian environment, including its morphology, geology, mineralogy, and space environment. The name Tianwen, which translates to Questions to Heaven, is derived from a classical poem by Qu Yuan, reflecting China's ambition in space exploration and its goal to join the small group of nations that have successfully reached and explored the Red Planet.

Explanation

In July 2021, during the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee, Dholavira was officially inscribed as India's 40th UNESCO World Heritage Site. Located in the Kutch district of Gujarat, this Harappan-era city is the first site of the Indus Valley Civilization in India to receive this prestigious status. The recognition was granted due to the site's exceptional testimony to the ancient civilization, characterized by its sophisticated urban planning, multi-layered fortifications, and a highly advanced water management system. Dholavira is particularly noted for its series of massive stone-cut reservoirs and elaborate drainage channels, which allowed the city to thrive in an arid environment between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE.

Explanation

Italy secured the UEFA Euro 2020 title by defeating England in the final held on July 11, 2021, at Wembley Stadium in London. The match ended in a 1-1 draw after both regular and extra time, with England scoring early through Luke Shaw and Italy equalizing in the second half via Leonardo Bonucci. Italy ultimately won the championship 3-2 in a penalty shootout. This victory marked Italy's second European Championship title, their first since 1968, and was highlighted by the performance of goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma, who was named the Player of the Tournament.

Explanation

Nabi MG is a biofortified variety of wheat developed by the National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) in Mohali, Punjab. This wheat is characterized by its high anthocyanin content, which gives the grains distinct colors such as black, purple, and blue. Anthocyanins are potent antioxidants typically found in berries, and their presence in this wheat variety provides enhanced nutritional value and health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties. Developed through conventional breeding techniques, Nabi MG also contains higher concentrations of essential micronutrients like zinc and iron compared to traditional white wheat varieties, making it a significant advancement in addressing hidden hunger and nutritional security.

Explanation

India's first grid-connected agriculture-based solar power plant under the PM-KUSUM scheme was commissioned in Bhaloji village, located in the Kotputli tehsil of Jaipur district, Rajasthan. This project was established under Component-A of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan, which focuses on the installation of decentralized ground-mounted grid-connected renewable power plants on farmers' lands. The plant has an installed capacity of 1 MW and is spread over approximately 3.5 acres of land. It operates through a 25-year power purchase agreement between the local farmer and the Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited. This initiative marks a significant step in the scheme's objective to provide sustainable energy solutions for irrigation while creating an additional source of income for farmers by allowing them to sell surplus power to the grid.

Explanation

The Rajasthan government, through its Department of College Education, launched the My Book Lo App to provide college students with easy access to digital academic content. This application serves as a comprehensive digital library, offering e-books and study materials tailored to the curriculum of higher education institutions in the state. The initiative was designed to ensure that students could continue their studies effectively by accessing high-quality educational resources on their smartphones, bridging the gap in physical book availability and promoting digital learning across the state's colleges.

Explanation

Bharat Ratna Professor C.N.R. Rao was honored with the International Eni Award 2020 for his significant contributions to the field of renewable energy and energy storage. Specifically, he was recognized for his research on metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional systems which have critical applications in green hydrogen production and high-efficiency energy storage devices. The award, which is widely considered the Nobel Prize of energy research, highlights his work in developing materials that facilitate sustainable energy solutions. His efforts in materials chemistry have provided a foundation for advancements in the clean energy sector globally.

Explanation

Bhavina Patel is a para-table tennis player who made history by winning a silver medal in the Women's singles Class 4 category at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Nishad Kumar competed in the Men's high jump T47 event at the same games and secured a silver medal with an Asian record clearance. Harvinder Singh is an elite para-archer who claimed a bronze medal in the Men's individual recurve open, marking India's first-ever Paralympic medal in archery. Devendra Jhajharia is a legendary para-javelin thrower who won a silver medal in the F46 category at Tokyo, becoming the first Indian Paralympian to win three career medals after his previous golds in 2004 and 2016.