Global Nuclear Disarmament Challenges Eighty Years After Hiroshima
Source:The Hindu ↗
Why It Matters
Nuclear non-proliferation is a core theme in International Relations. Aspirants must understand the nuances of treaties like the NPT and TPNW, the recognized vs. de facto nuclear states, India's specific stance (refusal to sign the NPT as it is discriminatory, its No First Use policy), and the implications of a modern multi-polar nuclear arms race on global stability.
Summary
Reflecting on the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this article examines the current, precarious state of global nuclear disarmament. It highlights the stark contrast between the humanitarian imperative to abolish nuclear weapons and the geopolitical reality of major powers modernizing their nuclear arsenals. The article underscores the fragility of existing frameworks like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the persistent risks of nuclear deterrence doctrines amidst contemporary conflicts, and the ongoing struggle of non-nuclear states advocating for total disarmament through agreements like the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).
Key Points
- The 80th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki serves as a stark reminder of the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear warfare.
- Despite decades of non-proliferation efforts, global nuclear disarmament remains stalled, with major powers focusing on modernizing their arsenals rather than reducing them.
- The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is under strain as recognized Nuclear Weapons States (P5) fail to fulfill their disarmament obligations.
- The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) represents a push by non-nuclear states for total abolition, though it currently lacks participation from nuclear-armed nations.
- Rising global tensions, particularly involving the US, Russia, and China, have heightened the risks associated with the doctrine of nuclear deterrence and Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
Important Terms
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
A 1970 landmark international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting peaceful nuclear energy, and advancing disarmament. It recognizes five states (P5) as nuclear-weapon states.
UPSC context
GS-II (International Relations). Tests understanding of India's stance against 'nuclear apartheid' and its refusal to sign based on discriminatory clauses.
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)
A 2021 legally binding agreement that comprehensively prohibits the development, testing, possession, and use of nuclear weapons. It focuses on the catastrophic humanitarian consequences to justify total abolition.
UPSC context
GS-II (International Relations). Significant for analyzing the shift toward humanitarian-led disarmament and why nuclear powers remain non-signatories.
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
A 48-nation multilateral export control regime that regulates trade in nuclear materials and technology to prevent proliferation. It was established in response to India's 1974 nuclear test.
UPSC context
GS-II (International Relations). Key for questions on India’s membership bid, the 2008 'clean waiver,' and geopolitical hurdles like China's opposition.
Nuclear Deterrence
A military strategy where the threat of catastrophic retaliation prevents an adversary from attacking. India’s version is based on 'Credible Minimum Deterrence' and a 'No First Use' posture.
UPSC context
GS-II (Strategic Studies) and GS-III (Internal Security). Tests knowledge of nuclear doctrines and global security stability.
Hibakusha
A Japanese term for survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings. Their testimonies are central to the global movement to delegitimize nuclear weapons on humanitarian grounds.
UPSC context
GS-II (International Relations/Global Issues). Significant for understanding the ethical and humanitarian foundations of international disarmament diplomacy.
Prelims Trap
India has ratified the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) due to its commitment to universal disarmament.
Despite advocating for global disarmament, India boycotted the TPNW, stating it circumvents established UN disarmament machinery and lacks rigorous verification protocols.
Static Concepts Connected
What are the defining pillars of India's official Nuclear Doctrine?
- No First Use (NFU): Nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or Indian forces anywhere.
- Credible Minimum Deterrence: Maintaining a survivable nuclear arsenal capable of inflicting unacceptable damage in massive retaliation against an adversary.
- CBW Exception: India retains the option of nuclear retaliation in the event of a major chemical or biological weapons attack.
How does the TPNW differ from the established NPT framework?
- NPT (1970): Focuses on non-proliferation while recognizing five official Nuclear Weapon States (P5). India is a non-signatory.
- TPNW (2021): Comprehensively bans the development, possession, and use of nuclear weapons. Entirely boycotted by all nuclear-armed states.
Cross-Topic Patterns
NSG waivers and dual-use technology
India's 2008 NSG waiver allowed global civilian nuclear commerce despite its non-NPT status, linking global non-proliferation regimes directly to India's clean energy security and climate goals.
Tactical nukes vs. Strategic MAD
Contemporary geopolitical conflicts are shifting the discourse from strategic mutually assured destruction (MAD) to the modernization and potential deployment of low-yield tactical nuclear weapons.
Expect a multi-statement question contrasting NPT, TPNW, and CTBT provisions, specifically testing India's official stance on each.
Linked PYQs · 3
Linked PYQs · 3
- 2015PrelimsGS1
Consider the following countries: 1. China 2. France 3. India 4. Israel 5. Pakistan Which among the above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
- 2018PrelimsGS1
What is/are the consequence/consequences of a country becoming the member of the 'Nuclear Suppliers Group'? 1. It will have access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies. 2. It automatically becomes a member of "The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)". Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 2024PrelimsGS1
With reference to radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), consider the following statements: 1. RTGs are miniature fission reactors. 2. RTGs are used for powering the onboard systems of spacecrafts. 3. RTGs can use Plutonium-238, which is a by-product of weapons development. Which of the statements given above are correct?
